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THE EFFECT OF FRAUD AND FINANCIAL CRIMES ON THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA (2007-2015)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Nigeria is one among the African nations that are plague with fraud and financial crimes and these have had effect on the economy of Nigeria. These crimes, be it economic or financial crimes or both have a kind of devastating effect on the economy, the security, socio economic development and social wellbeing of the citizens of Nigeria. Although it may be pertinent to highlight that as modern financial system encourages and also facilitates local and international commerce. Financial are also enhanced by modern financial global liberalization so as to transfer millions of dollars globally as a fast rate through the availability of good information and communication infrastructure such as the internet, e-money transfer etc.
It is evident that money laundering among other forms of economic and financial crime requires the existing financial system and operation for it efficiency in operation. In Nigeria today, money is laundered through currency exchange houses, the Nigeria stock brokerage houses, casinos, automobile dealership and other trading companies. These groups of institutions are more than capable of masking proceeds from most illegal criminal activities.
According to (Ribadu, 2004) stated that the overall effect of these activities on the socio-political lives and economic wellbeing of the people of most of the developing countries and Nigeria for instance could be well imagined.
In most of the developed economics of the west, it is evident that the criminal manipulation of company balance sheets created a more favourable picture about their finances than was the reality.
In Nigeria for instance, Lagos state government funds were once trapped while in the US there were crises in the management of mortgages which were inflated. It was then a boom and most investors made a lot of fortune on their mortgage investments as a result of these most people in the US and financial institutions started financing their mortgage with hope to make profit which later proves unrealistic and unsustainable. The ongoing issue caused series of default in payments leading to foreclosures that caused chaos, doom and gloom in housing market. We all know that the world is a global village, investors in the business were world-wide; the financial crises in the US have a significant effect on the world economy.
The most common fraud in Nigeria is bank frauds and fraud in most of the government agencies. the recent times includes: Fraudulent transfer and withdrawals; Use of unauthorized overdraft;; Posting of fictitious credits; Presentation of forged cheques; Conversion of banks money into personal use; Granting of unauthorized loans; Abuse of medical scheme; Insider abuse; Illegal conversion of pension funds in various agencies and ministries; Ghost workers fraud resulting into millions of naira paid into private pockets; Abuse of political office leading to contract over billings and over invoicing.
According to Commer (2008) stated that that motivations for corporate fraud include: Personal greed; Possibility of getting away; Low prosecution rate; societal pressures; Opportunity; Staff morale problems and Anti-institutional posture.
However, Nigerian government like many other governments of developing countries until recently has been very slow in putting in place strict policy measures and legislative framework in combating the effects of economic and financial crimes. It is to this regard that the researcher wishes to carry out a research on the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the economy of Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
What instigated the study is due to the Nigerian experience on the issue of fraud and other financial crimes and the overall effect on the economy of Nigeria. There have being a growing concern about the way the country’s resources are being managed, especially the oil and the revenue generated from oil, reason being that the oil produced does not comply with the relevant provision. According to the Nigeria 1999 constitution section 162 stated that the internally generated revenue (IGR) of the federal government of Nigeria must be deposited into the federal account but the operation of the excess crude account tend to violate this provision. Another major issue apart from the mismanagement of the excess crude account, there are worries about the revenues from the sales of gases.
According to Falana (2010) stated that facts have continued to emerge daily on huge sums of money that may have being looted, misappropriated, shared, mismanaged or committed into the so called white elephant project. It is kind of worrisome to observe that the highest level of this profligacy and continuous irregularities by all tiers of government in the management of the country’s resources and wealth of the nation.
1.3 AIMS AND PBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The main aim of the research work is to examine the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the economy of Nigeria. The specific aims and objectives of the research work are stated below as follows:
To examine the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the GDP of Nigeria
To examine the effect of fraud and financial crimes on inflation rate in Nigeria
To examine the relationship between the rate of inflation and the gross domestic products of Nigeria
To proffer solution to the negative effect of fraud and financial crime on the economy of Nigeria
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The study came up with the following research questions so as to be able to achieve the above objectives. The specific research questions include the following:
What is the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the GDP of Nigeria?
What is the effect of fraud and financial crimes on inflation rate in Nigeria?
What is the relationship between the rate of inflation and the gross domestic products of Nigeria?
1.5 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1
H0: Fraud and inflation have no significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria
H1: Fraud and inflation have significant effect on the gross domestic products of Nigeria
Hypothesis 2
H0: There is no significant relationship between fraud and inflation rate in Nigeria
H1: There is significant relationship between fraud and inflation rate in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study will be of immense benefit to both the state and the federal government of Nigeria, the study will also benefit the oil and the non-oil sector of the Nigeria economy in policy generation and decision making as it will reveal the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the economy of Nigeria. Finally the study will be of great guide to other researchers that want to carry out similar research on the effect on the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the economy of Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
The research work will cover the effect of fraud and financial crimes on the economy of Nigeria from the year 2007 to the year 2015
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
TIME CONSTRAINT- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
FRAUD:wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain
FINANCIAL CRIMES:may involve fraud (cheque fraud, credit card fraud, mortgage fraud, medical fraud, corporate fraud, securities fraud (including insider trading), bank fraud, insurance fraud, market manipulation, payment (point of sale) fraud, health care fraud); theft; scams or confidence tricks; tax evasion; bribery
GDP:The gross domestic productis one of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country’s economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period; you can think of it as the size of the economy
INFLATION:Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly
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OR
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Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
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Tags: THE EFFECT OF FRAUD AND FINANCIAL CRIMES ON THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA (2007-2015)
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INFORMATION:
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EFFECT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON FIRMS’ EARNING IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Dividend according to Nwude (2003) “is the share of the company’s legally available profits divided among the shareholders and received by the shareholders in cash (where cash is paid out) or stock (where stock is paid) or both in other forms of paper claims to wealth”. Dividend is the reward for investing in the company.
