ABSTRACT
Profitability is the hallmark or mainstay of any business undertaking. It is the wish of any business entity to maximize profit and maintain a resounding level of liquidity. There is no doubting the fact that this objective of profit maximized if there is no strong and adequate system of internal control.
Sequel to the above, this research work is designed to carry out an empirical study on the internal control system of Apaco foam and chemical industry limited, Agbor, Delta State and to suggest and or recommend ways that a strong and adequate internal control system can assist the company to maximize profit from its operations.
Chapter one deals with the general over-view of the research work. It shows a brief history about the company under study. Also it discloses the significance of the study, the aims and objetive and operational definition of some technical terms.
In chapter two, the research dwells on the theoretical frame work of the research topic. The chapter shows the history and development of internal control, the meaning of internal control, various types of accounting systems, the need for internal control, internal and external audit, profitability versus liquidity internal control in a computer based accounting system, among others.
Chapter three focuses on the research methodology which includes methods of data collection, population of the study, sample size, methods of data analysis etc.
In chapter four, the researcher concentrates on Data presentation, analysis and interpretation, many tables are used for analysis of data so as to validate the study and also test of hypothesis.
Finally chapter five dwells on summary of findings, recommendations and conclusion.
PROPOSAL
Internal control as a means of enhancing profitability in a manufacturing company.
The aim of this study is to examine the internal control system in Apaco Foam and Chemical Industries Ltd Agbor Delta State with a view to determining its efficacy in the process of profit maximization in the company. The researcher intends to exray various internal checks or control strategies applied in the company Apaco Foam and Chemical Industries Ltd Agbor Delta State and how it has increased profitability in that company as well as promises a substantial growth and development in its commercial operations and industrial relations practice.
To successful carryout this study, the researcher intends to embark on empirical approach or research, using mainly primary data source through questionnaires (written & oral) personal observations etc.
Secondary source will be gathered through relevant documentary materials which will be used for reviews explanations or analysis of some technical terms.
The researcher intends to arrange data collected in tables and also intends to analyze the state in simple percentages. The research intends to make further explanation on the research findings and profers some recommendation, solutions and suggestions. The research intends to systematically present this work in a chapters and each step will help into verification of all aspects of internal control strategy or strategies applied into the company.
Chapter one will dwell on general over-view of the research work. It will show a brief history about the company and it will disclose the significance of the study, the aims and objectives and operational definition of some technical terms.
Chapter two, the researcher will dwell on the theoretical frame work of the research topic the chapter will show the history and development of internal control, the meaning of internal control, various types of accounting systems, the need for internal control, internal & external audit, profitability versus liquidity internal control in a computer based accounting system.
Chapter three will focus on the research methodology which includes methods of data collection, population of the study, sample size methods of data analysis, research design.
In chapter four the researcher will concentrate on data presentation, analysis and interpretation, and test of hypothesis.
Finally chapter five will dwells on discussion of findings, recommendations and conclusion.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Proposal
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study
1.4 Scope of the study
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Hypotheses
1.7 Operational definition of terms
1.8 Limitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 History and development
2.2 Various views / definitions of internal control
2.3 The need for internal control system
2.4 The major objectives of internal control system
2.5 Managerial supervision and review.
2.6 The various types of accounting systems and accounting records.
2.7 The need for internal control and proper accounting records.
2.8 Internal audit
2.9 Internal check
2.10The meaning and relevance of statutory audit.
2.11Profitability versus liquidity in a business undertaking.
2.12Assessment/procedure of internal control system.
2.13Internal control in computer bases accounting system.
2.14The limitations of internal control system.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology
3.1 Methods of data collection
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample size
3.4 Sampling method
3.5 Methods of data analysis
3.6 Research design
3.7 Limitations of the methodology
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation, analysis and interpretation
4.1 Analysis of the respondents
4.2 Analysis of data
4.3 Discussion of finding
4.4 Test of hypotheses
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of findings, recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Discussion of findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 Suggestion for further research
Appendix
Bibliography.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKROUND TO THE STUDY
internal control is the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the management, in order to carry on the business f the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner ensure adherence to management policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far possible, the completeness and accuracy of its records.
