TEACHER QUALIFICATION AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

The differential scholastic achievement of students in Nigeria has been and is still a source of concern and research interest to educators, government and parents. This is so because of the great importance that education has on the national development of the country. All over the country, there is a consensus of opinion about the fallen standard of education in Nigeria (Adebule, 2004). Parents and government are in total agreement that their huge investment on education is not yielding the desired dividend. Teachers also complain of students’ low performance at both internal and external examinations. The annual releases of Senior Secondary Certificate Examination results (SSCE) conducted by West African Examination Council (WAEC) justified the problematic nature and generalization of poor secondary school students’ performance in different school subjects. For instance, the percentage of failure compared with students who passed English and Mathematics between 2004 to 2007 are shown in tables 1 and 2. Poor academic performance according to Aremu (2003) is a performance that is adjudged by the examinee/testee and some other significant as falling below an expected standard. Poor academic performance has been observed in school subjects especially mathematics, chemistry and English language among secondary school students (Adesemowo, 2005). Aremu (2000) stresses that academic failure is not only frustrating to the students and the parents, its effects are equally grave on the society in terms of dearth of manpower in all spheres of the economy and politics. Education at secondary school level is supposed to be the bedrock and the foundation towards higher knowledge in tertiary institutions. It is an investment as well as an instrument that can be used to achieve a more rapid economic, social, political, technological, scientific and cultural development in the country. The National Policy on Education (2004) stipulated that secondary education is an instrument for national development that fosters the worth and development of the individual for further education and development, general development of the society and equality of educational opportunities to all Nigerian children, irrespective of any real or marginal disabilities. The role of secondary education is to lay the foundation for further education and if a good foundation is laid at this level, there are likely to be no problem at subsequent levels. However, different people at different times have passed the blame of poor performance in secondary school to students because of their low retention, parental factors, association with wrong peers, low achievement, low retention, low achievement motivation and the likes (Aremu&Sokan, 2003; Aremu&Oluwole 2001; Aremu, 2000). Morakinyo (2003) believe that the falling level of academic achievement is attributable to teacher’s non-use of verbal reinforcement strategy. Others found out that the attitude of some teachers to their job is reflected in their poor attendance to lessons, lateness to school, unsavoury comments about student’s performance that could damage their ego, poor method of teaching and the likes affect pupils’ academic performance.

The question therefore is what is the cause of this fallen standard and poor academic performance of students? Is the fault entirely that of teachers or students or both of them? Is it that students of today are non-achievers because they have low intelligent quotient and a good neutral mechanism to be able to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with academic tasks? Or is it because teachers are no longer putting in much commitment as before? Or is it in teachers’ method of teaching and interaction with pupils? Or is the poor performance of students caused by parents’ neglect, separation and poverty? The present study therefore sought to find out the relationship between teachers’ qualification and student’s academic achievement in chemistry.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Based on this background, and the poor performance of students in external examinations as exemplified in tables i and ii, the central problem of this study is that secondary school students perform poorly in both internal and external examinations particularly in chemistry.

Table i: The West African Examinations Council (WAEC) Performance in the Senior School Certificate Examinations: May/June, 2004-2007: Mathematics

SOURCE: Statistics Office, WAEC, Nigeria

This poor performance has generated a lot of concern amongst stakeholders in education business. As a result, this study sought to investigate the extent to which teacher’s academic qualifications affect student’s academic achievement in chemistry.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The study sets out clearly among other things to find out, if there is a relationship between teacher’s qualification and academic achievement of students. Specifically this study will find out

1. The academic qualifications of chemistry teachers in Secondary Schools.

2. The level of academic achievement of students offering chemistry in senior secondary schools.

3. If there is a relationship between the academic qualifications of chemistry teachers and students academic achievement in senior secondary schools.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does teachers qualification and attitude have a significant effect on chemistry performance of secondary school students?
2. Is there a relationship between teachers qualification and attitude on chemistry performance of secondary school students?

HYPOTHESES

Ho: Teachers qualification and attitude have a significant effect on chemistry performance of secondary school students.

H1: Teachers qualification and attitude does not have a significant effect on chemistry performance of secondary school students.

Ho: There is a strong relationship between teachers qualification and attitude on chemistry performance of secondary school students.

H1: There is a weak relationship between teachers qualification and attitude on chemistry performance of secondary school students.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There was limited time and funds for the research. The uncooperative responses from the respondents also added to the limitations encountered during the course of the research.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Teacher: A teacher (also called a school teacher) is a person who provides education for students

Qualification:A pass of an examination or an official completion of a course, especially one conferring status as a recognized practitioner of a profession or activity

Attitude: an attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event

Performance: The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed

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Tags: TEACHER QUALIFICATION AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

AVAILABILITY OF LEARNING MATERIALS AND STUDENTS ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN LAGOS STATE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

ABSTRACT

This work discusses availability of learning materials and students attitude as correlate of chemistry students’ performance in lagos state senior secondary school. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among students and teachers from lagos state senior secondary school. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.

Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis

It will be observed therefore that availability of learning materials and students attitude have a strong and significant impact as correlate of chemistry students’ performance

.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

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Tags: AVAILABILITY OF LEARNING MATERIALS AND STUDENTS ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN LAGOS STATE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

AVAILABILITY OF LEARNING MATERIALS AND STUDENTS ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN LAGOS STATE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

ABSTRACT

This work discusses availability of learning materials and students attitude as correlate of chemistry students’ performance in lagos state senior secondary school. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among students and teachers from lagos state senior secondary school. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.

Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis

It will be observed therefore that availability of learning materials and students attitude have a strong and significant impact as correlate of chemistry students’ performance

.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

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BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

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Bank: UBA.

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As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

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CAUTION/WARNING

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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

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Tags: AVAILABILITY OF LEARNING MATERIALS AND STUDENTS ATTITUDE AS CORRELATE OF CHEMISTRY STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN LAGOS STATE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND PEER GROUP ON THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Statement of problems

Purpose of study

Significance of the study

Limitation

Scope of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two

Literature review

Chapter Three

Research design

Population

Description of sample selection

Research instrument

Pilot study

Validation of instrument

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

Interview with students

Chapter Four

Data Presentation and Analysis

Chapter Five

Summary

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Peer group can simply be said to be people of the same age and ability that is people who are knitted together by a feeling derived by a common concern as seekers of what was desirable for the group. The peer group is the child own friends, and equal member of the group often have common characteristics or interest. The peer group interests are short rage and temporary (Ezewu 2002).

Moreso, the children changes their peer group membership as they for through different stages of development and can belong to a number of peer group at the same time (Ezewu, 2002). In some cases, members roles are less defined they change frequently in some, it may not be clear who is a member and who is not. In-group, the child holds a certain position and each he is expected to think and behave in a certain way. The peer group sets out certain standard for the group and they also have norms and values, which they follow.

The peer group influences are more pronounced and noted in secondary school than in primary schools, partly because some of the children go away from home and stay in boarding schools where parental supervision and contact is very limited. The influence of peer group on the child is great both in and out of the school, because there is the tendency for members to be comfortable with the group norms and values. Sometimes peer group influence may lead to aggressive behaviour such as (rioting in school).

Peer group influence also prompt students to form clique with nicknames such as, Terror, Shark, Snake, Tempo, Blue Queen, Black angel etc. students are always anxious to initiate their peers whether good or bad, they would want to go to the church or mosque due to their peer influences. They may also join different clubs like Girls Guides, Boys Scout, Brigade, Red Cross, Savan, etc (Owuamanam, 2001). The peer group has their own “acceptance” which they have to consider before a child could be accepted or rejected from a group. Some of these characteristics that are likely to make a child to be accepted to a group are friendship, sociability and introversion. Much may also depend on what a particular group values as qualities in its members (Piaget, 1998).

Formation of peer group may occur when frustration sets in as a result of conflict with family members, adult and societal norms. Effects are usually made to compensate for rejection and uses leisure profitably. Through the formation of peer group, the child will want to gain freedom from home in order to be loyal to the group.

In another way, Adeola et al (2002) says, “formation of peer group may occur from each extensive interaction with others initiate relationship develop and by these contacts important attitudes and values are formed. The attitudes may influence the child’s academic performance either positively or negatively. The negative aspect which could be detrimental to students academic work are the cases of group behaviour such as truancy, persistent lateness to school, juvenile delinquency, stealing, absenteeism from school, disobedience, laziness, disregarding school rules and regulations etc.

On the other hand, the influence could be geared towards positive aspect of students academic performance for instance, the students could be influenced socially, psychologically, intellectually etc and all these boost academic performance e.g. forming reading group, going to the library, anxious to join others in answering questions in the classroom, and making friends with brilliant students especially in the area of mathematics, English language, social studies etc.

Also there are some important functions that the peer group plays which greatly influences the academic performance of students. They are as follows:

1.            They provide the peer group with a considerable degree of emotional security, which help in the intellectual development of the child.

2.            The peer group provides the students with a wide variety of experiences which can boost their academic performance

3.            They also provide the opportunity for the development of loyalties that goes beyond the immediate family e.g. political and social loyalties, which are important for future adjustment.

4.            They provide a wide number of males that will be helpful in the development of identity diffusion.

5.            The peer group facilitates pre-adolescent transition from the family to peer orientation.

6.            They provide opportunities for interpersonal relationship.

The peer group provides the standard of taught and behaviour to be pursued by its members and they established the attitudes, opinions and ideas which they are to adopt. It is through these peer groups that cultures are established which will provide variations in standards of education and so on. While in their respective groups the individual number are prepared for performance of specific task such as leadership role, spirit of active participation, submissiveness etc in this way the child barns to lead and follow. These are vital requirements for effective citizenship.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The concern of the peer group on the academic performance of student in selected secondary schools. Efforts would be concentrated on the following:

i.             Children interaction with their peers

ii.            Stages of the formation of peer group

iii.           Peer group influence on academic performance of the students

iv.          The implication of a peer group on individual teachers, educational administration, policy makers etc.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of the study is to investigate the extent to which peer group contribute to the academic performance of the child. The research will also find out whether peer group influence contributes to the academic growth of its members. Furthermore, the investigation would as well find out the positive and negative behavioral aspect of the peer group on academic performance of students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will help in knowing more about the peer group and their stages. It will help in findings out the peer group influence on pre-adolescent and the implication on them.