Dividend plays an important role in determining the value of share in the capital market by investors. Payment of dividends satisfies the residual shareholders’ desires for some return on their investment and increases their confidence in the future of the company in which they invested their money. In addition, every investor by policy is paid dividend at the end of every financial year, net earnings remaining after paying of creditors, tax authorities, expenses, preferred stockholders are paid out as dividends “or shared between retained earnings and cash dividends” or stock dividends. This enhances the firms share value in “capital market as the demand for the stock of such good dividend paying company will increase thereby pushing the share price upwards. This is called demand push share price increase. On the other hand, retained profits can also be reinvested in the company for meeting the expansion needs, profit targets and growth records.
Therefore, an effective dividend policy is extremely important for company in its desire to maximize the wealth of its stockholders.
Dividend policy, according to Pandey (2003) “is the guiding principle for determining the portion of a company’s net profit after taxes to be paid out to the residual shareholders as dividend during a particular financial year. The purpose of a dividend policy should be to maximize shareholders’ wealth, which is dependent on both current dividend and capital gains”.
What happens to the value of the firm as dividend is increased, holding everything else (capital budget and borrowing) constant. Thus, it is a trade-off between a retained earnings on one hand, and distributing cash or securities on the other as follows:
Maintenance of Stable Monetary Amount; the guiding policy is that firms will maintain and pay out to residual shareholders a stable amount in naira value as dividend in spite of the company’s performance during any year. Once that fixed amount is paid out from the earnings available to residual owners, any excess is retained in the business for other investment opportunities. Note: If the fixed amount is greater than the earnings available to residual owners, the deficit could be met from the revenue reserve. The implication is that if a company’s earnings per share is N5 during a year and has the policy of paying N5 divided per share every year, nothing will be left for investment purpose even though there is an investment opportunity existing or showcase. It encourages investors to pay high price for the company stock.
Maintenance of Stable Payout Ratio; This is a policy in which the firm decides to pay out a fixed percentage of its net profit as dividends to residual owners. The implication is that it often leads to fluctuation in her dividend policy.
Payment of Extra Dividends Over And Above the Fixed Ratio or Fixed Amount; this policy is an addendum to the maintenance of stable monetary amount and maintenance of stable payment ratio. If the firms make excess of the net profit, the balance can be used to improve or increase the dividend amount payable under fixed rate or used to invest or as a plough-back to the business.
Residual Dividend Policy; The decision here is that is to pay out whatever is left over after taken care of the capital requirements of the firms to residual owners as dividend. Therefore, effect of dividend policy on firms earnings in Nigeria will be elaborated upon in subsequent of the project work.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Effects of dividend policy on firms’ earning in Nigeria can be achieved by the selection and adoption of various dividend policy in Nigeria that will lead to improvement in shares and market value of the firms:
Find the relationship between dividend policy and the determinant factors of dividend policy.
The effect of dividend policy on practicing firms.
To make recommendation based on the findings.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work is centered on the effect of dividend policy on firms’ earning in Nigeria. The various determinant of dividend policy, forms of dividend, the dividend debate, objectives, mathematics of dividend policy, dividend payment procedure, cash dividend, stock dividend, stock repurchase, stock split etc. will be treated in detail in the subsequent chapters of this project work. The project work tend to touch every organization in Nigeria that adhere strictly to dividend policy but due to financial and time constraints, it narrow the scope of study to United Nigeria Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) and other interview will be carried out in some other manufacturing organization.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In order to look into the financial management objective of shareholder wealth maximization, organization pursue investment, financing and decision which will increase value to the owners of the business. This additional value depends on the dividend policies that is reflected on the market value of the firms’ stock. For long-term owner value to be maximized, a dividend policy which is consistent must be pursued. Hence, commitment towards achieving a dominant position in industry as well as retraining investors confidence has been an on-going struggle from management of forms.
Therefore, striking a balance in linkage between dividend policy and firms’ earning is one instrument in achieving the goal of financial management.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To determine the division of earnings between payment to shareholders and retained earnings.
The firm has to balance between the growth of the company and the distribution to the shareholders.
To strike a balance between the long-term financing decision and the wealth maximization.
To ascertain the market price of share.
Retained earnings helps the firm to concentrate on the growth, expansion and the modernization of the firm.
To know the financial flow, capital structure of the firm, corporate liquidity, stock prices, growth of the company and the investors.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
This involves a brief description of the various terms associated with dividend policy on firms’ earning in Nigeria. The following includes terms that will be employed in the subsequent chapter of this project.
Dividend: This is the distribution of value to shareholders. It is the reward for investing in an organization or for putting ones’ asset into an investment.
Policy: This has to do with the guiding rules and regulation, principles and mandate upon which management implore to ensure effectiveness in organization control. It has to do with the strict compliance in operation.
Stock Dividend: It is the payment of dividend in the form of issue of additional shares to residual owners of the firm.
Cash Dividend: It is the payment of dividend in cash.
Stock Split: It means the division of existing stock price by two and the multiplication of such stock by two.
Stock Re-Purchase: It is the acquisition of the company’s outstanding shares by the company itself for warehousing in the stock trading.
Firms: A firm is a business working for the actualization of goals. An individual can be a firm.
Company: A company has to do with group of firms engaging in business to realize primarily profit.