Consequent upon the above, this research is designed to carry out an empirical study on the internal control system of Apaco Foam and Chemical Industry Limited. Agbor Delta State and to recommend and or suggest ways that a strong internal control system can assist the company to maximize profit.
Apaco Foam and Chemical Industry Limited, Agbor Delta State, was established in 1977 wish a staff strength of three (3) comprising of the Director, Mr. G.O. Muobike, his wife and one other staff. It factory and office, then was situated at Obiazikwo street, owu. Agbor in the then Bendel State which was bifurcated into Edo and Delta states. Its major business is the production of foam other by products are:
i. Mattresses
ii. Rug under-lays
iii. Sheetings
iv. Cuishons
v. Pillows and
vi. Shoulder pads
The factory and office complex which is situated at No. 3 Muobike Crescent by Owa-Alero/Owa Ekei Road Boji Boji Owa Agbor, was officially commissioned on May 13th1995 by the then military administrator of Delta State, group captain Abraham Kefas..
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Tags: AGBOR, DELTA STATE, INTERNAL CONTROL AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING PROFITABILITY IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY. (A CASE STUDY OF APACO FOAM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED
ABSTRACT
The need to develop a system that would improve the management of stocked pharmaceutical items in the pharmacy became beatable due to some set backs experienced by the current operations of pharmaceutical establishment.
The information got from the staff of the pharmacy and head of Osco pharmaceutical centre, Warri, Delta State, has been most useful in developing a program that would achieve the aim of this project.
This project would be useful to both large and small pharmacy establishments and other private business that deals with managing stock items.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Tables of contents
List of table, List of figures
Table of symbols
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Aim of pharmacy stock control
1.2 Scope of study
1.3 Objective
1.4 Statements of the problems
1.5 Assumptions
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review: Non- Computer approach based stock control
2.2 Computer as aid to stock control system
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 System Analysis
3.2 Why stock control
3.3 Manual Approach to stock control
3.4 Manual ordering of goods
3.5 Flowchart of the manual ordering of goods
3.6 Placing an order and values of goods manually
3.7 Flowcharts of placing an order and sales of goods
3.8 How goods are received into store
3.9 Flowchart of how goods are received in store
3.10 Weakness of existing system
Organisation chart
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 System design
4.2 The input system
4.3 The processing system
4.4 The description and organisation
4.5 Physical data mode
CHAPTER FIVE
System Implementation
4.1 Menu processing
4.2 File maintenance
4.3 Transactions
4.4 Reports
CHAPTER SIX
Documentation
CHAPTER SEVEN
Recommendation and Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
This project is based on the pharmacy control of private practitioners. Pharmacy is an establishment, which takes the responsibility of manufacturing and trading drugs and medical related products. The designing and implementation of a computerized pharmacy stock control involves a critical analysis of the existing system, discover where the problems is.
The aim of any study is to design a system, which keeps and controls the movement of stocked items in the pharmacy. The system produces various reports of the information of stocked-items, the suppliers and various dispensaries.
However procedures towards achieving the aim are not with free especially the hierarchical analysis. To be able to manage information adequately does not imply that they are efficient. The centre of interest would be surrounded by the computerized according system full of tediousness in their prolonged procedure in coveting raw date into human and material resources. Time is also lavished. Notwithstanding, the results of this processing are hardly reliable sometimes due to possible errors, which sets in a result of human nature of inconsistency.
The problem also extends to storage and retrieved. From the research done about the problem, it has been found that the manual problems and obstacles could be totally eliminated or at least reduced to a very large extent by using a well designed modern system such as computer. With computer programmes, this elongated procedure could be automated to avoid duplication and redundancy.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 AIM OF PHARMACY STOCK CONTROL
In any single country, the pharmaceutical industry operates in a multifaceted and highly intricate environment, which becomes extremely complex when viewed in an international context. This highly involved operating environment has in itself created some of the misunderstandings, misconceptions of the pharmaceutical industry and its activities and has precipitated many enquires into the operations of the industry.
To computerize the present and to plan adequately for the future, it is “Sina qua non” to know how the industry involved and the complex interrelated environments within which the industry currently operates and trends of these environment. This study, which is necessary, has a historical and morphological analysis to support the evaluation.
