ABSTRACT
This work gives a comparative analysis of rental variation of residential properties in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected areas in Nigeria
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that rental variations of residential properties varied among the states. Rental of residential properties was high in urban areas than in the rural areas. It was recorded as highest in the metropolitan and capitals of oil-rich states, and including areas with higher number of companies and industries
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Tags: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RENTAL VARIATION OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism. The tittle of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.
It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the earlymen, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual immovations of the old and the invention of better comuniation gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.
Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.
Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.
Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.
Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.
Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.
Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.
It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human Endeavour.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER FOUR
PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER
TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE
THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS
THE RADIO
TELEVISION
HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
INTERVIEWS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an organized, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development. All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.
Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.
This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices. Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.
The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world. It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience. It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience. Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect). The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.
Mass communication gadgets is as old as mass communication itself because the nation of getting people involved in communication in mass would have remained in the background if the gadgets were not modern minced or advanced technological. Mass communication started with Johannes Gutenberg invention of the printing press.
This invention led to prolofication of the print materials such as books, newspapers and magazines, through these media more people were reached as it concerns communication. The electronics media communication came on the scene with the invention of such gadgets as radio and television.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the mass media and communication devices in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study. Being a kind of historical study, it would lead to the integrated narration or description of past ovents or facts concerning all technological devices fashioned to aid communication.
This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course (advent of modern communication gadgets, and its implications for Nigerian Journalism. Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful. This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and modernization of communication gadgets.
Generally the study can be assimilated by all lovers of history with scientific mind of discovery and understanding situations, cases and implications. At the end of this study; the background growth and modifications of the modern communication gadgets would be carefully treated.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The past findings on this issue by various groups have given us greater misprisions and has called to challenge our curious minds. We have therefore taken up the challenge to share in the glory contributing towards thronging more light on the advent of modern communication gadgets with the following objectives.
- To gain a clear understanding and accurate accounts of the past as it concern communication gadgets.
- To gain clearer perspective of the present as it concern communication gadgets.
- To be able to give adequate companism between the abetment mean of communication (gadgets) and the modern ones.
- The implication of modern communication gadgets for Nigerian journalism.
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Tags: THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM
ABSTRACT
This project aims at the effect of war films on Nigeria children, especially children in Portharcourt Metropolis.
Chapter one is the introductory part of this project and it also dwell on the background of the study.
Chapter two reviews the literatures of other writers and elaborates more on the in.
Chapter three dwells on the methodologies used in this research work.
Chapter four is based on the data analyses and the results of the data collection and also the discussion of the result gotten.
Chapter five is the summary of the entire work and also the findings and recommendations for further study is stated there.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Research question
1.6 Hypothesis formulation
1.7 Conception and operational definitions of terms
1.8 Assumption
1.9 Limitation
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of literature
2.2 Summary of literature
CHAPTER THREE – RESEACH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analyses
3.7 Expected result
CHAPTER FOUR –DATA ANALYSES & RESULT
4.1 Data analyses
4.2 Discussion of results
CHAPTER FIVE –SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendation
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Film is a series of moving picture recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on the television or at the Cinema. As part of Mass Communication, it involves the use of vision and sound (audio-visual) in transmitting and disseminating its messages.
The messages can be used in educating, informing, entertaining and socializing its target audience.
One of the most debated aspects of film is extent to which violence of the film influences social behavior. Also there has been scanty scientific evidences to prove causal relationships such as one between violence of film and increase in crime rate. However, from the earliest days of medium, adults have expressed concern about the influence of film on the children. Parent have shown anxiety about the influence of violence of war films on children, since at that age, a child’s social adjustment or mental health is affected.
A cursory look shows that so many war films are full of vices like shooting, killing and harassment. It was therefore, the aim of this study to show a nexus between the rising rate of crime amongst children and that of film violence viewer sly in Portharcourt metropolis.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The range of observation in this study has been systematized in such a way that every aspect of information and material concerning the effect of war films on Portharcourt Metropolis children is consulted.
However, one thing seems to be setting this work apart from others already down by researchers. The research data and materials for the work are very ultimate.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at the following
The objective is to examine the content of film by picking a film like “Hard way, the only way”.
The study aimed at identifying the war film-types and content that have mega impact on the children.
To find out the rate of those children influence by violence of war films more especially when they get to their youthful period.
Another objective of this study is to know the efforts of the film censorship. Commission to find a lasting solution to the problem of war film on the children.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very important in mansy aspects because the future of Nigeria is in the hands of those children who are being destroyed by the violence they are exposed to on war films.
Also if these groups are protected by regulating what they view or produce, it focuses the mind of children towards things that will bring peace and progress to the nation.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
- Are the children that watch war films on television affected by the message.
- Is there any measure taken to avoid the effect of war films on our children.
- Does parent play, any role to avoid the influence of war films on their children.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In this study, the following hypothesis were tested.
HI: Children who watch war films on television are affected by the messages.
HO: Children who watch war films on television are not affected by the message .
H2: The film censorship commission of Nigeria is taken some effective measure to reduce the effect of war films on the youth.
HO: the film censorship commission of Nigeria is not taken any effective measure to reduce the effect of war films on the youth.
H3: Research have found out that parent play a role to avoid the influence of war films on their children.
