ABSTRACT
The study was done to ascertain the role of commercial banks in financing small-scale agriculture in selected areas of enugu agricultural zone. The aim was to determine the extent to which commercial banks have given out loans for small scale agriculture in comparison with other source of credit, and to look into the problem faced by both the small holder farmers and the banks as regard credit flow to farmers.
The problems of loans repayment and reasons for loan default were also taken into consideration in this study. Information was gathered through questionnaire and personal interviews.
It was gathered b from the result that the small scale formers have not benefit to any noticeable extent from commercial banks credit accommodation in the bid to improved their farms. The study also indicated that rigorous procedures and complexity of loans farms were some of the factors that vitiate and reduce the access of small farmers to credit.
In addition, it was gather that the inducement to ask for credit facilities by the small scale farmers from commercial bank died down due to the level of collate red requirement, viability of the scheme form which the loan was to be granted, the tag that the beneficiary in most cases must be a corporation or a limited liability company, other problem the small scale farmers envisaged as regard being accommodated by commercial banks or other financial institutions includes in a nutshell, illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holdings, little capital, lack of tangible assets and clear little of land low level of productivity, low income, little or no saving, interest rate paid, and economic condition in general.
The importance of these finding were also indicated. In particular so long as the current practice of subjecting the farmer to some vigous procedure and task to overcome before granting the credit, it will be unrealistic to expect credit programmers to benefit small scale farmers and suggest the need for policies designed to accommodated these limitation.
Finally, it was suggested that channeling credit through farmer’s co-operatives would conderably strengthen the risk of loan default.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of problems
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Significance of small farmers
2.2 Source of finance
2.3 Uses of finance
2.4 Role of commercial banks
2.5 Factors affecting the distribution of credit to farmers
2.6 Repayment performance in credit programme
2.7 Problems associated with agriculture itself.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 sampling procedure
3.2 Data collection
3.3 Questionnaires design
3.4 Statistical treatment.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX (QUESTIONNAIRES)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, agricultural like in most other developing countries the small scale farmer predominates several constraint and barriers which appear insurmountable limited the overall farming activities and if this is anything to go by, it can destroy a developing economy which heavily rest on the shoulders of small scale farmer. These small scale farmer are characterized by illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holding, little capital, lack of tangible asset and tenure system, low level of technology, low level of productivity, low level income, and general rural milieu. These features combined together makes the services of formal source of finance difficult to the small farmer. The resultant
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
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No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
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Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
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www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
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Tags: AWGU, EZIAGU AND ENUGU SOUTH)., THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN FINANCE SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURAL. (A CASE STUDY OF UDI
ABSTRACT
The study was done to ascertain the role of commercial banks in financing small-scale agriculture in selected areas of enugu agricultural zone. The aim was to determine the extent to which commercial banks have given out loans for small scale agriculture in comparison with other source of credit, and to look into the problem faced by both the small holder farmers and the banks as regard credit flow to farmers.
The problems of loans repayment and reasons for loan default were also taken into consideration in this study. Information was gathered through questionnaire and personal interviews.
It was gathered b from the result that the small scale formers have not benefit to any noticeable extent from commercial banks credit accommodation in the bid to improved their farms. The study also indicated that rigorous procedures and complexity of loans farms were some of the factors that vitiate and reduce the access of small farmers to credit.
In addition, it was gather that the inducement to ask for credit facilities by the small scale farmers from commercial bank died down due to the level of collate red requirement, viability of the scheme form which the loan was to be granted, the tag that the beneficiary in most cases must be a corporation or a limited liability company, other problem the small scale farmers envisaged as regard being accommodated by commercial banks or other financial institutions includes in a nutshell, illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holdings, little capital, lack of tangible assets and clear little of land low level of productivity, low income, little or no saving, interest rate paid, and economic condition in general.
The importance of these finding were also indicated. In particular so long as the current practice of subjecting the farmer to some vigous procedure and task to overcome before granting the credit, it will be unrealistic to expect credit programmers to benefit small scale farmers and suggest the need for policies designed to accommodated these limitation.