Almost all the industries depend on plant, animals and internals for raw material. The pharmaceutical industry today uses in addition synthesized chemicals from natural occurring product as well as completely synthetic product as a basic of producing ingredient that will be computerized for a better active production.
Performance in growth vectors is extremely difficult to measure since few comparies produces growth and profitability data for public consumption because those few comparies are good quality drugs which has price controls, direct and costly consumer promotions and long product.
Firms diversify when their objectives can no longer be met within the product. This project or work is basically defensive and designed to avoid declares in demand, competitive pressures and product the obsolesce.
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this stuffy gives an overview of the role of pharmaceutical industries to the community and to the needy. We therefore intend to carry out a library method and focus interview on pharmaceutical industries and area managers of pharmaceutical industries.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Pharmacy stock control helps in the development of pharmaceutical industries and to their customers but to what extent. We are therefore going to make people understand the importance of computerized pharmacy stock control. This study will also contribute to the improvement of the pharmaceutical industries.
I shall be able to arrive at a definite and concise conclusion about the importance of pharmacy stock control. To pharmaceutical industries and to consumer. We shall also see how pharmaceutical industries produce active and good quality drugs, which has control without much stress and mistakes.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
After the description of the manual system the following problem areas were discovered which has been remedied in the computerized system.
a. Item location
b. Check for expired items
c. Re-ordering level
d. Fraud by employee
ITEM LOCATION: As a result of the large quality of stock items involved. It is difficult to locate items in the store needed for patients and customers.
CHECK FOR EXPIRED ITEMS: Due to the fact that tracks of the expired date of items are not kept, expired items are occasionally dispatched to the dispensary unity and to patients.
RE-ORDERING LEVEL: In most vases, it is when a item is needed by patients or customers that the management realize it is out of stock.
FRAUD BY EMPLOYEE: It was noticed that some of the staff of the pharmacy take away items from the store illegally, thereby hindering the profit of the establishment.
1.5 ASSUMPTIONS
During the process of the study I assumed that the workers are computer literature. I also assume that they are using stock control system that is not computerized. There is also this assumption in me that they have not started implementing computerized stock control system.
My assumption includes that they are aware of software on stock control system but they have not used it.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
In a write up like this there are going to be some definitions of terms. The terms considered important to explain because it with make it easy for other people who are not in this field used in this project. They are the following.
Computer: An electronic device capable of accepting data as input and proves it to give the information as an output.
Program: A list of instruction that tells the computer what to do.
Data: The basic facts on which computer process is performed. It is also a raw fact in which an information can be derived form after processing by a computer.
File: A collection of related records stored in a specified sequence.
Record: It is a data structure that contains a number of related fields in a predefined fixed order where each field has a distinct identifies and contains an item of information of a predefined type.
Input: Data supplied to the computer
Output: Result of processed date
Flowchart: This is a diagrammatic representation of the steps required solving a problem.
System: This is a group of inter related, inter connecting activities that work together to achieve a specific objectives.
Storage Device: This is a device used for storage
Application Program: This is a program, which proves data for a particular function e.g. pay roll sales, ledger etc.
Audit Trail: A visible means of backing items of data from output to the original source date and vice-versa.
Directory: A list of the content of a program library or the files contained on a magnetic disk, floppy disk or hard disk.
Check Digit: An additional digit included in a code number, which provides a means of checking for errors in that code.
Compatibility: The ability of a computer to handle the file devices and program of another computer installation is different platforms.
Hard Copy: A printed record of computer based information oir output.
Hard wares: All the part of a computer components system that is visible to the eye and can be touched.
Soft ware: These are written programs that enable the computer to work. It can also be defined as the component of the computer system that one cannot see a touch.
Implementation: The stage in system development in which there is putting into practice the design so developed to work in an organization.
Input-Output control: It is a control that reconciles input and output to establish accuracy of processing.
Real-Time system: An on line system in which transaction updates the relevant master file as it entered.
Record Account: It is a control total produced by a computer program of a number of records processed during a given run.