The work will help in finding out the influence of the peer group on the academic performance of students. The research will help in findings solutions to the problems caused by poser group influence. It will also help in relating the peer group of male and females together in terms of the relationship.

The project will also help to find out the bad and good aspect of peer group.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to five selected secondary schools namely:

i.             Okpuje Secondary School,

ii.            Uwalor Secondary School

iii.           Obedu Secondary School,

iv.          Our lady of Lord’s Grammar School and

v.            Evboyi Secondary School in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the study the following terms were used.

Peer: Rank with equal, of the same age group, within the same age bracket

Group: A number of peple or things that are together in the same place, or that are connected in some ways.

Influence: The power that something or somebody has to make something or somebody behave in a particular way.

Academic: Something based on subjects that are taught to develop the mind rather than to provide practical skills.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#10000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08068231953 or 08168759420

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08068231953 or 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:

www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

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Tags: INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND PEER GROUP ON THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY

INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND PEER GROUP ON THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Statement of problems

Purpose of study

Significance of the study

Limitation

Scope of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two

Literature review

Chapter Three

Research design

Population

Description of sample selection

Research instrument

Pilot study

Validation of instrument

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

Interview with students

Chapter Four

Data Presentation and Analysis

Chapter Five

Summary

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Peer group can simply be said to be people of the same age and ability that is people who are knitted together by a feeling derived by a common concern as seekers of what was desirable for the group. The peer group is the child own friends, and equal member of the group often have common characteristics or interest. The peer group interests are short rage and temporary (Ezewu 2002).

Moreso, the children changes their peer group membership as they for through different stages of development and can belong to a number of peer group at the same time (Ezewu, 2002). In some cases, members roles are less defined they change frequently in some, it may not be clear who is a member and who is not. In-group, the child holds a certain position and each he is expected to think and behave in a certain way. The peer group sets out certain standard for the group and they also have norms and values, which they follow.

The peer group influences are more pronounced and noted in secondary school than in primary schools, partly because some of the children go away from home and stay in boarding schools where parental supervision and contact is very limited. The influence of peer group on the child is great both in and out of the school, because there is the tendency for members to be comfortable with the group norms and values. Sometimes peer group influence may lead to aggressive behaviour such as (rioting in school).

Peer group influence also prompt students to form clique with nicknames such as, Terror, Shark, Snake, Tempo, Blue Queen, Black angel etc. students are always anxious to initiate their peers whether good or bad, they would want to go to the church or mosque due to their peer influences. They may also join different clubs like Girls Guides, Boys Scout, Brigade, Red Cross, Savan, etc (Owuamanam, 2001). The peer group has their own “acceptance” which they have to consider before a child could be accepted or rejected from a group. Some of these characteristics that are likely to make a child to be accepted to a group are friendship, sociability and introversion. Much may also depend on what a particular group values as qualities in its members (Piaget, 1998).

Formation of peer group may occur when frustration sets in as a result of conflict with family members, adult and societal norms. Effects are usually made to compensate for rejection and uses leisure profitably. Through the formation of peer group, the child will want to gain freedom from home in order to be loyal to the group.

In another way, Adeola et al (2002) says, “formation of peer group may occur from each extensive interaction with others initiate relationship develop and by these contacts important attitudes and values are formed. The attitudes may influence the child’s academic performance either positively or negatively. The negative aspect which could be detrimental to students academic work are the cases of group behaviour such as truancy, persistent lateness to school, juvenile delinquency, stealing, absenteeism from school, disobedience, laziness, disregarding school rules and regulations etc.

On the other hand, the influence could be geared towards positive aspect of students academic performance for instance, the students could be influenced socially, psychologically, intellectually etc and all these boost academic performance e.g. forming reading group, going to the library, anxious to join others in answering questions in the classroom, and making friends with brilliant students especially in the area of mathematics, English language, social studies etc.

Also there are some important functions that the peer group plays which greatly influences the academic performance of students. They are as follows:

1.            They provide the peer group with a considerable degree of emotional security, which help in the intellectual development of the child.

2.            The peer group provides the students with a wide variety of experiences which can boost their academic performance

3.            They also provide the opportunity for the development of loyalties that goes beyond the immediate family e.g. political and social loyalties, which are important for future adjustment.

4.            They provide a wide number of males that will be helpful in the development of identity diffusion.

5.            The peer group facilitates pre-adolescent transition from the family to peer orientation.

6.            They provide opportunities for interpersonal relationship.

The peer group provides the standard of taught and behaviour to be pursued by its members and they established the attitudes, opinions and ideas which they are to adopt. It is through these peer groups that cultures are established which will provide variations in standards of education and so on. While in their respective groups the individual number are prepared for performance of specific task such as leadership role, spirit of active participation, submissiveness etc in this way the child barns to lead and follow. These are vital requirements for effective citizenship.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The concern of the peer group on the academic performance of student in selected secondary schools. Efforts would be concentrated on the following:

i.             Children interaction with their peers

ii.            Stages of the formation of peer group

iii.           Peer group influence on academic performance of the students

iv.          The implication of a peer group on individual teachers, educational administration, policy makers etc.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of the study is to investigate the extent to which peer group contribute to the academic performance of the child. The research will also find out whether peer group influence contributes to the academic growth of its members. Furthermore, the investigation would as well find out the positive and negative behavioral aspect of the peer group on academic performance of students.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will help in knowing more about the peer group and their stages. It will help in findings out the peer group influence on pre-adolescent and the implication on them.