Finally, it was suggested that channeling credit through farmer’s co-operatives would conderably strengthen the risk of loan default.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of problems
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Significance of small farmers
2.2 Source of finance
2.3 Uses of finance
2.4 Role of commercial banks
2.5 Factors affecting the distribution of credit to farmers
2.6 Repayment performance in credit programme
2.7 Problems associated with agriculture itself.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 sampling procedure
3.2 Data collection
3.3 Questionnaires design
3.4 Statistical treatment.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX (QUESTIONNAIRES)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, agricultural like in most other developing countries the small scale farmer predominates several constraint and barriers which appear insurmountable limited the overall farming activities and if this is anything to go by, it can destroy a developing economy which heavily rest on the shoulders of small scale farmer. These small scale farmer are characterized by illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holding, little capital, lack of tangible asset and tenure system, low level of technology, low level of productivity, low level income, and general rural milieu. These features combined together makes the services of formal source of finance difficult to the small farmer. The resultant
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: AWGU, EZIAGU AND ENUGU SOUTH)., THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN FINANCE SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURAL. (A CASE STUDY OF UDI
ABSTRACT
The study was done to ascertain the role of commercial banks in financing small-scale agriculture in selected areas of enugu agricultural zone. The aim was to determine the extent to which commercial banks have given out loans for small scale agriculture in comparison with other source of credit, and to look into the problem faced by both the small holder farmers and the banks as regard credit flow to farmers.
The problems of loans repayment and reasons for loan default were also taken into consideration in this study. Information was gathered through questionnaire and personal interviews.
It was gathered b from the result that the small scale formers have not benefit to any noticeable extent from commercial banks credit accommodation in the bid to improved their farms. The study also indicated that rigorous procedures and complexity of loans farms were some of the factors that vitiate and reduce the access of small farmers to credit.
In addition, it was gather that the inducement to ask for credit facilities by the small scale farmers from commercial bank died down due to the level of collate red requirement, viability of the scheme form which the loan was to be granted, the tag that the beneficiary in most cases must be a corporation or a limited liability company, other problem the small scale farmers envisaged as regard being accommodated by commercial banks or other financial institutions includes in a nutshell, illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holdings, little capital, lack of tangible assets and clear little of land low level of productivity, low income, little or no saving, interest rate paid, and economic condition in general.
The importance of these finding were also indicated. In particular so long as the current practice of subjecting the farmer to some vigous procedure and task to overcome before granting the credit, it will be unrealistic to expect credit programmers to benefit small scale farmers and suggest the need for policies designed to accommodated these limitation.
Finally, it was suggested that channeling credit through farmer’s co-operatives would conderably strengthen the risk of loan default.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of problems
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Significance of small farmers
2.2 Source of finance
2.3 Uses of finance
2.4 Role of commercial banks
2.5 Factors affecting the distribution of credit to farmers
2.6 Repayment performance in credit programme
2.7 Problems associated with agriculture itself.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 sampling procedure
3.2 Data collection
3.3 Questionnaires design
3.4 Statistical treatment.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX (QUESTIONNAIRES)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, agricultural like in most other developing countries the small scale farmer predominates several constraint and barriers which appear insurmountable limited the overall farming activities and if this is anything to go by, it can destroy a developing economy which heavily rest on the shoulders of small scale farmer. These small scale farmer are characterized by illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holding, little capital, lack of tangible asset and tenure system, low level of technology, low level of productivity, low level income, and general rural milieu. These features combined together makes the services of formal source of finance difficult to the small farmer. The resultant
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PACKAGING AND STORAGE PROPERTIES OF PACKAGED GARRI
ABSTRACT
Samples of white and yellow garri were collected at a week interval. From umunya in oyi local government Area, Anambra state. The purchased garri with initial moisture of 9.3% for white garri and 8.65 yellow garri. The samples of white and yellow garri was aseptically weighted (2kg) into polythene bags, plastic bucket and sack bag. The packs were labeled and kept at ambient temperature of (30.0=2c) for 14day. The change in the sample moisture content, change in PH biochemist
The result revealed that the avenged moisture content of yellow garri package in he yellow garri packaged in polynthene bag (9.3%) and sack bag (8.2%) and also the white garri package in plastic bucket has lower moisture content (8.6%) polythene the moisture content and mould content were observed to increase with the period of storage. While the nutritional content and PH were reduced. Changes in the various sensory quality attributes such as colour, aroma texture and moldiness at the end o the storages four fungi species (Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigated and the Rlizopus stolonifer) were isolated during the storage period in all the packaging materials the total viable fungal count was in the oder sack bags > polythene bags> plastic buckets. On the whole aim tight plastic buckets were observed and recommendation to be the best packing material for garri for a long period of time in this study
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ……………………………..i
Certification page………………………………ii
Dedication………………………………………….iii
Acknowledgement……………………………………iv
Abstract………………………………………………..v
Table of contents…………………………………vi