Retail: This is the process of selling commodities in small quantities directly to the ultimate consumers.
Wholesale: The act of buying and selling of commodities in large quantities usually for re-sale or by retail.
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Tags: DELTA STATE, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPUTER BASED PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRE (A CASE STUDY OF OSCO PHARMACEUTICAL CENTRE WARRI
ABSTRACT
This study examined the Impact of Liquidity Management on Commercial Bank Profitability a case study of oceanic bank international plc. Effurun, Delta State. This study revealed that commercial banks are faced with two conflicting objectives namely: liquidity optimization and profitability optimization to contend with. The researcher also showed that the problem of these two conflicting objectives became too complex in modern banking subsector which is characterized by competition. Based on this problem, the study of the impact liquidity management will have on commercial bank’s profitability was carried out to determine ways of resolving the problems associated these conflicting objectives. As regards the methodology used in this study, the simple percentage statistics was used in analyzing responses from questionnaire which was administered to bank staff and executive of Oceanic bank international plc. Finally recommendations were given by the researcher on how these problems will be resolved.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In every system, there are major components that are very important for the survival of the system. This is also applicable to the financial system. The financial institution have contributed immensely to the growth of the entire financial system, as they offer an efficient institutional method through which resources can be mobilized and directed from less productive uses to more productive uses.
In performing these financial role, the financial institutions has proved to be an effective link between savers and borrowers, among the financial institutions that have partake in these important financial role are the commercial banks. The functions of the commercial banks have become the strong base for the two major functions of the commercial banks namely deposit mobilization and credit extension. Commercial banks have become a very important institution in the financial system as it helps in facilitating the movement of financial assets that are less desirable to the more desirable public who needed the financial assets. In view of this role and activities commercial banks play in the society, the commercial bank is selected as the main focus of this study.
An adequate financial intermediation requires the attention and focus of the bank management to the profitability and liquidity, which are the two conflicting objectives of the commercial banks. These objectives are parallel in the sense that an attempt for a bank to achieve higher profitability will gradually destroy its liquidity and solvency position and vice versa. Practically, profitability and liquidity are effective indicator of the corporate wealth and performance of not only commercial bank but to all profit oriented venture. These performance indicators are very important to the shareholders and depositors who are major publics of a bank. As the shareholders expect the bank to increase lending in order to give them maximum return in money invested while the depositor expect the bank to keep much idle cash in order to meet their demand. With profitability objective conflicting with that of liquidity, and with the interest of the shareholders conflicting with that of the depositors, there is the need for reconcile and harmonize these conflicting positions through effective liquidity management so as to ensure the survival and growth of the commercial banks.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Through these financial roles, the commercial banks use the idle funds borrowed from the lenders by investing such funds in other classes of financial assets investment. These business activities of the bank is not done without problem facing it, since these deposit which have been invested by the banks for profit maximization can be demanded for at any time. When the bank is not able to meet their financial obligations, the public begins to loss confidence and these will cause lot of competition to the financial sector. With the high increase of competition in the banking industry, every commercial bank should strive to operate on profit and at the same time meet the financial demand of its depositors by maintaining adequate liquidity. The problem then becomes how to select the optimum point at which commercial bank can maintain its assets in order to optimize these two objectives. These problems become more difficult as a large number of banks are basically engaged with profit maximization and tend to neglect the importance of liquidity management and these can lead to technical and legal insolvency.
This research work will also see to other problems such as the effect of excess liquidity and the problem of estimating the proportion of the deposits that can be demanded for at any specific time, selection of factors that will affect or influence the bank liquidity level and finally problem of satisfying the two major publics of the commercial bank simultaneously. With these solutions will be prescribe and recommendations will be made where necessary.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The competition environment of the financial institutions is to tense that any commercial bank that aims to survive must be aware of the challenges of its liquidity and profitability obligation as both variable can make or destroy its future. This study is largely centered on liquidity objective and ensure its ability to meet up the depositors demand thereby maximizing its value and there is also uncertainties in the asset management of the commercial banks as the new deposit does not correspond with the customers’ withdrawals, since demand is made at short notice. Therefore this study is aimed at the following goals:
– To know how liquidity management will handle these uncertainties and determine their effect on profitability
– Discovering the specific factors that are useful in improving profitability and liquidity position of the commercial banks.