The work will help in finding out the influence of the peer group on the academic performance of students. The research will help in findings solutions to the problems caused by poser group influence. It will also help in relating the peer group of male and females together in terms of the relationship.

The project will also help to find out the bad and good aspect of peer group.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to five selected secondary schools namely:

i.             Okpuje Secondary School,

ii.            Uwalor Secondary School

iii.           Obedu Secondary School,

iv.          Our lady of Lord’s Grammar School and

v.            Evboyi Secondary School in Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the study the following terms were used.

Peer: Rank with equal, of the same age group, within the same age bracket

Group: A number of peple or things that are together in the same place, or that are connected in some ways.

Influence: The power that something or somebody has to make something or somebody behave in a particular way.

Academic: Something based on subjects that are taught to develop the mind rather than to provide practical skills.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08068231953 or 08168759420

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08068231953 or 08168759420

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www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.nairaproject.com.ng

www.nairaprojects.com.ng

www.nairaproject.net

www.nairaprojects.net

www.uniproject.com.ng

www.uniprojects.com.ng

Tags: INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND PEER GROUP ON THE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY

THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to find out the problem and prospects of teaching chemistry in secondary schools. The researcher has therefore analyzed the various problems facing the learning and teaching of chemistry in some selected secondary schools in Ekiti State. From the information collected some of the problems include non availability of qualified chemistry teachers, laboratories, enough seminars, symposia and workshops for chemistry teachers. The writer also gave policy recommendations in order to reduce the problems of learning and teaching chemistry in the selected secondary schools in Ekiti State. This includes the provision of the following by the government. In service training for teachers, building laboratories and libraries for the schools, building of more classroom to reduce the teachers to attend organized science seminars, symposia and workshops.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Research questions

Significance of the study

Scope or delimitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

Introduction

Research design

Population of the study

Sample and sampling procedure

Instrumentation

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR 

Data analysis and interpretation

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES  

QUESTIONNAIRES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND of THE STUDY

       Since ancient times, we have experiment with materials around us to feed, cloth and shelter ourselves what started as a satisfaction of our basic needs has now develop into science of chemistry. Chemistry is one of the main branches of pure science the other two being biology and physics chemistry deals with the composition, properties and uses of matter it probes into the principles governing the changes the Matter undergoes

Over the years, chemistry, as well as other fields of science, has developed through a series of discoveries how do scientists make their discoveries? Scientists are very alert and inquisitive they use their since to observe what is happening around them from a given set of observations they see a certain pattern they put toward a reasonable explanation or hypothesis and can out appropriate experiments to test it then they carefully record their observations and result of their experiment

Our world is made up of matter we study chemistry to acquire knowledge about matter. We perform experiments and learn to observe, record and make intelligent influence studying chemistry such scientists are known as chemists also it was in this since that such medicinal aspects such as x-rays for curing cancers and many other findings and formulation are as follow: John Dalton proposed the atomic theory of matter

Michael faraday proposed electricity with magnetism Gregor Mendel in genetics discovered the law of hereditary in plant and animal in realization of the importance of studying chemistry adequate attention and facilities should be provided through the help of the government ministry of education and other various organizations this feel is a more statement into the classroom experiences

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1 Lack of qualified and experience chemistry teachers will make pupils/students perform poorly because when they are not properly taught understanding becomes a problem

2 Lack of chemistry equipments will lead to poor performance on the subject because these equipment will aid better understanding of the concepts taught

3 Lack of seminar, symposia and workshop in chemistry will not update the teacher’s methodology

4 The numbers of pupils in a class affects the teacher’s efficiency as equipments are not there to facilitate teaching-learning encounter, other problems are lack of libraries and laboratories would not facilitate the students learning

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to:

1.                 Examine chemistry learning and teaching problems

2.                 Recommend some solutions to the problem

3.                 Identify a favourable factor

4.                 Give solutions that will help in laying solid foundati0on for further studies of this subject to the students or pupils

HYPOTHESIS

1.                 Pupils taught with adequate chemistry equipment performs better in science than those without chemistry equipment

2.                 Experience and qualify chemistry teachers positively influence the performance of pupils in a given learning and teaching environment

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The significant of this study that is the factors militating against the learning and teaching of chemistry in Ekiti state cannot be over-emphasized

The study brings to light the problems involved in the learning and teaching of chemistry in Ekiti state, it we help the government and the ministry of education in Ekiti state to find a lasting solution to the problems detected it help in bringing to the awareness of teachers trainees such that they can regulate the curriculum of the teachers education

Through this study, teachers can correct teachers themselves in which ever hindrance to effective teaching

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study was limited to the people of Ekiti state Nigeria

1.     The leader

2.     Youth

3.     The old men and women

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Qualified science teachers the qualified chemistry teachers in school are who possesses the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) his at least five years teaching experience.