Earnings: It is the reward that goes to an investor (profit).
Budget: It is a propose plan quantified in monetary terms showing income and expenditure to be incurred in the future.
Finance: This has to do with the asset of a company. It could be in the form liquid or fixed (fixed or current).
Value: It is a firms’ worth is a business.
Exchange: It is the value one give up for wealth acquisition.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions for this study are as follows:
Are there relationship between dividend and firms’ earning in Nigeria?
Has dividend distribution been adequately addressed in the United Bank for Africa Nigeria Limited?
Should dividend policies and firms’ earnings of UBA be redesigned?
Are they any relationship between dividend and earnings by firm and the management objective of shareholders’ wealth maximization?
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE LINKS:
myeasyproject.com.ng
easyprojectmaterials.com
easyprojectmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng
easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
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Tags: EFFECT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON FIRMS’ EARNING IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA)
ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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AN INVESTIGATION ON THE CHALLENGES OF ADOPTION OF IPSAS (INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD) IN GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES, AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENT. (CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE MINISTRY OF FINANCE, AGENCIES AND CORPORATION)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Over the years, countries of the world have defined and set the standards of financial reporting in their individual territories. However, globalization has brought about ever increasing collaboration, international trade and commerce among the countries of the world; hence, there is grave need for increased uniformity in the standards guiding financial statements so that such statement would remain comprehensible and convene the same information to users across the world. The need for the development of unified accounting standards has been the primary driver of international public sector Accounting Standards for public sector financial reporting. While the commercial entities across the world are moving toward international financial Reporting standards (IFRS), governments are harmonizing with International Public sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The international Public sector Accounting Standards govern the accounting by public sector entities, with the exception of Government Business Enterprises.
According to Hayfron Adoagye (2012), IPSAS are high quality global financial reporting standards for application by public sector entities other than government business enterprises and being issued by international public sector accounting standard board IPSAS B which is formerly known and called public sector committee. IPSASB’s a body of International Federation of Accounting (IFAC) with autonomy to develop and issue IPSAS. In a study conducted by John (2011) he revealed that IPSAS Board comprises of 18 members, out of which 15 are nominated by the member bodies of IFAC while the other three are appointed as public members whom may be appointed by any individual or organization.
Furthermore, the Nigerian society has been filled with stories of wrong practices such as stories of ghost workers on the pay roll of Ministries, Extra-ministerial Departments and Parastatals, frauds, embezzlements and setting ablaze of offices housing sensitive documents and corruption leading to none or poor accountability of individuals in public offices of the country.
One of the most researched and least understood variables in public sector accounting of the nation is how the accountability and stewardship of financial controls are conducted. Scholars have been speculating on how the funds generated are managed but now researchers through the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) have conducted systematic investigation of funds and leakages in Nigeria with direct reference to ministries, departments and agencies.
Even with this, there is still an increasing difficulty and doubts in establishing the fact that the generated revenues are put to good use by individuals in public offices. This work contains also an evaluation of the source of revenue and the impact of the financial control system in the ministries, departments and agencies particularly.
IPSAS are accounting standards for application by national governments, regional (e.g., state, provincial, territorial) governments, local (e.g., city, town) governments and related governmental entities (e.g., agencies, boards and commissions). IPSAS standards are widely used by intergovernmental organizations. IPSAS do not apply to government business enterprises.
International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) is at present the focal point of global revolution in government accounting in response to calls for greater government financial accountability and transparency. The Public sector comprises entities or Organizations that implement public policy through the provision of services and the redistribution of income and wealth, with both activities supported mainly by Compulsory tax/levies on other sectors. This comprises governments and all publicly owned, controlled and or publicly funded agencies, enterprises, and other entities of government that deliver public programs, goods, or services. Public Sector Accounting is a system or process which gathers, records, classifies and summarizes as reports the financial events existing in the public or government sector as financial statements and interprets as required by accountability and financial transparency to provide information to information users associated to public institutions. It is interested in the receipts, custody, disbursement and rendering of stewardship of public funds entrusted.
International Public Sector Accounting Standards
International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are a full suite of standards, designed for the public sector set by an independent, international standard setter. IPSAS is held up as the best government accounting ideas that the global accounting profession has to offer. IPSAS therefore has become recognized benchmark for evaluating and improving government accounting in developing countries. IPSAS are primarily intended for adoption by developing countries. The World Bank for example has endorsed the use of IPSAS in accounting for its financial assistance to developing countries. IFAC believes that in order to change the paradigm for government reporting, governments should adopt the accrual-based IPSASs, set by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB).Over 40 Countries apply Accrual IPSAS (Kara, 2012).
In recent years, the IPSAS Board has addressed developing countries in two ways. First, it issued a set of comprehensive “cash basis IPSAS” in 2003 which were more closer to traditional Government Accounting practice and are less costly to implement. Secondly, the IPSAS board has issued the standard on the disclosure of external assistance under the cash basis of accounting. The cash basis standard excludes the recognition of grants receivable and loans payable, and other non-cash assets and liabilities (IFAC, 2005).
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Looking at the previous years, cash basis of accounting is observed to be the commonly used basis in the public sector which has some limitations and setbacks that affects financial transactions such as poor budget implementation, mismanagement of public fund etc. This can be traced to the fact that while using the cash basis of accounting, there is no attempt to match an expense with the revenue it generates. This means that income statement and balance sheet are not good pictures of recent business conditions and an expense written against specific revenue may not have been incurred for generating the revenue. This creates the issue of poor budget implementation, making it necessary to consider the relationship between public sector budgeting and cash basis of accounting.