HO: Research have found out that parent do not play a role to avoid the influence of war films on their children.
1.7 CONCEPTIAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terms to be defined are violence, film, war effect and children.
Conceptual definition.
War: War is an organised and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states and/or non-state actors. It is characterised by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention.
Violence – The use of dangerous weapon to attack, hurt or kill somebody.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – The viewing of film that have elements of murder, shooting, assassinating, harassment and assault.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
EFFECT:- Change in attitude and behavior in individual, as a result of expert to persuasive message carried by the mass media.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
EFFECT :- The total change of persons behaviour and attitude towards something.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
FILM:- Moving picture of real event shown for example on television
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
FILM :- The method of broadcasting still or moving picture by means of electrical waves moving through the air.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
CHILDREN
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: -Children in thestudy would mean an idividual, what is between the age of 5 – 15.
OPERATIONAL DEFINTION
CHILDREN:- A young human being from the time of birth to the completion of body development.
1.8 ASSUMPTION
It is assumed that the film censorship of Nigeria is playing an effective role towards reducing the effect of war films on the youth.
It is also assumed that by the year 2008, the effect of war films or the rate will be minimized.
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
In writing this project, the researcher encountered some difficulties. One of which is time factor. The time was limited and choked with other things to be executed.
The problem of insufficient materials on this study and this could be attributed to lack of sufficient material. The financial aspect of this work is not left out and also being that things are hard in the country.
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Tags: A CASE STUDY OF PORTHARCOURT METROPOLIS., THE EFFECT OF WAR FILMS ON CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOUR
ABSTRACT
The attitude of television audience toward commercial interruption in television programmes is a research work carried out through scientific and empirical method in attempt to find out what television commercial interruption is all about and how it affects the audience and suggestion on what to do in order to better the performance of the media houses towards the television commercial interruptions.
It goes a long way to carry out a research on this topic by drawing up questionnaire and interviewing the subjects in their environments. Also made use of library and oral interviews. And our finding shows that uninterrupted television programmes are preferred by the television audience and that the television audience will prefer their unfavourite programmes interrupted. We also found out that commercial that tends to satisfy their needs are recalled faster than commercial that does not satisfy their needs.
Conclusively, the main objective of this study is to asses the attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes.
This study being an attitude survey seeks to find out the relationship between media content (advertisements) and the society. Therefore, it focused on consumer behaviour, which gives insight into consumer attitude beliefs, perception and culture.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE:……………………………………………………………II
APPROVAL PAGE:…………………………………………………….III
PROJECT TOPIC:……………………………………………………….IV
DEDICATION:…………………………………………………………V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:………………………………………………VI
ABSTRACT:………………………………………………………………VII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION:………………………………………………………1
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM:…………………………7
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:………………………………………9
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:…………………………………11
RESEARCH QUESTION:………………………………………………14
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:…………………………………………14
DEFINITION OF VARIABLES:………………………………………16
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:……………………………………….21
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW:…………………………………………………24
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD:……………………………………………… 52
RESEARCH DESIGN:…………………………………………………..53
RESEARCH SAMPLE:……………………………………………………54
MEASURING INSTRUMENT:………………………………………57
DATA COLLECTION:…………………………………………………59
DATA ANALYSIS:………………………………………………………60
EXPECTED RESULT:………………………………………………… 61
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS:……………………………………………………63
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS:……………………………………63
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY:………………………………………………………………78
RECOMMENDATION:…………………………………………………82
BIBLIOGRAPHY:…………………………………………………………88
APPENDIX:……………………………………………………………….91
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Television industry in Nigeria is still in infant stage comparatively to its counterparts in other parts of the developed world. However, it has metamorphosed remarkably within this short period of its history. There have been some achievement and new dimension in its scope of operation for the past two decodes.
At its inception, television in the country was basically used for information, entertainment and educational purposes. It is different of its ability to combine sound and picture. As a result of these qualities. It is possible for it to attract a large number of viewing audience. The number of television receivers reaching a formidable over 30 million people throughout Nigeria, is proof of the immeasurable impact this invention has had on the lines of millions and on the spread of information.
The value of television, as a medium of mass communication is fast assuming highly important position throughout the world. According to Olusda (1976) “All over Nigeria, today there are over one million people watching television) (p 21)
Television has added another feather to its wing, which is that of persuasion. This singular act by television has made it possible for television to dazzle other media of communication. It now serves as an organ through which governments and advertisers sell their goods and services. It ahs brought the art of product awareness to millions of house holds. It has the selling power for most types of goods and services – detergents, cigarettes, fridge, beer and furniture. Their impact on the country is attributable to network television advertising.
Still talking about what television offers, one cannot but remember educational and entertainment programmes for the audience like cultural dances, drama and comedy programmes. Some of the programmes such as family circle, guilt, Jagwa, Mr. B and Tales by moonlight have been known to force people to go home from wherever they are, so as not to miss the next episode.
While viewers are watching their favouratie programmes, it is a common experiences that television houses often dot in commercials which break the continuity of these programmes to the annoyance of viewers whom these programmes are their favourites. The advertisers often want their commercials to be aired at prime time, while these viewers want their favourite programmes to be uninterrupted by commercials thereby reating conflicts between the interest of advertisers and interest of viewers.