CHEMISTRY can be define as the branch of science that deals with the composition structure properties and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#10000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08068231953 or 08168759420

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08068231953 or 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:

www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.nairaproject.com.ng

www.nairaprojects.com.ng

www.nairaproject.net

www.nairaprojects.net

www.uniproject.com.ng

www.uniprojects.com.ng

Tags: THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to find out the problem and prospects of teaching chemistry in secondary schools. The researcher has therefore analyzed the various problems facing the learning and teaching of chemistry in some selected secondary schools in Ekiti State. From the information collected some of the problems include non availability of qualified chemistry teachers, laboratories, enough seminars, symposia and workshops for chemistry teachers. The writer also gave policy recommendations in order to reduce the problems of learning and teaching chemistry in the selected secondary schools in Ekiti State. This includes the provision of the following by the government. In service training for teachers, building laboratories and libraries for the schools, building of more classroom to reduce the teachers to attend organized science seminars, symposia and workshops.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Research questions

Significance of the study

Scope or delimitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

Introduction

Research design

Population of the study

Sample and sampling procedure

Instrumentation

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR 

Data analysis and interpretation

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES  

QUESTIONNAIRES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND of THE STUDY

       Since ancient times, we have experiment with materials around us to feed, cloth and shelter ourselves what started as a satisfaction of our basic needs has now develop into science of chemistry. Chemistry is one of the main branches of pure science the other two being biology and physics chemistry deals with the composition, properties and uses of matter it probes into the principles governing the changes the Matter undergoes

Over the years, chemistry, as well as other fields of science, has developed through a series of discoveries how do scientists make their discoveries? Scientists are very alert and inquisitive they use their since to observe what is happening around them from a given set of observations they see a certain pattern they put toward a reasonable explanation or hypothesis and can out appropriate experiments to test it then they carefully record their observations and result of their experiment

Our world is made up of matter we study chemistry to acquire knowledge about matter. We perform experiments and learn to observe, record and make intelligent influence studying chemistry such scientists are known as chemists also it was in this since that such medicinal aspects such as x-rays for curing cancers and many other findings and formulation are as follow: John Dalton proposed the atomic theory of matter

Michael faraday proposed electricity with magnetism Gregor Mendel in genetics discovered the law of hereditary in plant and animal in realization of the importance of studying chemistry adequate attention and facilities should be provided through the help of the government ministry of education and other various organizations this feel is a more statement into the classroom experiences

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1 Lack of qualified and experience chemistry teachers will make pupils/students perform poorly because when they are not properly taught understanding becomes a problem

2 Lack of chemistry equipments will lead to poor performance on the subject because these equipment will aid better understanding of the concepts taught

3 Lack of seminar, symposia and workshop in chemistry will not update the teacher’s methodology

4 The numbers of pupils in a class affects the teacher’s efficiency as equipments are not there to facilitate teaching-learning encounter, other problems are lack of libraries and laboratories would not facilitate the students learning

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to:

1.                 Examine chemistry learning and teaching problems

2.                 Recommend some solutions to the problem

3.                 Identify a favourable factor

4.                 Give solutions that will help in laying solid foundati0on for further studies of this subject to the students or pupils

HYPOTHESIS

1.                 Pupils taught with adequate chemistry equipment performs better in science than those without chemistry equipment

2.                 Experience and qualify chemistry teachers positively influence the performance of pupils in a given learning and teaching environment

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The significant of this study that is the factors militating against the learning and teaching of chemistry in Ekiti state cannot be over-emphasized

The study brings to light the problems involved in the learning and teaching of chemistry in Ekiti state, it we help the government and the ministry of education in Ekiti state to find a lasting solution to the problems detected it help in bringing to the awareness of teachers trainees such that they can regulate the curriculum of the teachers education

Through this study, teachers can correct teachers themselves in which ever hindrance to effective teaching

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study was limited to the people of Ekiti state Nigeria

1.     The leader

2.     Youth

3.     The old men and women

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Qualified science teachers the qualified chemistry teachers in school are who possesses the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) his at least five years teaching experience.

CHEMISTRY can be define as the branch of science that deals with the composition structure properties and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08068231953 or 08168759420

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08068231953 or 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:

www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.nairaproject.com.ng

www.nairaprojects.com.ng

www.nairaproject.net

www.nairaprojects.net

www.uniproject.com.ng

www.uniprojects.com.ng

Tags: THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY TRAINING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

ABSTRACT

This work discusses the importance of chemistry training of secondary school students in teaching and learning. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among students and teachers from selected secondary schools. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.

Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis

It will be observed therefore that chemistry training have a strong  and significant impact on teaching of chemistry to secondary school students in teaching and learning.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

AN INVESTIGATION INTO DESIGN ERRORS AND IT IMPACT ON INITIAL COST OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

When asked to define “design error,” not all disciplines in the construction process agree on a common definition. Depending on which discipline you address, the owner, the designer or the contractor there will be a common understanding surrounded by varied conclusions, “a mistake.” From the basic definitions of “design” and “error” we conclude that a design error is a deviation from a drawing or specification, also including omissions and ambiguities. It is the seriousness of this error that must be considered to determine its consequences on the overall outcome of the project One of the most important challenges facing management today is controlling the all too frequent cost and schedule overruns that effect the construction industry (Diekmann and Thrush, 1986). One of the major issues to control growth in project costs and time is the reduction of design errors.