The preparation and presentation of financial statement at each level of government have pose series of problems worldwide. Over the years, government accounting has been anchored on cash basis of accounting while private sector accounting has been predicated on accrual basis. Whereas the accrual basis has been working perfectly well in the private sector, the continued application of the cash basis in the public sector appears to have thrown up a number of challenges relating to under-utilization of scarce resources, high degree of vulnerability to manipulation, lack of proper accountability and transparency, inadequate disclosure requirement due to the fact that the cash basis of accounting does not offer a realistic view of financial transaction.
IPSAS adoption is expensive in all material respect, so expensive that some experts have contended that it’s much advertised benefits do not justify the cost of the implementation predominantly accounting or financial reporting places emphasis on accountability and transparency. Revolution is not only accorded to government functional activities, instead revolution also exists in Government Accounting.
It is of necessity to note that a complete budget protocol entails effective planning, monitoring and implementation of recurrent and capital proposals. But regrettably, the budgeting culture in Nigeria mostly begins and ends with planning alone. Oversight functions carried out by the legislative arm of government in the past as it concerns budget monitoring have been nothing but mere window dressing. This fact has helped to condemn budgets as mere annual rituals. Poor budget implementation in Nigeria is a huge indictment on both the executive and legislative arms of government at the local, state and federal level which can be traced to the implication of cash basis of accounting as a technique for recording financial transactions in the public sector, (Gberegbe and Micah 2013).
It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate the challenges encountered in the implementation of IPSAS by government ministries, agencies and government.
1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Interestingly, a sound government accounting standard such as IPSAS is a critical part of a nation’s institutional infrastructure. It has now become a recognised benchmark for evaluating and improving government accounting in most developing countries like Nigeria. As a result of this the objectives if this study includes the following:
1. Examines the effect of adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Government agencies and ministries.
Identify the challenges of migrating to Accrual Basis IPSAS in public sector.
Examine the constraint encountered in the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in government mistries and agencies.
Determine how IPSAS improve the quality of general purpose financial reporting by public sector entities.
Investigate the effect of (IPSAS) in terms of how public office holders in ministries, departments and agencies give accountability report of their stewardship.
Assess the impact of the adoption of the IPSASs on the financial reporting in public sector.
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are formulated for the purpose of this research work:
What are the effect of adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Government agencies and ministries?
Challenges of migrating to Accrual Basis IPSAS in public sector?
Are there any constraint encountered in the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in government ministries and agencies?
How has IPSAS improve the quality of general purpose financial reporting by public sector entities?
What are the effect of (IPSAS) in terms of how public office holders in ministries, departments and agencies give accountability report of their stewardship?
Impact of adopting IPSASs on the financial reporting in public sector?
1.5. STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The following hypotheses are formulated for the purpose of this research work and are stated in null form:
Hypothesis 1
H0: The adoption of IPSAS will not increase the level of Accountability and Transparency in the public sector of Nigeria.
Hypothesis 2
H0: The adoption of IPSAS has negative effect on revenue generation of the government.
1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
One reason that makes high quality public sector reporting necessary in many countries is to make issuance of Government financial instruments attractive in the international financial markets. Further, there exist various financial crises in many developing countries especially in Africa, with government debt levels sitting at very precarious levels; and it is no news that government finances need to be managed very carefully thus adoption of IPSAS would increase credibility and assurances of these financial statements.
This study would increased level of confidence and improved decision-making and in government financial reporting by emphasising on disclosures and presentations of information relevant to the key stakeholders in Government financial reporting.
The study would develop a framework for reporting satisfaction of key stakeholders in Government accounting, it would also go a long way in harmonization of public sector reporting would go a long way in improving the Public Finance Management principles and reporting guidelines of public resources by critically examining the generally accepted accounting and financial standards for maintenance of proper books of account for government and prescribe quality control procedures.
In addition, this study would improve the public financial management and decision-making of the government by making Government accounting more transparent and improving its governance framework.
The study would provide chronological history of the adoption path of IPSAS in Nigeria, thus providing the historical perspective of IPSAS adoption in Nigeria.
This research work will help the entire nation in modifying the methods and approaches used by different ministries, parastatals and other inter-ministerial departments in the implementation of IPSAS for government financial transactions and also it will help them in improving revenue generations and minimizes expenditures since public sector is differentiate able from private sector or bodies.
Lastly, this research work will as well be of benefit to students and researchers because it will widen their scope from the information contained in this research work.
1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research work on the investigation into the challenges on the implementation of IPSAS adoption by government ministries, agency and parastatals shall focus on ministry and agencies of Kwara state government as case study, due to the schedule and location of the researcher.
1.8. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research would have been generalized to all state government in Nigeria but due to some numerous factors, I have decided to limit my study to a particular state.
The following are the constraints encountered in this research:
1. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: Finance is the key to the success of every research work and the said finance was readily unavailable on my part as at the time I was carrying out this research and as such, proper research will not be carried out if I go about all state governement in Nigeria.
2. TIME CONSTRAINT: The time stipulated for the submission of this work was obviously too short and as such was unable to visit and carried out my findings as planned for all state government in Nigeria.
3. LACK OF KNOWLEDGEABLE AND SINCERE PERSONNEL: some of the officials employed or appointed in the ministry of finance, kwara state including some of their agencies has no knowledge of what international public sector accounting standard is and they are also not approachable because they placed themselves on a very high esteem and even when one is opportune to interview them, there is sure to be shortcomings arising from the basis such as, misinformation, and deliberate distortion of facts and these is as a result of not letting one know where revenue comes from and how it is been utilized.