– To examine the cost of liquidity and illiquidity levels on the performance of commercial banks and length at which this liquidity can be used as competitive instruments.
– To take a critical view of the adopted liquidity measures of the commercial banks and attempt to see how it has been achieved.
– Finding out the effect of changes in liquidity levels on profitability.
– Aimed at discovering the credit and portfolio policies of the commercial banks
– Finally it will attempt to identify the basic causes of liquidity problems in Nigeria commercial banks and to recommend appropriate measures to solve such problems.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Based on the study the following research questions are asked:
– What factors can be useful in improving profitability and liquidity position?
– How can liquidity management lead to profitability?
– What will be the effect of changes liquidity levels on profitability?
– Is there any relationship between liquidity level and profitability level?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
From the statement of problem, objective of study and research questions of the study, the following hypothesis are formulated:
- i. Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant relationship between liquidity level and deposit level.
Alternative Hypothesis (HI): There is a significant relationship between liquidity level and deposit level.
- ii. Null Hypothesis (HO): The amount of loans and advances granted to customers does not significantly determine the profit level.
Alternative Hypothesis (HI): The amount of loans and advances granted to customers significantly determine the profit level.
- iii. Null Hypothesis (HO): There is no significant relationship between liquidity and profitability.
Alternative Hypothesis (HI): There is a significant relationship between liquidity and profitability.
- iv. Null Hypothesis (HO): Commercial banks in Nigeria do not keep the minimum liquidity ratio required by the CBN.
Alternative Hypothesis (HI): Commercial Banks in Nigeria keep the minimum liquidity ratio required by CBN.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study on the impact of liquidity management on commercial bank profitability is carried out to check the possibility of liquidity management bringing a huge range of profitability to the commercial bank. It uses Oceanic Bank International Plc Effurun Delta State as its scope and it is carryout within 2007 to 2010 that’s a time frame of 4 years.
1.7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
For the fact that commercial banks operate on liquidity and profitability motives in the mind to satisfy their major publics, the shareholders and depositors, the need arise for them to bring into agreement these two motives with the aim of satisfying these two public concurrently. With this the commercial bank need effective and efficient liquidity management approaches and principles that will help them realize these motives. The result gotten form this study will reveal the level of attachment of the commercial banks to the monetary policies (liquidity ratios) established by the government and these will help the government to set appropriate liquidity ratio’s and cash ratio’s that will not be harmful to the operation and survival of the commercial banks. It will also help banks operators to evaluate how effective liquidity management and credit policy guidelines will affect profitability level and also the impact bank credit will play on bank’s liquidity and finally minimize the effect of illiquidity and help in providing effective liquidity formulations.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Like every research work, this study is faced with a large number of challenges, starting from bank executives unwillingness to disclose necessary document and information needed for this study since they felt this information or document are confidential to them and that disclosing them might be detrimental to their business. This study is supposed to cover all commercial banks in Nigeria as they operate a unique policy in view of it threats and opportunities. However, the study is limited to just one particular bank due to insufficient time and lack of finance. Basically, the school activities as such have been a great challenge to this research, since these activities have occupied most time needed for this research. Nevertheless with all these challenges the researcher tried to conduct the research which is reliable.
1.9 Definition of Terms
a) Liquidity: Ability with which asset can be easily converted into cash. It also determines a firm ability to meet its short-term obligation.
b) Liquidity Management: The planning and control necessary to ensure that organisation maintain enough liquid assets so as to meet its obligations to customers.
c. Profitability: Profit is the ultimate measure of overall performance that is the excess of income over cost.
d. Commercial Bank: The business of receiving money, from outside source as deposits, irrespective of payment of interest and granting of money loan and acceptance of credit or purchase and sells of securities for the account of others or incurring of obligations to acquire claims in respect of loans prior to maturity.
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(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
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BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
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Tags: DELTA STATE, THE IMPACT OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT ON COMMERCIAL BANK PROFITABILITY A CASE STUDY OF OCEANIC BANK INTERNATIONAL PLC. EFFURUN