The owner, designer and contractor all have different interests in, or uses for the design of a facility. But what they do share is the commitment to complete the project safely and within a given budget and completion time. There are many initiatives being conducted to control the growth of cost and schedule within the construction industry.

The major issue is “accuracy of the drawings,” or the number of design errors, omissions and ambiguities within the plans and specifications that affect the quality of the facility. Inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract So much emphasis is placed on the issue of time and cost that quality takes a back seat The quality of the project depends on the conformance of the objectives and requirements from the owner. An informative quality management technique will provide an agreement to procedures and definitions among the principle parties for the project. Since design errors have an impact on the outcome of the effectiveness of the contractor’s effort on the project it is essential that all parties determine what the definition of a design error should be. When asked to define design error, not all disciplines in the construction process agree on a common definition. From the basic definition of design and error it can be determined that a design error is a deviation from a drawing or specification. It is the seriousness of this error that must be considered to determine its consequences on the overall outcome of the project

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Design errors indicate the total design in-effectiveness of a project. Major design quality problems occur during construction when errors, omissions and ambiguities in plans and specifications become evident (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987). This statement directs that the inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract. There have been extreme examples of design errors such as numerous building collapse in Nigeria – projects that have wrought disaster after the construction are completed. These are examples of design errors that escaped the close scrutiny of all parties. One or two major errors that can be corrected with only cost considerations and little effect on the schedule can impact projects. The projects that really suffer are those with many small errors (design, rework or change of scope) which when finally added up cause major impacts on the cost and schedule growth. Through Davis and Ledbetters research it was determined that “accuracy of the design documents” was the most critical of the criteria used in the initial evaluation of design effectiveness. This accuracy was further described as the concern for the frequency and impact of errors in the specifications and drawings. This is due to the fact that the drawings and specifications are the most “readily identifiable outputs of the design process.” It is evermore important that the quality control of designs be addressed during the planning phase and closely monitored during the construction phase.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to investigate how design errors can affect the initial cost of a project. The specific objectives are:

•        To determine what constitutes a design error.

•        To examine the contributing factors to design errors in Nigeria.

•        To examine how these factors can affect initial cost and growth of a project.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

•        What makes or contributes to a design error?

•        What are the factors that lead to design errors?

•        What effect can design errors have on initial cost and growth of a project?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

Hi: There is no significant relationship between design error and initial project cost.

Ho: There is significant relationship between design error and initial project cost.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study gives a clear insight into the various ways in which contractors in the construction companies in Nigeria can maximise profits and reduce initial cost through effective and efficient contract planning and management. The study also gives a clear insight into the various effects of design errors on the cost of a project. The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better project management guideline for contractors in Nigeria.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses mainly on the investigation of design errors on initial cost of a project. Results and recommendations may not be used to generalise other construction companies in Nigeria, as the researcher could not cover a wider scope due to financial and time constraints.

Based on the findings of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the various effects of other aspects of contracts such as contract laws in Nigeria and contract management and control.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The researcher found it difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost hampered the success of this study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

•        Design: The basic definition of design, according to Webster, is “the making of drawings or plans to plan and fashion the form and structure of an object to have intentions or purposes.” The quality of planning and design is one of the primary factors of success in any project endeavor (Chalabi, Beaudin and Salazar, 1987). The design includes every aspect of the facility construction including operation and maintenance. The design incorporates a set of specifications to guide the contractor in developing his means and methods of construction. Figure 2-1 shows the traditional flow diagram of a design/construction method.

•        Error: An error is defined, according to Webster, as “a deviation from accuracy or correctness; a mistake, as in action or procedure; an inaccuracy, as in speaking or writing.” There are basically three types of errors: imperfections, non-conformance and omissions. Imperfections are deviations in details that have no affect on the assembly or facility (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987).

•        Design Error: From the evaluation above a simple definition of design error is “a deviation from the plans and specifications.” It is not the intention of this definition to include any cost or schedule growth or insinuate its root causes or legal responsibility. It is the responsibility of the owner, designer and contractor to establish the criteria in order to make a reasonable determination for responsibility. The survey shows a common theme, that of a mistake or error in the design. The survey also indicates several reasons why design errors exist and who cause them. This provides evidence that there is not a concise definition within the construction industry.

•        Contract:  Erikson (2002) defined Contract as an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (1) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; (4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

•        Contract Planning: According to Simmons (2007), Contract planning is the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution and analysis for maximising operational and financial performance and minimising risk.

•        Contractor: General contractor, organization or individual that contracts with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or other facility.

•        Profit:  Tucy (2008) defined profit as the difference between the purchase price and the costs of bringing to market

•        Initial Cost: Initial costs are fixed, one-time expenses incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction, and equipment used in the production of goods or in the rendering of services. Put simply, it is the total cost needed to bring a project to a commercially operable status. Whether a particular cost is capital or not depend on many factors such as accounting, tax laws, and materiality.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#25000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08139462710 or 08137701720

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08139462710 or 08137701720

YOU CAN ALSO CALL:

08068231953, 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:

www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.nairaproject.com.ng

www.nairaprojects.com.ng

www.nairaproject.net

www.nairaprojects.net

www.uniproject.com.ng

www.uniprojects.com.ng

Tags: THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY TRAINING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY TRAINING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

ABSTRACT

This work discusses the importance of chemistry training of secondary school students in teaching and learning. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among students and teachers from selected secondary schools. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.

Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis

It will be observed therefore that chemistry training have a strong  and significant impact on teaching of chemistry to secondary school students in teaching and learning.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

AN INVESTIGATION INTO DESIGN ERRORS AND IT IMPACT ON INITIAL COST OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

When asked to define “design error,” not all disciplines in the construction process agree on a common definition. Depending on which discipline you address, the owner, the designer or the contractor there will be a common understanding surrounded by varied conclusions, “a mistake.” From the basic definitions of “design” and “error” we conclude that a design error is a deviation from a drawing or specification, also including omissions and ambiguities. It is the seriousness of this error that must be considered to determine its consequences on the overall outcome of the project One of the most important challenges facing management today is controlling the all too frequent cost and schedule overruns that effect the construction industry (Diekmann and Thrush, 1986). One of the major issues to control growth in project costs and time is the reduction of design errors.

The owner, designer and contractor all have different interests in, or uses for the design of a facility. But what they do share is the commitment to complete the project safely and within a given budget and completion time. There are many initiatives being conducted to control the growth of cost and schedule within the construction industry.

The major issue is “accuracy of the drawings,” or the number of design errors, omissions and ambiguities within the plans and specifications that affect the quality of the facility. Inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract So much emphasis is placed on the issue of time and cost that quality takes a back seat The quality of the project depends on the conformance of the objectives and requirements from the owner. An informative quality management technique will provide an agreement to procedures and definitions among the principle parties for the project. Since design errors have an impact on the outcome of the effectiveness of the contractor’s effort on the project it is essential that all parties determine what the definition of a design error should be. When asked to define design error, not all disciplines in the construction process agree on a common definition. From the basic definition of design and error it can be determined that a design error is a deviation from a drawing or specification. It is the seriousness of this error that must be considered to determine its consequences on the overall outcome of the project

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Design errors indicate the total design in-effectiveness of a project. Major design quality problems occur during construction when errors, omissions and ambiguities in plans and specifications become evident (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987). This statement directs that the inadequacies in the plans and specifications are the major causes of changes to the contract. There have been extreme examples of design errors such as numerous building collapse in Nigeria – projects that have wrought disaster after the construction are completed. These are examples of design errors that escaped the close scrutiny of all parties. One or two major errors that can be corrected with only cost considerations and little effect on the schedule can impact projects. The projects that really suffer are those with many small errors (design, rework or change of scope) which when finally added up cause major impacts on the cost and schedule growth. Through Davis and Ledbetters research it was determined that “accuracy of the design documents” was the most critical of the criteria used in the initial evaluation of design effectiveness. This accuracy was further described as the concern for the frequency and impact of errors in the specifications and drawings. This is due to the fact that the drawings and specifications are the most “readily identifiable outputs of the design process.” It is evermore important that the quality control of designs be addressed during the planning phase and closely monitored during the construction phase.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to investigate how design errors can affect the initial cost of a project. The specific objectives are:

•        To determine what constitutes a design error.

•        To examine the contributing factors to design errors in Nigeria.

•        To examine how these factors can affect initial cost and growth of a project.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

•        What makes or contributes to a design error?

•        What are the factors that lead to design errors?

•        What effect can design errors have on initial cost and growth of a project?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

Hi: There is no significant relationship between design error and initial project cost.

Ho: There is significant relationship between design error and initial project cost.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study gives a clear insight into the various ways in which contractors in the construction companies in Nigeria can maximise profits and reduce initial cost through effective and efficient contract planning and management. The study also gives a clear insight into the various effects of design errors on the cost of a project. The findings and recommendations of the researcher will help in building a strong and better project management guideline for contractors in Nigeria.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

This research focuses mainly on the investigation of design errors on initial cost of a project. Results and recommendations may not be used to generalise other construction companies in Nigeria, as the researcher could not cover a wider scope due to financial and time constraints.

Based on the findings of this study other possible researchable areas may include studies on the various effects of other aspects of contracts such as contract laws in Nigeria and contract management and control.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out this study was the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents were reluctant in filling questionnaires administered to them due to their busy schedules and nature of their work. The researcher found it difficult to collect responses from the various respondents, and this almost hampered the success of this study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

•        Design: The basic definition of design, according to Webster, is “the making of drawings or plans to plan and fashion the form and structure of an object to have intentions or purposes.” The quality of planning and design is one of the primary factors of success in any project endeavor (Chalabi, Beaudin and Salazar, 1987). The design includes every aspect of the facility construction including operation and maintenance. The design incorporates a set of specifications to guide the contractor in developing his means and methods of construction. Figure 2-1 shows the traditional flow diagram of a design/construction method.

•        Error: An error is defined, according to Webster, as “a deviation from accuracy or correctness; a mistake, as in action or procedure; an inaccuracy, as in speaking or writing.” There are basically three types of errors: imperfections, non-conformance and omissions. Imperfections are deviations in details that have no affect on the assembly or facility (Davis and Ledbetter, 1987).