List of table ……………………………………….viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction…………………………………
1.2 Objectives of study……………………………..13
1.3 Notification for the storage why is the study nccrneay.whe do the study hope active……..13
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review …………………………………………..14
2.1 consumption of garri……………………………………16
2.3 processing of garri…………………………………………17
2.4 grating………………………………………………………….17
2.5 peeling………………………………………………………..1
2.6 fermentation and dilating ………………………………….20
234 improved on small commercial method ………….21
2.35 sieving……………………………………………………..21
Storage of processed garri ……………………………….. 29
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 material and methods
3.1 sample survey and collection
3.1 sample survey and collection …………………31
3.2 2 experimental procedure…………………23
3.2.3 Biochemical analysis ………………………..33
3.234 sensory quality assessment……………..34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 result and discussion ………………………41
4.2 economic importance of garri………………..43
4.3 market opportunities for garri production in Africa…42
4.5 success tips for aspiring garri producer………………45
4.6 types of garri…………………………………………………47
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……50
5.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………….50
Reference ……………………………….. 54
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Garri: (yellow or white) a roasted gramular hydroscopic starchy food product, produced from cassava (manihot esculent a Grantz) is the most popular from in which cassava is consumed in the West Africa sub region. It is consumed by several million of people regardless of ethnicity and socio economic class, making it the commonest meal amongst the rich and poor. Garri available in the market can be consumed directly without further processing in the dry form with peanut, coconut, smoked fish soaked in water (some times with milk and beverage) of processed minimally using boiled water to form stiff paste popularly called “eba” and eaten with various types of African soups.
Cassava for garri production is harvested manually in the farm with the aid of a cutlass, hoe and flat iron sheet (digger) which occasionally inflicts various degrees of injuries on the root tubers. After harvesting, the root tubers are halved to the market where they are heaped in 20s40s, 50s or for sales under humid and warm topical conditions. These practices predispose the root tubers to contamination and infestation by various groups of microorganisms (especially moulds) mites and insects which potentiate biodeteraration.
Following processing, garri is spread on the bare floor or on a mat to allow cooling before final sieving and packaging for marketing in the open market; garri is displayed in open basins, bowls, bags and mats. These practices potentiate contamination by various group of micro organism and may predispose public health harzard. Various groups of moulds have reports to be associated with garri during storage and distribution. Moulds if present can grow and affect the nutritional and sensory properties of garri and species of oxygenic may produce my cotoscias Aflatoscia B,B2 G1 G2 are the they are produced by ubiqution fungal general and neurological association of these toxurs reinforce the need for continuo’s and regular search for their presence in foods
Numerous processing methods have been devised including gaited roots, fermenting peeled followed by roasting to reduce the toxicity and at the sine time convent the highly perishes fresh root of cassava into stable products. Garri is processed by fermenting peel and grated roots followed by dewatering sieving and frying. Frying the garri at high temperature which would have killed all micro- organisms but after preparation how eve other fungal spoilage. Garri is the most popular for in when of cyanogens (a colourless, poisons’, flammable, water- soluble gars (2N2having an almandine) odour used chiefly in Organ synthesis)
In the cassava variety used for processing garri in Nigeria. When not properly processed makes the products unsafe for consumption the processing of cassava into garri is one of the major cottage industries in umunya.
Garri, which is the a by- product of cassava is rich in carbohydrate, manly starch and is a major source of energy. With the exception of sugar cane garri is the highest source of carbohydrate.
The approximate and physical properties of garri is a function of the cassavas variety, age of cassava time, of harvesting, processing methods, packaging method, storage conditional and duration of storage (oduroetal, 2000, chuzel and zakhua 1991).
Adejumo and Rayi (2010) carried out an appraisal of garri packaging method in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. The objectives of the work were to appraise the various packaging material used for garri and to suggest, safe, and affordable packaging material for garri packaging. This is with a view of reducing losses during storage and for proper planning of marketing strategies in terms of appropriated product packaging the result should that the packaging material used for garri packaging. The result showed that the packaging material used for garri packaging are all improvised material not specifically made for garri packaging. The loss of garri during storage was assessed or the type of storage material used. Storage condition, star age duration and the were based on change in colour, odour and taste which was a result of poor keeping quality due to the moisture uptake during merchandising. The effect of moisture content and storage conditions on the storability of garri was investigated by Amadi and Adebola (2008) yellow & white garri sample were obtained and storage under the same conditions using polythene bags, sack bags and plastic buckets
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main of aim the study
1. the main objective of this research is to determine the
2. optimum packaging and storage properties for packaged
3. garri
4. to determine the moisture content and PH of the garri using different packaging method
1.3 INSTIFICATION FOR THE STORAGE WHY IS THE STUDY NCCRNEAY.WHE DO THE STUDY HOPE ACTIVE
After this research, the best packing material will be noted so as to avoid or retard the actions of micro- organisms in the packaging of garri.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: AWGU, EZIAGU AND ENUGU SOUTH)., THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN FINANCE SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURAL. (A CASE STUDY OF UDI
ABSTRACT
The study was done to ascertain the role of commercial banks in financing small-scale agriculture in selected areas of enugu agricultural zone. The aim was to determine the extent to which commercial banks have given out loans for small scale agriculture in comparison with other source of credit, and to look into the problem faced by both the small holder farmers and the banks as regard credit flow to farmers.
The problems of loans repayment and reasons for loan default were also taken into consideration in this study. Information was gathered through questionnaire and personal interviews.
It was gathered b from the result that the small scale formers have not benefit to any noticeable extent from commercial banks credit accommodation in the bid to improved their farms. The study also indicated that rigorous procedures and complexity of loans farms were some of the factors that vitiate and reduce the access of small farmers to credit.
In addition, it was gather that the inducement to ask for credit facilities by the small scale farmers from commercial bank died down due to the level of collate red requirement, viability of the scheme form which the loan was to be granted, the tag that the beneficiary in most cases must be a corporation or a limited liability company, other problem the small scale farmers envisaged as regard being accommodated by commercial banks or other financial institutions includes in a nutshell, illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holdings, little capital, lack of tangible assets and clear little of land low level of productivity, low income, little or no saving, interest rate paid, and economic condition in general.
The importance of these finding were also indicated. In particular so long as the current practice of subjecting the farmer to some vigous procedure and task to overcome before granting the credit, it will be unrealistic to expect credit programmers to benefit small scale farmers and suggest the need for policies designed to accommodated these limitation.
Finally, it was suggested that channeling credit through farmer’s co-operatives would conderably strengthen the risk of loan default.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page I
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of problems
1.2 Purpose of the study
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Significance of small farmers
2.2 Source of finance
2.3 Uses of finance
2.4 Role of commercial banks
2.5 Factors affecting the distribution of credit to farmers
2.6 Repayment performance in credit programme
2.7 Problems associated with agriculture itself.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 sampling procedure
3.2 Data collection
3.3 Questionnaires design
3.4 Statistical treatment.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX (QUESTIONNAIRES)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, agricultural like in most other developing countries the small scale farmer predominates several constraint and barriers which appear insurmountable limited the overall farming activities and if this is anything to go by, it can destroy a developing economy which heavily rest on the shoulders of small scale farmer. These small scale farmer are characterized by illiteracy, ignorance, small size of farm holding, little capital, lack of tangible asset and tenure system, low level of technology, low level of productivity, low level income, and general rural milieu. These features combined together makes the services of formal source of finance difficult to the small farmer. The resultant
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PACKAGING AND STORAGE PROPERTIES OF PACKAGED GARRI
ABSTRACT
Samples of white and yellow garri were collected at a week interval. From umunya in oyi local government Area, Anambra state. The purchased garri with initial moisture of 9.3% for white garri and 8.65 yellow garri. The samples of white and yellow garri was aseptically weighted (2kg) into polythene bags, plastic bucket and sack bag. The packs were labeled and kept at ambient temperature of (30.0=2c) for 14day. The change in the sample moisture content, change in PH biochemist
The result revealed that the avenged moisture content of yellow garri package in he yellow garri packaged in polynthene bag (9.3%) and sack bag (8.2%) and also the white garri package in plastic bucket has lower moisture content (8.6%) polythene the moisture content and mould content were observed to increase with the period of storage. While the nutritional content and PH were reduced. Changes in the various sensory quality attributes such as colour, aroma texture and moldiness at the end o the storages four fungi species (Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigated and the Rlizopus stolonifer) were isolated during the storage period in all the packaging materials the total viable fungal count was in the oder sack bags > polythene bags> plastic buckets. On the whole aim tight plastic buckets were observed and recommendation to be the best packing material for garri for a long period of time in this study
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ……………………………..i
Certification page………………………………ii
Dedication………………………………………….iii
Acknowledgement……………………………………iv
Abstract………………………………………………..v
Table of contents…………………………………vi
List of table ……………………………………….viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction…………………………………
1.2 Objectives of study……………………………..13
1.3 Notification for the storage why is the study nccrneay.whe do the study hope active……..13
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review …………………………………………..14
2.1 consumption of garri……………………………………16
2.3 processing of garri…………………………………………17
2.4 grating………………………………………………………….17
2.5 peeling………………………………………………………..1
2.6 fermentation and dilating ………………………………….20
234 improved on small commercial method ………….21
2.35 sieving……………………………………………………..21
Storage of processed garri ……………………………….. 29
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 material and methods
3.1 sample survey and collection
3.1 sample survey and collection …………………31
3.2 2 experimental procedure…………………23
3.2.3 Biochemical analysis ………………………..33
3.234 sensory quality assessment……………..34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 result and discussion ………………………41
4.2 economic importance of garri………………..43
4.3 market opportunities for garri production in Africa…42
4.5 success tips for aspiring garri producer………………45
4.6 types of garri…………………………………………………47
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……50
5.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………….50
Reference ……………………………….. 54
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Garri: (yellow or white) a roasted gramular hydroscopic starchy food product, produced from cassava (manihot esculent a Grantz) is the most popular from in which cassava is consumed in the West Africa sub region. It is consumed by several million of people regardless of ethnicity and socio economic class, making it the commonest meal amongst the rich and poor. Garri available in the market can be consumed directly without further processing in the dry form with peanut, coconut, smoked fish soaked in water (some times with milk and beverage) of processed minimally using boiled water to form stiff paste popularly called “eba” and eaten with various types of African soups.