4. LACK OF RESERCH FACILITIES: Research facilities such as transportation makes research work easier and interesting but it is noted that Nigeria has a poor transportation system especially in the area were agencies and ministries are situated and this restricted me from going to all as planned.
1.9. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. IPSAS means International Public Sector Accounting Standard
2. International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are a full suite of standards, designed for the public sector set by an independent, international standard setter. IPSAS is held up as the best government accounting ideas that the global accounting profession has to offer.
3. Public sector accounting
Public sector accounting (PSA) is defined as a process of recording, summarizing, analyzing, communicating and interpreting financial transactions of government units and agencies. It reflects all levels of transactions, involving the receipt, custody and disbursement of government funds.
4. Accountability: accountability is defined as the obligation to demonstrate that work has been conducted in accordance with agreed rules and standards and the officer reports fairly and accurately on performance results vis-à-vis mandated roles and plans.
5. Cash basis of accounting
Cash basis of accounting is the system of recording receipt or income when actual cash is received and record expenditure when actual payment is made irrespective of the accounting period in which the services are rendered or benefit received.
6. Accrual basis of accounting
Accrual basis of accounting states that revenue/ income should be recorded and recognized in the accounts when earned and not when money is received, similarly expenses should be recorded and recognized in the accounts when incurred and not when money is paid.
7. Budget
Budget is a plan of financial operation embodying an estimate in proposed revenue and expenditure as well as the proposed means of financing them for a given period, usually a year.
8. A budgeting system : A budgeting system simply means the method adopted in preparing the budget such that organization can reap maximum result from its resources.
9. Budgetary control: according to Reid (2003), is the whole system of control, financial or otherwise to ensure that income and expenditure are in line with the budgets and wastages are reduced to the minimum. It is a positive and integral part of a public sector organisation, planning and appraisal activities so as to achieve the set objectives.
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Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
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Tags: AGENCIES AND CORPORATION), AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENT. (CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE MINISTRY OF FINANCE, AN INVESTIGATION ON THE CHALLENGES OF ADOPTION OF IPSAS (INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD) IN GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope of the study
1.7 Limitations of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Causes of truancy
2.2 The effect of truancy
- rg se
3 Possible solution to truancy
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample size
3.4 Sampling techniques
3.5 Research instrument
3.6 Validity of the instrument
3.7 Instrument and data collection
3.8 Procedure for data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of investigation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Suggestion for further study
Reference
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
It has been observed that a number of students in institutions of learning are truant. They become truant in order to engage in activities which are neither under the control of the home nor of the school. To defend himself or herself. The truant decoys his parents and teachers and frequent truancy may lead to vagrancy. Truancy is more a proof of the inadequacy our present educational system than an evidence of any propensity to crime.
It is a system, which attaches little importance to individuality. The ways in which children exhibit their truancy are many. An example can be cited in Irele in Ondo state where students usually go to the bush to search for snails, killing rabbits and collecting fruits, going to hidden places without any purpose. Some finds their way to the rivers to swim while others engage in petty jobs to get money for buying snacks, minerals, ice cream etc some even engage in secrete love that always makes them to leave the school premises. There are some students who cannot bear or remain in the corrective atmosphere at home or in the school such students will have to explore other places to relax and satisfy their curiosity. Obviously, such students will truant in the school. A truant can also be described as the person that stays away from school without good reasons. He or she is irregular at school attendance for he finds other places more attractive than that school and all. It stands for truancy is one of the offences which students in institutions of learning commit. From research work carried out it was discovered that truancy is of varying degree in institutions of learning and it is comparatively greater in the secondary schools than the high institutions of learning.
Researches have shown that the rate at which staff and students in our society are committing truancy is alarming. This probably gives a strong indication as to the effectiveness of externally motivated factors; to makes individual conform to the norms of society. In this research, I would like to look at the child’s personality, the parents, the child development stages and the possible causes, effects and solutions of truancy, which is not due to single isolated factors, but a combination of factors. These causal factors are by no means the only factors that have been fingered for the high rate of truancy amongst students.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Truancy poses a se4ious threat to learning in most schools, the school on the other hand, do not seem to be able to cope with the problem,. Because no sufficient attempts has been made to reach its root. One thing that is clear in this issue. There is a growing tendency for schools children to be involved in social vices, such as stealing, smoking etc. this is because most home no longer play their traditional function to rear and bring up the child in an upright manner. This is because many parents are sop preoccupied with duties (working, travelling) outside the homes that they have little or no time to keep watch over the action and behaviour of their children.
In most of their schools, there is no conducive atmosphere for learning. This is due to the fact that schools are highly populated, poorly equipped and under staffed. Since students cannot cope with their unfavourable conditions, which these schools are placed, this eventually leads to truancy and other social vices found in our society today. Broken home can also be attributed to the cause of truancy because children from a single parent need to be more exposed to the danger of the society, for example a single parent child will leave the mothers house and say he or she is going to the father house thereby using the opportunity to go and stay in her boyfriends house for the boys, they so and join bad peer group without the mother and father knowing, because they would think she is in the father house and vise visa.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This research is carried out to find possible solution to the causes of truancy as a social problem among secondary school students. Our policy makers, administrators, parent’s teachers, pupils and other person who play active role in or educational system must face this problem. It must survive the test of time, remedy for most of our societal problem. This would certainly contribute to national welfare, productivity and reduce the unpleasant situation experienced by students who are seen as failure.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of truancy among secondary school students apart from this, the result of this study will be useful to education planners, administrators of school and parents and as well as the general public. It will contribute to the few existing literature on truancy.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions of the study includes;
- Does inadequate equipment facilitate truancy among students of various groups?
- Does poor classroom management leads to truancy in school?
- Does lack of parents care causes truancy?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study would be limited to Irele West Local Government Area of Ondo State and would focus on the effect of truancy on the academic performance of students in Irele West Local Government Area of Ondo State.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
A truant is a child who stays away from school without good reasons in order to avoid classroom work that seen unpleasant to time. According to Herbert (1994) defined truancy “as a child who absent himself from school without a legitimate cause and without the permission of this parents or the school authorities.
Truancy: frequent absence from school without permission is known as truancy. This affects learning as lesson are missed by students who stayed away from school as a result of truancy.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: A STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF TRUANCY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED SCHOOLS IN ONDO WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope of the study
1.7 Limitations of the study
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Causes of truancy
2.2 The effect of truancy
- rg se
3 Possible solution to truancy
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample size
3.4 Sampling techniques
3.5 Research instrument
3.6 Validity of the instrument
3.7 Instrument and data collection
3.8 Procedure for data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary of investigation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Suggestion for further study
Reference
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
It has been observed that a number of students in institutions of learning are truant. They become truant in order to engage in activities which are neither under the control of the home nor of the school. To defend himself or herself. The truant decoys his parents and teachers and frequent truancy may lead to vagrancy. Truancy is more a proof of the inadequacy our present educational system than an evidence of any propensity to crime.
It is a system, which attaches little importance to individuality. The ways in which children exhibit their truancy are many. An example can be cited in Irele in Ondo state where students usually go to the bush to search for snails, killing rabbits and collecting fruits, going to hidden places without any purpose. Some finds their way to the rivers to swim while others engage in petty jobs to get money for buying snacks, minerals, ice cream etc some even engage in secrete love that always makes them to leave the school premises. There are some students who cannot bear or remain in the corrective atmosphere at home or in the school such students will have to explore other places to relax and satisfy their curiosity. Obviously, such students will truant in the school. A truant can also be described as the person that stays away from school without good reasons. He or she is irregular at school attendance for he finds other places more attractive than that school and all. It stands for truancy is one of the offences which students in institutions of learning commit. From research work carried out it was discovered that truancy is of varying degree in institutions of learning and it is comparatively greater in the secondary schools than the high institutions of learning.
Researches have shown that the rate at which staff and students in our society are committing truancy is alarming. This probably gives a strong indication as to the effectiveness of externally motivated factors; to makes individual conform to the norms of society. In this research, I would like to look at the child’s personality, the parents, the child development stages and the possible causes, effects and solutions of truancy, which is not due to single isolated factors, but a combination of factors. These causal factors are by no means the only factors that have been fingered for the high rate of truancy amongst students.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Truancy poses a se4ious threat to learning in most schools, the school on the other hand, do not seem to be able to cope with the problem,. Because no sufficient attempts has been made to reach its root. One thing that is clear in this issue. There is a growing tendency for schools children to be involved in social vices, such as stealing, smoking etc. this is because most home no longer play their traditional function to rear and bring up the child in an upright manner. This is because many parents are sop preoccupied with duties (working, travelling) outside the homes that they have little or no time to keep watch over the action and behaviour of their children.
In most of their schools, there is no conducive atmosphere for learning. This is due to the fact that schools are highly populated, poorly equipped and under staffed. Since students cannot cope with their unfavourable conditions, which these schools are placed, this eventually leads to truancy and other social vices found in our society today. Broken home can also be attributed to the cause of truancy because children from a single parent need to be more exposed to the danger of the society, for example a single parent child will leave the mothers house and say he or she is going to the father house thereby using the opportunity to go and stay in her boyfriends house for the boys, they so and join bad peer group without the mother and father knowing, because they would think she is in the father house and vise visa.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This research is carried out to find possible solution to the causes of truancy as a social problem among secondary school students. Our policy makers, administrators, parent’s teachers, pupils and other person who play active role in or educational system must face this problem. It must survive the test of time, remedy for most of our societal problem. This would certainly contribute to national welfare, productivity and reduce the unpleasant situation experienced by students who are seen as failure.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of truancy among secondary school students apart from this, the result of this study will be useful to education planners, administrators of school and parents and as well as the general public. It will contribute to the few existing literature on truancy.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions of the study includes;
- Does inadequate equipment facilitate truancy among students of various groups?
- Does poor classroom management leads to truancy in school?
- Does lack of parents care causes truancy?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study would be limited to Irele West Local Government Area of Ondo State and would focus on the effect of truancy on the academic performance of students in Irele West Local Government Area of Ondo State.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
A truant is a child who stays away from school without good reasons in order to avoid classroom work that seen unpleasant to time. According to Herbert (1994) defined truancy “as a child who absent himself from school without a legitimate cause and without the permission of this parents or the school authorities.
Truancy: frequent absence from school without permission is known as truancy. This affects learning as lesson are missed by students who stayed away from school as a result of truancy.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: A STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF TRUANCY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED SCHOOLS IN ONDO WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE
SMALL SCALE INVESTMENT: A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR EMPLOYMENT GENERATION A CASE STUDY OF GLOBAL SYSTEM OF MOBILE CONMMUNICATION (GSM)TELEPHONE BOOTH IN ENUGU METROPOLIS A DISSERATION
TABLE OF CONTENT
i. Title page- – –
ii. Approval page
iii. Dedication
iv. Acknowledgement
v. Proposal
vi. Table of the content
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of the study
1.3 Statement of the research problem
1.4 The research question
1.5 The significant of the study
1.6 Research methodology
1.7 Scope and the limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of the terms
CHAPTER TWO
Review of related literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2`Definition of small scale investment
2.3 Form of business ownnership
2.4 Types of small scale business
2.5 Setting up a small scal business
2.6 Objective of small scale business
2.7 Sources of finance for small scale business
2.8 Procedures for acquiring a business loan
2.9 Importance of small scale business
2.10 Business challenges of small scale business
2.11 Government polices for promoting small scale investment
2.12 The role of financial institution in the development of small-scale business
2.13 Credit analysis of business enterprises by lending institutions
2.14 The basic principal for cannon of bank lending
2.15 Function of government support agencies
2.16 Employment generating capacity of small-scale industries
2.17 Problem faced by small scale investments
2.18 Prospect of small scale investment
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Source of data
3.3 Method of data collection
3.4 Population
3.5 Sampling techniques
3.6 Validity and reliability
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data presentation and analysis
4.3 Interpretation of data
4.4 Analyzed of research findings
4.5 Test and prove of hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summery of finding
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendation
Bibliography
Questionnaires
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Nigeria as a nation blessed with both human and natural resources can attain high economic development with little effort and sincerity on the part of her citizens. One of the ways to achieve this economic development is through the establishment of an industries to process the huge maturely resources into conformable goods. Therefore the establishment of small-scale industries all over the country is a right step in the right direction. This will help the country to channel both her human and natural resources to the productive area to enhance economic growth.
The view has been held by many in the government, academic and business circle that small scale business should be treated separately from the large firms thus small scale businesses one frequently seen facing a range of problem than the larger ones.
The Nigeria business environment offers business opportunities. With the Nigeria business promotion degree of 1972 which was revised in 1977 and with various federal and state government business assistance, the economic environment is encouraging for business pursuit in addition, the small industries division of the federal ministry of industry has also be instituted to the further the interest of small scale business in response, small scale business are being established everyday but with survival difficulties some years back the family support programmed under the auspices of the family economic advance programs pledged to established small scale business in all local government area of the country the national directorate of employment (NDE) gives grants to beneficiaries so that they can start their own small scale enterprises. Also the Nigeria agricultural land development agency (NALDA) was put in a place4 of agro based industries to grow since most of the rural dweller are farmers the concept of people bank of Nigeria (PBN) come to limelight and billion of naira were pumped into the bank for on lending to small scale industrialist. Of recent the poverty alleviation programme (PAP) was launched to encourage people to established their own small scale enterprise to reduces the problem of unemployment and reduces the rate of importation of goods but with all this government programmed, our ethnocentrisms, lack of integrity and management myopia did not allow some of these programmed to achieve the much we expected from them.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: SMALL SCALE INVESTMENT: A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR EMPLOYMENT GENERATION A CASE STUDY OF GLOBAL SYSTEM OF MOBILE CONMMUNICATION (GSM)TELEPHONE BOOTH IN ENUGU METROPOLIS A DISSERATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Accounting as one of the subjects in business education, has functions of developing in individuals, skills, knowledge, attitudes and values towards solving problems and towards satisfaction of real needs in life. Accounting is a very important branch of business education in which much of our daily life is governed and attached, by the results and application of business.
The National Council of Education (NCE) in 2007 gave the approval to the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), the government agency saddled with the responsibility of developing curriculum for schools in Nigeria to review the existing senior secondary school education (SSE) curriculum (Ahmed-Rufai, 2010). The author further affirmed that the new curriculum was set to meet up with both national and global challenges and issues.
Bakare (2007) reported that investors in Nigeria have lost several billions of dollars through the collusion of accountants and external auditors with companies’ management and directors to falsify and deliberately overstate companies’ accounts.
These collapses or systemic failures, as the broad range of financial scandals exposed in the early years of the 21st century have brought into sharp focus and over a more concentrated timescale, issues of long-standing debate (Brown, 2005) including: audit and accounting regulation; auditor independence; earnings management; and audit and audit firm quality controls.
One of the difficulties of evaluating the veracity of these claims, and the validity of the counter claims, is that moral scheme and codes of ethics have undergone changes over time. Prior research on ethics and the profession of accountancy has come from a wide range of disciplines and has focused on a broad range of issues.
It is widely acknowledged that the accounting profession is an important facet of our society (Wyatt, 2004).Accounting emerged from the society; Hines (1988) stated that accounting is socially constructed and socially constructing. This implies that accounting influences society and accounting is influenced by society. In the last decade, studies have shown that the accounting profession has had to deal with a lot of challenges than it has done in its lengthy history which spans over one Hundred years (Mactosh et al., 2010). This period has been characterized by series of business failures, ethical negligence and accounting scandals both in developed economies and developing economies. Publicized cases of the recent past, such as Satyam, Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia Communications, HIH, Tyco, and Vivendi, Royal hold and HealthSouth together with a host of companies from Nigeria (such as, Cadbury and NAMPAK), have drawn increasing attention to the accounting profession. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the way informed opinions view the accounting profession. There has been great apprehension regarding the fairness of the operation of a market system where shareholders, employees in general and pensioners have lost large sums, while those running companies, are seen as responsible for those losses, have enriched themselves as the businesses collapsed. In doubt if Nigerian related research efforts are adequate to fully address the challenges of enforcing ethical guidelines in financial reporting and auditing.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Brown (2005) posited that various business failures have led to increased scrutiny of deficiencies in the financial reporting process and corporate disclosure requirements of corporate organizations. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the perceived credibility of financial reporting.