It ahs been estimated that well over 80% of the programmes on Nigeria, televisions are interrupted as a result of commercials, yet Nigeria television houses do not seem to see anything unusual about this situation. On N.T.A. station, there are so many programmes for the week and of the seventeen programmes selected for promotion, none is aired without commercial interruption. According to Opubor and Ore (1979)2 The commercials interruptions of most of the programmes are of little relevance to the social realities of the average Nigeria” 3 (p. 122)2
Consequently, television houses often just slot in these commercials even at prime time without considering the interests and feelings of viewers. The viewers are now forced to perceive and consume these commercial when watching their favourite programs, thereby subjecting them to the status of captive audience.
According to Nwuneli (1976) Many of the products in Nigeria television are raw. They display things which portray people as naughty, monsters and didactic under stones which are underplayed and viewers lose sight of them (P. 122)3. Some researchers have come up with evidence to show that commercial interruption could induce aggressive tendencies in people. According to Greene (1965) a former Director General of the British corporation television is being misused and that broadcasters are betraying their responsibilities (p. 124)4
There is no gain staying the fact that television stations need the money realized from these commercial to remain in business. The corporation has to under take commercial broadcasting in order to make money to supplement the subtrahend, sponsors need the television station as a medium of communicating information about their goods and services to the ultimate consumers with the sole aim at arousing their interests for the goods. But as new television stations are established and more stations introduce the modern broadcasting, the need to interrupt programmes at the detriment of the viewers will be further aggravated. Unless something is done now, this will be another ugly incident and further alienation of television audience.
The points mentioned above have acted as stimuli for this research which is to find out the attitude of television audience towards commercial interruption in television programmes. Attitude is here defined as ways of thinking or feeling towards something, in this case towards commercial interruption in television programmes. This attitude survey is very crucial because it embraces a lot of things. For instance, it transcends effects of commercial interruptions on television audience because it is only after a subject has observed the effect of a phenomenon that the subject can form a reasonable attitude towards that phenomenon.
According to Parker (1974) “The sooner each new technology is studied, the greater the chance of bringing to use research results to influence policy in a meaningful way (p 123). We can deduce from these that it is necessary to examine audience attitude towards commercial interruption by Nigerian televisions at this embryonic state of televisions industry when the institutional and economic structures of broadcasting are still being formulated.
Finally, this study will also find out whether television audience will prefer uninterrupted programmes to interrupted programmes whether these commercial programs increase or decrease the viewers interests. In short, it will come up with suggestion on how Nigeria television stations can best serve their audience.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Television by virtue of sound, vision and movement offers a high degree of creative flexibility. An increasing number of people have colour television sets and this allows for greater realism of presentation in commercials. What is more television has achieved a very high degree of penetration of the population and many people watch television programmes for several hours each day. However, these programmes are intermittently interrupted to make way for the insertion of commercial message.
It ahs been estimated that well over 80% of the programmers on Nigerian television are interrupted as a result of commercial insertions, yet Nigeria television houses to not seem to see anything wrong or unusual about this situation. The situation has come to a stage where it will be logically assumed that the gullibility of the television audience is now taken for granted by television houses and also that many ahs now become their primary consideration. Thus, this study intends to examine this attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes. By and large attitude is a formidable factor in any human communication. It is defined as a psychological predisposition that allows a person to behave in a certain way towards objects, people or actions, hence, the objects in this case will be commercials interruption of television programs.
Given the situation, what the television audience have to say about the commercial interruption of television programmes? How to they feel or react when the programmes they are watching on their television sets are interrupted midway by commercial message? Will uninterrupted television programmes appeal more to regular viewers than to non-regular viewers? Is it true that television audience will like to watch their favourite programmes uninterrupted by commercial message than when watching their unfavourite programmes? Will television viewer pay mere attention to commercial messages that tend to satisfy their needs than to commercial messages that does not satisfy their needs? Finally, would television audience recall faster commercial messages that tend to satisfy their needs than those that to not tend to satisfy their needs.
This background will now form the bedrock of the statement of research problems which is self explanatory on “the attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Basically, the objectives of this study is to examine the attitudes of television audience in Enugu towards commercials interruptions of television programmes and the extent to which such variables like age, sex, educational level, marital status, income bracket and occupation will contribute in shaping these attitude.
However, in exploring further the objectives of this study, questionnaire was designed to include certain questions that will throw more light into the imbroglio generated by incessant commercial interruption of television programmes. They include the following.
- How to regular and non regular viewers react to commercial interruption of television programmes? In other words, will uninterrupted television programs appeals more to regular television viewers than non regular television viewers.
- How to viewers react when their favourite programs are interrupted mid way y commercial messages? What actually to they do? Are they irritated, happy or indifferent to these commercials.
- Which of the commercial messages will television audience pay more attention to? Will they pay more attention to commercial messages that satisfy their needs than to the ones that do not satisfy their needs?
- How will the television audience recall commercial messages that satisfy their needs than those that do not tend to satisfy their needs.
From the answers to these question as the research progress, the objectives of the study will clearly manifest and clearly be understood.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Much has been said about the qualities of television as an effective communication medium in disseminating commercial messages to a large audience scattered across the country. However, the feedings of the television audience towards these commercials especially when the programmes are interrupted to make way for them cannot be overlooked. Therefore, this study is significant in the sense that it examines the attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes.
The study will also be valuable to the federal and state governments, which still have exclusive right over the ownership of broadcasting media in Nigeria. This monopoly some people argued has given impetus to the television houses in the country to conduct their affairs in the manner they like, regardless of public opinion. Hence, the result that will be obtained from this study will perhaps guide the federal and state governments in formulating future policies regarding television broadcasting generally in Nigeria, with a view to improving their services and in line with audience expectations.
Furthermore, the advertiser will find the study invaluable because a great deal of advertising messages are wasted. Individual are selective about information they receive it ahs been found that commercial message which contradicts or is otherwise inconsistent with individuals personal attitude is likely to be ignored. Alternatively, an individual may distort the message and draw a meaning quite different form what ahs been intended by interpreting the message in accordance with his own predisposition. This being the case, the broad goal of adverting which is to communicate information about any product, services and ideals and to facilitates the sales of any of them by arousing demand will not be achieved.
Finally, although the study will be carried out on 200 residents of Enugu, nonetheless, the result that will be obtained will however be generalize to the whole of Enugu state because of some similarities in the cultural and psychological make up to the people of this state.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Would uninterrupted television programmes appeal more to regular viewers than to non-regular viewers?
- Would viewers prefer their unfavourite programmes to be interrupted by commercials than their favourite programmes.
- Would television audience pay more attention to commercials that tend to satisfy their needs than those that do not?
- Would television audience recall faster that commercials that tend to satisfy their needs than those that do not?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1. Uninterrupted television programmes appeal more to regular viewers than non-regular viewers.
Ho. Uninterrupted television programmes do not appeal more to regular viewers than to non-regular viewers.
H2. Viewers would prefer their unfavourite programmes to be interrupted by commercials than their favourite programs.
H3. Television audience will pay more attention to commercials that tend to satisfy their needs than to commercials that do not tend to satisfy their needs.
Ho. Television audience will not pay more attention to commercials that tends to satisfy their needs than to commercials that do not tend to satisfy their needs.
H4. Television audience will recall faster commercials that tend to satisfy their needs than those that do not tend to satisfy.
CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF
VARIABLES
In every research study, it is very important that the key variables in the research topic and hypothesis formulated to test them are defined, by this definition, we give meanings to the key terms or variables in the study. The definition will not only help to explain the variables to our fellow scientists but will also make it possible for any body who reads our work to fellow and understand it. Therefore, its very necessary at this point of this work, to define the key variables in this research topic. “The attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes” conceptually and operationally, while the conceptual definition refers to the dictionary or literal meaning, the operational definition refers to the meaning in terms of our study, re-what it means to define it so that people will know what it means. Variable means a term or a concept stated in value in order words the value assigned to the terms we are using in this study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS VARIA BLES.
ATTITUDE: Conceptually attitude means a way of feeling, thinking or
behaving, it is also a psychological predisposition that allows a person to
behave in a certain way towards objects, people or action “Onyekwere
E.E.
(1988). Unpublished lecture note. Operationally, attitude refers to
television viewer’s reactions, feelings, thinking and behaviours when they
see commercials or advertisements interrupting any television
programmes they are watching. Are they happy, irritated or are they
indifferent to such commercials.
AUDIENCE: Conceptually, audience means a gathering of persons for the
purpose of hearing a speaker or a singer. It also means person’s within
hearing whether they are together or not, as in broadcast. Operationally,
television programmes. It includes men and women, young and old, adults
and children.
COMMERCIAL: Conceptually, commercial means pertaining to
commerce. Operationally, it refers to advertisements inserted in television
programmes.
INTERRUPTION: Literally, this means a break in the continuity of speech,
traffic or a program operationally, it refers to a break in any television
programmes already started to slot in any advertisement. Therefore,
commercial interruption as it applies to our study refers to any break in
television programmes already start3ed to slot in any advertisement.
PROGRAMME: Programme literally, means a lot of items or events for
context or to be broadcast for radio or television. Operationally programmes
refer to a schedule of events to be broadcast by television houses. These
television houses do have many viewers each day. They could be news,
advertisement or entertainment programmes like the Guilt, Jagwa, Mr. B,
family circle, Tales by moonlight. We shall also seize this opportunity to
operationally the variables in our hypothesis for a clearer understanding of
our work.
REGULAR: Literally, regular means doing something at the same time
everyday. Operationally, regular viewers refers to anybody who watches
television programmes daily or everyday.
NON-REGULAR
VIEWERS: This refers to people who do not watch television programmes
daily.
APPEAL: Literally, appeal means to attract, move the feeling of
operationally, appeal means the attraction television programmes have for
some people, this makes them to watch it daily.
FAVOURITE: Conceptually, favourite means not preferred above others.
Operationally, it refers to those programmes which people or viewers do
not prefer above others. It does not matter whether they watch them or not.
MORE: Conceptually, more means greater in number or degree. But
operationally, more refers to greater number of people i.e. commercials that attracts greater number of people.
ENUGU: Conceptually refers to the capital of Enugu state. Operationally, it refers to television viewers in the town.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
No research carried out in any field of human endeavour could be said to be perfect or without limitations. Therefore, we cannot delude ourselves that this study will take into account all that is required in the field. The mere fact that this researcher is venturing into the field for the first time is a limitation of its own, no matter the carefulness in the pains that will be taken in conducting the research, there must be some errors.
Another limitation of the study, stem form eh fact that data for the study were collected from television audience in Enugu only, due to finance time and energy constraints and also due to the proximity of the city to the researcher. Otherwise, the study would have been extended to other states of the federation. One common limitation which effects most researcher in this country which will equally affect its, the researcher of this study is that of analyzing the data collected manually instead of using computers. A researcher who is not good in figures will waste all his precious time on this.
Another limitation is that the study is being carried out in partial fulfillment of O.N.D, ordinarily National Diploma in Mass Communication, this makes the study to become a victim of divided loyalties. One to the research and one to the diploma requirement besides, the time duration set for this is usually too short.
Finally, considering the sample population of 200 respondent from Enugu which was used for the study, it will be very inappropriate and presumptions to generalize the result obtained to the whole federation. This is because the research is on attitude and considering the fact that Nigeria is a plural society, it will therefore be misleading to think that people all over the federation will react in the same manner to commercial interruption to television programmes.
ASSUMPTION
Assumption is nothing more than what the researcher had in mind before choosing the topic and embarking on the study. It is on this premise that we make the following assumptions. It is assumed that Enugu, the urban area under study has a long history of television broadcast therefore, it will a large and variegated audience of people who watch television programmes and who are also exposed to commercial message.
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Tags: ATTITUDE OF TELEVISION AUDIENCE TOWARDS COMMERCIAL INTERRUPTION OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES
ABSTRACT
The role of public relations in ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS (A CASE STUDY) OF THE ENUGU STATE IDATER CORPORATION) is hinged on disclosing the necessity of applying public relations and the role public relations can play in rendering a satisfactory services which will not only retain customer but attract more customers to a government firm.
Accordingly, customer satisfaction has to do with serving the customers in a most respectable and satisfying manner as well as conducting such services in a way he customer like or want according to John Hoepers (1985) “in the free market economy, one gains wealth only through serving the customers best d determined by the opinion of the customers themselves. The researcher has investigated on how the management sees the public relations department of the Enugu state water corporation and what satrapies it has employed in including the satisfaction of the corporations customers and how these strategies have affected the relationship of customers with the government organizations Questionnaires and oral interviews were used by the researcher to obtain data. A total of 150 questionnaires were given to respondents comprising the employee, management and customers of Enugu state water corporation but only 122 questionnaires were returned. The researcher also make use of reluctant and reliable test books written by authors on public relations.
From findings, the researcher was able to observe that the public relations department of the Enugu Sate water corporation is highly regarded and its action ties have contributed to the tremendous growth of the corporation and its suggestions also form the basis of their policies.
Another major observation is that the corporation through the role of the public relations department has adopted and implemented some suggestion made by customers in order to serve them better.
In ending this study, the researcher has made some recommendations both for the growth and progress of the corporation and also for further studies in this area.
The project, for the purpose of easy understanding is divided into five chapter. The first chapter entails the introduction of the topic under study which the second chapter deals with the review of relevant literatures that have been used in this project.
Chapter three deals with the outline of the methodology used where as chapter four contains the analysis and interpretation of the result.
The summary of this work is discussed in chapter five together with conclusion and recommendations for further study.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE II
APPROVAL PAGE III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
ABSTRACT VII
TABLE OF CONTENT X
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND OF STUDY 1
1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENUGU STATE WATER CORPORATION 10
1.3 STATEMENT OF STUDY 15
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 20
1.5 SIGNIFICATION OF STUDY 22
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 23
1.7 HYPOTHESES 24
1.8 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 26
1.9 ASSUMPTIONS 27
1.10 LIMITATIONS 28
1.11 Theoretical framework 29
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 30
2.1 The Education of Public Relations 31
2.2 Towards A Definition of Public Relations 36
2.3 Operative Parts Of the Above Definitions 42
2.4 Functions of PR………………………………… 47
2.5 The Role of the PR in Customer Satisfaction 49
2.6 Summary of Literature Review 53
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology …………………………………………. 57
3.1 Research Method ………………………………….. 57
3.2 Research Design…………………………………… 57
3.3 Population Size…………………………………… 58
3.4 Measuring Instrument…………………………… 60
3.5 Data Collection…………………………………….. 60
3.6 Data Analysis………………………………… 60
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Analysis and Results……………….. 62
4.1 Presentation of result Employee and Management Questionnaire. 63
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Customer Questionnaire……………. 73
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary and Recommendation 88
5.1 Summary of Findings 80
5.2 Conclusion 91
5.3 Recommendation 93
5.4 Appendix 99
5.5 Bibliography 96
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND OF STUDY
In this are of multifarious organization for production, service or distribution and its subsequent water – tight competition among the concerns, it has become germane for an organization whether profit – oriented or public service type to continually adjust themselves to the needs of the environment in order to survive.
“No man island”. The same is applicable to an organization because no organization can function in isolation from its public that constitute its environment.
The public which constitutes the environment and forms the nucleus of any society has to be pleased and satisfied that an organization has its interest at heart for the organization to survive. There can be no escape in today’s world from the grinding wheels of public attitude. This is the era of “ the public be pleased”. For the obvious reason that every organization is dependent on its public for survival. And public support can only gained of the public are satisfied.
The prevailing notion that “the customer is always right” therefore needs to be treated courteously and respectively has heightened and intensified the relevance of the public relations in to day’s business organization. Subsequently business organizations should not keep away from the pubic, but should maintain a progressive cordial relationship with them.
The public relations role includes how well an organization has been able to elicit the understanding of its customers, which it needs to survive and grow in business.
The nature this relations with customers depend very much on how well the customer are treated and how well they are satisfied with the services of the organization which will invariable affect the reputation of the organization public relations can play an important role in safe guarding a reputation or in establishing a new public image, it can also do valuable work in improving or enhancing methods of communication with existing and potential customers.
An organization needs to be understood so as to fare well in the midst of competition. One way of doing this is to map out a programme of action that is to customer oriented and favourable to the general people. The idea is to establish a solid base and gain a competitive advantage over its competitions. This has given rise to a new business philosophy in which the orientation is to evolve a cluster and value satisfactions such that the targeted public would want to deal with an organization rather than its competitors. This marketing innovation strategy advanced by professor Theodore lavitt aids to form the pillar of public elations.
For threw to be cordial relationship and understanding, there must be communication which forms the main tools of public relations practice. Like wise for the comm. communication to be effective and profitable, it must be mixed with courtesy and politeness which is what public relations all about. The effective communication plays a relevant part in an organization’s relations with its customers. An organization should endeavour to integrate the interest of its customers in its policy; to give them a sense of belonging through interpreting the objectives and activities of the organization to them most people are interested in what an organization is doing to meet their concerns and interest. It is the function of the public relations progression to explain the organization’s actions to various publics involved with the organization. As offonry Kanu (1985.25) succinctly and maintaining public goodwill is communication’; public relations communication is two-way communication. The public relations professional also pays close attention to the thoughts and feedings of the organization publics. Some experts refer to public an organization and its public.
It is “public’s because the organization typically deals with many different several public in its day – to – day operations, several public relations scholars external publics. Internal public conclude employee mangers. External public consists of customers, government, dealers, suppliers, members of the community and the mass for all these various public serves as the link for all these various public.
Public relations is a management function it is designed to enable as form set its goal and adapt to a changing environment. It is easily identifiable
That the basis philosophy underlying public relations practice is that people matter and that opinion is of prime importance in all spheres of actives. As put by Joseph R. Dominick in the dynamics of mass communication; “public relations is a management function that helps to define organization objectives and facilitate organization change” public realt6ions partitions communicate with all relevant internal and external publics in the effort to create consistency between organizational goals and social organization programmes that promote the exchange of influences and understanding among organization’s constituent parts and publics.
Public relations by way of definition according to the British institute of public relations (IPR) “referred to it as the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain good will and mutual understanding between an organization and its public’; The phrase “planned and sustained” portrays that PR practice is not a chance event or fire brigade approach to management.
Sam black (1982) defined public relations practice “as the art and science of achieving harmony with the environment through mutual understanding based on truth full information. Again the phrase “based on truth and full information should be noted because public relation s practice is not based on half truth.
From the above definition, me can deduce that public relation refers to the management function that aims at making financials and building internal external good will on be reasonable assumption that these are strongly needed for the organization to remain in what ever business it engaged in as well as grow and prosper in it.
It is the theory of public relations that management shall plan, establish, sustain and maintain mutual understanding and goods will with its public based on truth and full information. However, it is the practice of public relations that theses noble principles should not only be accommodated in the organization’s policy decision, but must be impalement to the later. The organization must be seen living up to its public relations principle, before talking much about it, because, it has been said with some truth, that public relations is 90% percent doing good and 10 percent talking about it.
In the case of Enugu state water corporation, a large percentage of the needs of the customer are administered by the employees. Only on rare occasion segment. Therefore the way the employees attend to these customers answers their enquires etc. will as certain the likely perception of he organization by the customer (whether positive or negative when services are rendered efficiently and promptly questions answered politely and customers treated courteously customers will most likely return to do business with the corporation.
Apart from containing to do business with the corporation, customers will also inform their financial and relations about the form and they will in turn patronize the corporation. Thus, the water corporation not only gains more customers, but its corporate image will soar as it will be perceive positively by as many as will hear about it. Besides, customers are potential applicants and jobs seekers. The relations an organizations with its customers right reveal to the applicants whether the organization is a good one to work with. The way the public perceive organization will determine how the public will respond to the respond to the organization, either with hostility, apathy, prejudice and ignorance. And since the organization cannot dot with out their pubic threw is the necessity to not only build, but also to sustain and maintain good public relations, positive corporate image. As stated by George flakagan “if an individual’s contact and experience with an organization is extensive, his proposed image of the organization is likely to be strong, positive and relatively stable, if on the other and, the individual duel’s familiarity with the organization is slight, the image will probably be weak and negative. Thus, the degree of customer’s satisfaction in an organization goes a long way in effecting the image of the organization. If the satisfaction is high, the customer tends to maintain a more cordial relationship with the organization and vice –versa.
The Enugu water corporation both a public service and business organization and as such it requires to succeed. As a public institution, it is devoted tom servicing of the public interest, it must have its customer satisfaction as the prime motive so as to enhance its public image and gain public good will and acceptance.
As a business organization it must use business principles to operate in such a manner that it becomes economically viable enough to defend maintain its independence against crumbling.
Against this bank ground, Enugu state water corporation establishment the public relation of the organization object actives. this is so because no business organization can make any progress or head way without the service of public relations personnel.
1.2 BRIEF HOSTORY OF THE ENUGU STATE WATER CORPORATION
The Enugu state water corporation metamorphosed from the state ministry of work through periods of creation of states in Nigeria, to its present formation its origin therefore started before the creation of old Anambra and Imo State ministry of works the them state ministry of works known as water supply division was created in the ministry to handle wear supply in the state.
In 1970. the two state Anambra and Imo States were created along with other new state in Nigeria by the then federal government and this led to the formation of the then Anambra state water board in 1975 which was later renamed as Anambra state water corporation as a full government parastatal. In 1978, the state government established an edict know as Anambra state establishment of the state water board with responsibilities of provision, conservation, maintenance and distribution of potable water to the people of the state and in other hand, charge water users for the services rendered to them such charge known as water rates were based on the government’s approved subsidized Farris.
The Enugu state water corporation (ENSWC) was establishment by Edict No. 1 if 1997. the edict defines a Board, consisting of the director general of the ministry of public utilities (or his representative), the managing director of ENSWC, the executive director of the department of finance and department. In the amendment of 1999, the executive director for Engineering was added. In practice the executive director of Administration is also member. The Edict assigns to the corporation the task of water supply through the state, both in rural and urban areas. According to the edict, ENSWC shall “develop, provide conserve and distribute in the state water for public, domestic and industrial purpose and charging adequate fees. “for this, all state assets related to water supply have been transferred to ENSWC.
Mean while daily maters, ENSWC is managed by the managing director, assisted a staff office for public relations and a staff office for internal audit.
To carry out its responsibility, the corporation has
- a finance and supplies department with an accounts and a purchasing section,
- a commercial department, responsibility for the billing and collection
- an administrative department for personnel management, transport and security;
- a department for engineering service sections
This is the biggest department. Apart from sections at HO, it includes the Ajall: water treatment plant and eight (8) Zonal offices: four in Enugu City:
G R A
Enugu central
New Haven
Uwani
And four throughout state:
Ogui
9th mile (covering a part of Udi LGA)
Udi.
Nsukka, which is recently in Nsukka North, Covering, Udenu, Igbo Eze North, Igbo Eze South and town, Nsukka, Igbo Etiti and Uzo – Uwani LGAs)
Net work operation and maintenance (mainly in Enugu metropolis and Nsukka town) is completely the responsibility of the zonal oggices, as there is no distribution section vices at jead Quarter (HO).
MAJOR ACTIVITIVES OF ENUGU STATE WATER CORPORATION
The water corporation is seriously involved in the business of portable drinking water to the inhabitants of Enugu state and also keeping record of the money realized from such business for the maintenance well pay its staffs.
POLICY ON CUSTOMER RELATIONS
It is policy of the water corporation that they depend on the customer for survival and therefore the customer should be accorded due respect.
The water corporation believed the “customer is always right: and should be treated courteously. The corporation ensures that customer are treated equally and attend to in time and provides complain box equally where customers drop their written complaints and grievances.
And they customer the satisfaction of their customers as the top most priority.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
The Enugu state water corporation like any other organization has lately dabbled state and in other hand, charge water users for the services rendered to them, but such charge known as water were based on the government’s approved subsidized ferrets.
The Enugu state water corporation (ENSWC) was established by Edict No, 1 of 1997. the Edict defines board, constituting of the direct general of the ministry of public utility (or reprehensive), the managing direct of ENSWC, the executive director of the commercial department. In the amendment if 1999, the executive director for engineering was added. In practice the executive director of administration is also a member. The edict assigns to the corporation the task of water supply through out the state, both in rural and urban areas. According to the edict ENSWC shall: “develop, provide conserve and distribute in the state water for public, domestic and industrial purpose and charging adequate fees. “For this a;; states assets related to water supply have been transferred to ENSWC.
Mean which in daily matters; ENSWC is managed by the managing direct, assisted by a staff office for public relation and a staff office for internal audit.
To carry out its responsibility, the corporation has
- a finance and supplies department with an accounts and a purchasing section
- a commercial department, responsibility fir billing and collection, and administration department for personnel management transport and security;
- a department for engineering services.
This is the biggest department apart from sections at HO, it includes the Ajall: water treatment plant and eight (8) zond offices : four in Enugu City:
G R A
Enugu Central
New haven
Uwani
And four throughout the state”
Ogui
9th mile (covering a part of Udi LGA)
Udi.
Nsukka, which is recently divided in Nsukka North, (covering Udenu, Igbo – Eze North, Igbo – South and Isiuzo LGAs) and Nsukka Etiti and Nsukka town, Nsukka Igbo
Net work operations and maintained (mainly in Enugu metropolis and Nsukka town) is complete the responsibility of the zonal offices, as department for Engineering services at head quarter (HO).
MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF ENUGU STATE WATER CORPORATION
The water corporation is seriously involved in the business of portable drinking water to the inhabitants of Enugu state and also keeping record of the money realized and up keep of the corporation and as well pay its staffs.