Cassava for garri production is harvested manually in the farm with the aid of a cutlass, hoe and flat iron sheet (digger) which occasionally inflicts various degrees of injuries on the root tubers. After harvesting, the root tubers are halved to the market where they are heaped in 20s40s, 50s or for sales under humid and warm topical conditions. These practices predispose the root tubers to contamination and infestation by various groups of microorganisms (especially moulds) mites and insects which potentiate biodeteraration.
Following processing, garri is spread on the bare floor or on a mat to allow cooling before final sieving and packaging for marketing in the open market; garri is displayed in open basins, bowls, bags and mats. These practices potentiate contamination by various group of micro organism and may predispose public health harzard. Various groups of moulds have reports to be associated with garri during storage and distribution. Moulds if present can grow and affect the nutritional and sensory properties of garri and species of oxygenic may produce my cotoscias Aflatoscia B,B2 G1 G2 are the they are produced by ubiqution fungal general and neurological association of these toxurs reinforce the need for continuo’s and regular search for their presence in foods
Numerous processing methods have been devised including gaited roots, fermenting peeled followed by roasting to reduce the toxicity and at the sine time convent the highly perishes fresh root of cassava into stable products. Garri is processed by fermenting peel and grated roots followed by dewatering sieving and frying. Frying the garri at high temperature which would have killed all micro- organisms but after preparation how eve other fungal spoilage. Garri is the most popular for in when of cyanogens (a colourless, poisons’, flammable, water- soluble gars (2N2having an almandine) odour used chiefly in Organ synthesis)
In the cassava variety used for processing garri in Nigeria. When not properly processed makes the products unsafe for consumption the processing of cassava into garri is one of the major cottage industries in umunya.
Garri, which is the a by- product of cassava is rich in carbohydrate, manly starch and is a major source of energy. With the exception of sugar cane garri is the highest source of carbohydrate.
The approximate and physical properties of garri is a function of the cassavas variety, age of cassava time, of harvesting, processing methods, packaging method, storage conditional and duration of storage (oduroetal, 2000, chuzel and zakhua 1991).
Adejumo and Rayi (2010) carried out an appraisal of garri packaging method in Ogbomosho, Nigeria. The objectives of the work were to appraise the various packaging material used for garri and to suggest, safe, and affordable packaging material for garri packaging. This is with a view of reducing losses during storage and for proper planning of marketing strategies in terms of appropriated product packaging the result should that the packaging material used for garri packaging. The result showed that the packaging material used for garri packaging are all improvised material not specifically made for garri packaging. The loss of garri during storage was assessed or the type of storage material used. Storage condition, star age duration and the were based on change in colour, odour and taste which was a result of poor keeping quality due to the moisture uptake during merchandising. The effect of moisture content and storage conditions on the storability of garri was investigated by Amadi and Adebola (2008) yellow & white garri sample were obtained and storage under the same conditions using polythene bags, sack bags and plastic buckets
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main of aim the study
1. the main objective of this research is to determine the
2. optimum packaging and storage properties for packaged
3. garri
4. to determine the moisture content and PH of the garri using different packaging method
1.3 INSTIFICATION FOR THE STORAGE WHY IS THE STUDY NCCRNEAY.WHE DO THE STUDY HOPE ACTIVE
After this research, the best packing material will be noted so as to avoid or retard the actions of micro- organisms in the packaging of garri.
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