•        Design Error: From the evaluation above a simple definition of design error is “a deviation from the plans and specifications.” It is not the intention of this definition to include any cost or schedule growth or insinuate its root causes or legal responsibility. It is the responsibility of the owner, designer and contractor to establish the criteria in order to make a reasonable determination for responsibility. The survey shows a common theme, that of a mistake or error in the design. The survey also indicates several reasons why design errors exist and who cause them. This provides evidence that there is not a concise definition within the construction industry.

•        Contract:  Erikson (2002) defined Contract as an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (1) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; (4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

•        Contract Planning: According to Simmons (2007), Contract planning is the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution and analysis for maximising operational and financial performance and minimising risk.

•        Contractor: General contractor, organization or individual that contracts with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or other facility.

•        Profit:  Tucy (2008) defined profit as the difference between the purchase price and the costs of bringing to market

•        Initial Cost: Initial costs are fixed, one-time expenses incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction, and equipment used in the production of goods or in the rendering of services. Put simply, it is the total cost needed to bring a project to a commercially operable status. Whether a particular cost is capital or not depend on many factors such as accounting, tax laws, and materiality.

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Tags: THE IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY TRAINING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

INFLUENCE OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY RESOURCES ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Laboratories  have made this world very advanced and scientific in its purposes. In a laboratory or field learning environment, students work individually or in small groups on a question, problem or hypothesis. They use the processes and materials of science to construct their own explanation of biological phenomena (Dahar&Faize, 2011). The distinction between laboratory or field learning and traditional classroom learning is that activities are student-centered, with students actively engaged in hands-on, minds-on activities using laboratory or field materials and techniques. This has been known to enhance learning in science and improve the understanding level of students (Tobin, 1990; Hodson, 1993; Hofstein&Lunetta, 2004).

School facilities have been observed as a potent factor to quantitative education. The availability and utilization of laboratory facilities are essential for effective teaching and learning of Chemistry and consequently a good performance in students. According to Akande (1985), learning can occur through one’s environment – facilities that are available to facilitate students learning outcome. Students can master better the basic concepts of Chemistry when they can learn by doing. Appropriate facilities, equipment and adequate utilization of same are of necessity if school science course is to be successful. This implies that practical should function as the primary learning experience. Green (1989) identified one of the problems of the Chemistry teacher during the teaching process as the provision of specimens in a laboratory class which can hamper or enhance the effective teaching of the subject. Consequently, it is not enough to establish laboratories, but also to equip them with appropriate materials as much as possible to allow for individual student work or else it will be a situation of ‘a tourist with a car but without money to buy petrol’. This is an analogy of the effect of an ill-equipped laboratory on the performance of students who have good intentions to learn science. Utulu (1998) conducted a study to evaluate the adequacy of laboratory equipment as well as the distribution of the equipment in secondary schools in urban and rural areas of Edo State and concluded that laboratory and workshop equipment were inadequately provided and that there was an imbalance in the provision of laboratory equipment between urban and rural secondary schools in Edo State. This, as observed, by Ndu (1991) is one of the problems of teaching science and technology in rural environments.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of chemistry provides students with opportunities to develop an understanding of our living world. Chemistry is the study of life and its evolution, of organisms and their structures, functions, processes, and interactions with each other and with their environments. Biologists recognize that knowledge based upon experimental results and accurate observations is gained through a variety of experiences. Thus, the role of the laboratory and field learning becomes a key component in understanding chemistry. Laboratory and field activities and inquiry provide students with opportunities to question, observe, sample, experience, and experiment with scientific phenomena in their quest for knowledge of living things. Tobin (1990) wrote that “Laboratory activities appeal as a way of allowing students to learn with understanding and, at the same time, engage in a process of constructing knowledge by doing science”. The findings of this study will give the public insight to the state of the science learning environment that our secondary school students are provided with in Ethiope-West LGA. This would further furnish the government one of the reasons the country has low achievement levels in standardized examinations.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions are:

1. Are there chemistry laboratories in the secondary schools of the local government area?

2. Is the availability of laboratory facility necessary for the effective teaching and learning of Chemistry?

3. Is there a relationship between students’ participation in laboratory classes and their acquisition of skill?

4. Is there a relationship between the qualification of the teacher and proper utilization of laboratory facilities?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were generated and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

Ho: Laboratory facilities have a significant impact on the effective teaching and learning of social studies.

Hi: Laboratory facilities does not have a significant impact on the effective teaching and learning of social studies

Ho: There is a significant relationship between the availability of laboratory facilities and effective teaching and learning of social studies.

Hi: There is no significant relationship between the availability of laboratory facilities and effective teaching and learning of social studies.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

There were limited funds and time for the project. The uncooperative responses from many respondents was also a factor.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#10000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to

08139462710 or 08137701720

(1)    Your project topics

(2)     Email Address

(3)     Payment Name

(4)    Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:

08139462710 or 08137701720

YOU CAN ALSO CALL:

08068231953, 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:

www.easyprojectmaterials.com

www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng

www.easyprojectmaterial.net

www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng

www.easyprojectsolutions.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.worldofnolimit.com

www.nairaproject.com.ng

www.nairaprojects.com.ng

www.nairaproject.net

www.nairaprojects.net

www.uniproject.com.ng

www.uniprojects.com.ng

Tags: INFLUENCE OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY RESOURCES ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENTS