SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF BIOFUELS FROM VARIOUS NIGERIAN CROPS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF BIOFUELS FROM VARIOUS NIGERIAN CROPS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has led to growing interest in biofuels as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of biofuels from various Nigerian crops for application in internal combustion engines. Locally available feedstocks such as palm oil, groundnut oil, soybean oil, and jatropha oil were utilized for biodiesel production through transesterification using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The synthesized biofuels were subjected to physicochemical analyses including density, viscosity, flash point, cetane number, calorific value, and acid value to assess their conformity with ASTM and EN fuel standards. The results indicated that all produced biofuels exhibited comparable properties to conventional diesel, with palm oil and jatropha-based biodiesel demonstrating superior thermal stability and combustion efficiency. Engine performance tests revealed that blends of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20) offered optimal efficiency with minimal engine knocking and reduced carbon emissions. This study concludes that Nigerian crops provide a sustainable feedstock base for biofuel production, contributing to energy diversification, rural economic development, and environmental sustainability. Future research is recommended to optimize large-scale production processes and evaluate long-term engine performance impacts of different biofuel blends.
Keywords: Biofuel, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Nigerian crops, Internal combustion engine, Renewable energy.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Overview of Biofuels and Renewable Energy
2.1.2 Feedstocks for Biofuel Production in Nigeria
2.1.3 Transesterification Process in Biodiesel Production
2.1.4 Internal Combustion Engine and Biofuel Compatibility
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Energy Substitution Theory
2.2.2 Environmental Sustainability Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Previous Studies on Biofuel Synthesis and Characterization
2.3.2 Studies on Engine Performance Using Biofuels
2.4 Research Gap and Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area (Description of Nigerian Crop Sources)
3.3 Materials and Equipment Used
3.4 Feedstock Collection and Preparation
3.5 Biofuel Synthesis via Transesterification
3.6 Characterization Tests
3.6.1 Physicochemical Properties (Density, Viscosity, Flash Point, etc.)
3.6.2 Thermal and Combustion Properties
3.7 Engine Performance Evaluation
3.8 Data Collection and Analytical Techniques
3.9 Quality Control and Validation of Results
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Yield of Biofuel from Different Nigerian Crops
4.2 Physicochemical Properties of Synthesized Biofuels
4.3 Comparison with ASTM/EN Standards
4.4 Combustion Efficiency and Engine Performance Tests
4.5 Emission Analysis and Environmental Impact
4.6 Discussion of Findings in Relation to Previous Studies
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
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