This concern is now at the forefront of public debate about the accounting profession and its effectiveness (IFAC, 2003). There has been a decline in reporting credibility across capital markets worldwide, with the attempts by professional accounting bodies and professional accounting firms to change these widely held perceptions of accounting and accountants have met with limited success (Warren & Parker, 2009). In Nigeria public perception about accounting and accountant decline.
The researcher wishes to find solution to the following problem:
- Whether students’ seriousness affect teaching and learning of accounting in Nigerian universities.
- Whether the nature of lecture time-table affect the teaching and learning of accounting.
- Whether the environment affect the teaching and learning of accounting.
- Is accounting profession important in Nigeria’s development.
- Whether the problem of teaching and learning of accounting can be corrected.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
One of the aims of this study is to investigate the perception of the public attitudes towards the accounting profession in societal development.
The specific objective is to:
(i) To determine to what extent Student seriousness affect teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus.
(ii) To determine whether the nature of lecture time table affect the teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus
(iii) To determine whether the environment of learning affect the teaching and learning of accounting in Nigeria universities
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
John (2010) posited that the research question is a methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural and social sciences. It’s an important step to providing sound conceptual foundation for one’s research, in that, it stream lines the whole work into a set of questions:
(i) Does student seriousness affect teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus?
(ii) How does the nature of lecture time table affect the teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus?
(iii) How does the environment of learning, affect the teaching and learning of accounting in Nigeria universities?
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Tags: THE PROBLEM OF TEACHING ACCOUNTING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Accounting as one of the subjects in business education, has functions of developing in individuals, skills, knowledge, attitudes and values towards solving problems and towards satisfaction of real needs in life. Accounting is a very important branch of business education in which much of our daily life is governed and attached, by the results and application of business.
The National Council of Education (NCE) in 2007 gave the approval to the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), the government agency saddled with the responsibility of developing curriculum for schools in Nigeria to review the existing senior secondary school education (SSE) curriculum (Ahmed-Rufai, 2010). The author further affirmed that the new curriculum was set to meet up with both national and global challenges and issues.
Bakare (2007) reported that investors in Nigeria have lost several billions of dollars through the collusion of accountants and external auditors with companies’ management and directors to falsify and deliberately overstate companies’ accounts.
These collapses or systemic failures, as the broad range of financial scandals exposed in the early years of the 21st century have brought into sharp focus and over a more concentrated timescale, issues of long-standing debate (Brown, 2005) including: audit and accounting regulation; auditor independence; earnings management; and audit and audit firm quality controls.
One of the difficulties of evaluating the veracity of these claims, and the validity of the counter claims, is that moral scheme and codes of ethics have undergone changes over time. Prior research on ethics and the profession of accountancy has come from a wide range of disciplines and has focused on a broad range of issues.
It is widely acknowledged that the accounting profession is an important facet of our society (Wyatt, 2004).Accounting emerged from the society; Hines (1988) stated that accounting is socially constructed and socially constructing. This implies that accounting influences society and accounting is influenced by society. In the last decade, studies have shown that the accounting profession has had to deal with a lot of challenges than it has done in its lengthy history which spans over one Hundred years (Mactosh et al., 2010). This period has been characterized by series of business failures, ethical negligence and accounting scandals both in developed economies and developing economies. Publicized cases of the recent past, such as Satyam, Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia Communications, HIH, Tyco, and Vivendi, Royal hold and HealthSouth together with a host of companies from Nigeria (such as, Cadbury and NAMPAK), have drawn increasing attention to the accounting profession. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the way informed opinions view the accounting profession. There has been great apprehension regarding the fairness of the operation of a market system where shareholders, employees in general and pensioners have lost large sums, while those running companies, are seen as responsible for those losses, have enriched themselves as the businesses collapsed. In doubt if Nigerian related research efforts are adequate to fully address the challenges of enforcing ethical guidelines in financial reporting and auditing.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Brown (2005) posited that various business failures have led to increased scrutiny of deficiencies in the financial reporting process and corporate disclosure requirements of corporate organizations. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the perceived credibility of financial reporting.
This concern is now at the forefront of public debate about the accounting profession and its effectiveness (IFAC, 2003). There has been a decline in reporting credibility across capital markets worldwide, with the attempts by professional accounting bodies and professional accounting firms to change these widely held perceptions of accounting and accountants have met with limited success (Warren & Parker, 2009). In Nigeria public perception about accounting and accountant decline.
The researcher wishes to find solution to the following problem:
- Whether students’ seriousness affect teaching and learning of accounting in Nigerian universities.
- Whether the nature of lecture time-table affect the teaching and learning of accounting.
- Whether the environment affect the teaching and learning of accounting.
- Is accounting profession important in Nigeria’s development.
- Whether the problem of teaching and learning of accounting can be corrected.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
One of the aims of this study is to investigate the perception of the public attitudes towards the accounting profession in societal development.
The specific objective is to:
(i) To determine to what extent Student seriousness affect teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus.
(ii) To determine whether the nature of lecture time table affect the teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus
(iii) To determine whether the environment of learning affect the teaching and learning of accounting in Nigeria universities
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
John (2010) posited that the research question is a methodological point of departure of scholarly research in both the natural and social sciences. It’s an important step to providing sound conceptual foundation for one’s research, in that, it stream lines the whole work into a set of questions:
(i) Does student seriousness affect teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus?
(ii) How does the nature of lecture time table affect the teaching and learning accounting in delta state university Asaba campus?
(iii) How does the environment of learning, affect the teaching and learning of accounting in Nigeria universities?
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: THE PROBLEM OF TEACHING ACCOUNTING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