POLICY ON CUSTOMER RELATIONS
It is the policy of the water corporation that they depend on the customer for survival and therefore customer should be accorded due respect.
The water corporation believes that the “customer is always right” and should be treated courteously. the corporation ensures that customer are treated equally and attended to in time and provides a complaints box equally where customers drop their written complaints and grievances.
And they consider the satisfaction of their customer as the top most priority.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESERARCH PROBLEMS
The Enugu state water corporation like any other organization has later dabbled patronizing the usually “tanker water sales “with untreated unhygnic water causing diseases. This condition found in water corporation has created an unfavourable image of the corporation to the public because sentiment and opinions have not been mounded to the advantage of the corporation. The only effect remolding public sentiment is through effective partial public relation in the water corporations which up till now has not been fully utilized in the water corporation.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
According to S.T Harlow (1993:25) public relations is a distinctive management function that helps to establish and maintain mutual of communication, under standing and acceptance between an organization and its public.
As regards this, this is geared towards examining the necessity of public relations out in the water corporation into public relations by up public relation department.
However unlike other institutions, public relation in Enugu state water corporation has not been given adequate attention and power to co-ordinate all the unit in the corporation.
In most water corporations in the country, public relations departments are not filled with precise power in what to corporation not to do. Most water corporation neglects them and relegate them to the back ground. Most of the corporations, infact not under stand nor appreciate the management function of public relations department. They ten to see it only as an image-making department fit only to carry out their public stunt.
There is the need in most water corporations for effective utilization of their public relations department and the in corporation of public relations department into managerial cadre.
There is this general view that water corporation workers tend to treat people (customers) without any regard elation.
This them has led people away to patronizing water corporation to ration more so to portray the roles this department play for the corporation. This task which is its managerial function of establishing rapport and good will between the corporation and its various.
Some of the objectives are:-
a) To examine the relation between the water corporation employees and the various public of the corporation whether the relationship is as it supplied to be.
b) To discover the effects of this public relations role in achieving the organization objectives.
c) To find out the day to day activities of the public relations department in the water corporation
d) To ascertain the level of customer contribution in the services rendered by Enugu state water corporation.
e) To make public recommendation based on observations.
1.5 SIGNIFICATIONS OF STUDY
Research on this topic is considered to be great importance due to be the fact that it will necessitate the application of public relations in enhancing and boosting the satisfaction of customers.
The water corporation or other organization times are involved with the various public in the social, subsequently, this demands that the Enugu state water corporation endeavour to be in continuous communication and contract with their various public so as to quickly communication and explain the policies and activities of the corporation to their carious public, they should like wise represent fully the interest these publics during the formation of these public
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Enugu state public relations personnel of Enugu state water corporation satisfy their various customer through the communication function?
2 Are there any programme built particularly for the customer?
3 Is the polices and activities of the PR department in Enugu state water corporation oriented or not?
4 Is there any form for customer to air their views?
5 Dose and desires tarnish the image of Enugu state water corporation?
6 Could improvement in the services of Enugu state water corporation enhancing customer satisfaction?
HYPOTHESISE
Based on these questions six hypotheses were formed.
Hi: the public relations personnel of Enugu water corporation satisfy their various customers through communication function
Ho: public relations personnel of Enugu state water corporation do not satisfy their various customers through the communication function
H2: the Enugu state water corporation public relations department builds a particular programme for customers.
Ho: the Enugu state water corporation pubic relations department dose not build any particular programme for customers.
H3: the policies and activities of the PR department in Enugu state corporation is customer oriented.
Ho: the policies and activities of the PR department in Enugu state water corporation is not customer oriented.
H4: there is a form for customers to air their view.
Ho: there is no form for customer to air view?
H5: the non – satisfaction of the customers needs and desires tarnish the image of Enugu state water corporation.
Ho: the non – satisfaction of the customers needs and desires do not tarnish the image of Enugu state water corporation
H6: improvement in the services of Enugu state water corporations in enhancing customer satisfaction.
Ho: improvement in the services of Enugu state water corporation does not help in enhancing customers’ satisfaction
1.8 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
For the objective of charity in this project, the research adopts the use the these words with the following meaning:-
PR public relations, due to the length if the word, it has been abbreviated to PR and will be used in the course of the project.
PUBLIC/ CORPORATE PUBLIC: The people who are likely to be affected by the activities of the Enugu state water corporation and who activities will equally affect the operation of the water corporation.
CUSTOMERS: The people who patronize the services of the water corporation
ROLE: The refers to functions, duties which promotes progress or activity it can also be expected as the duty which one is supposed to perform at a given time
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: The extent to which the customer are pleased or satisfied with the water corporation’s services.
GOVERNEMENT PARASTATAL: people working under government’s directives.
1.9 ASSUMPTIONS
Taking into account of the role of pubic relation in enhancing customer’s satisfaction the research deduced the following assumptions:-
That the exist areas of over lap between public relations and its role in enhancing the satisfaction of customers.
That public relations is imperative in boosting customer satisfaction due to the fact that PR is committed to the affairs of an organization’s public;
That customer’s satisfaction is a device for increase business profit as well as to establish good public image and subsequently public acceptance of the business organization and that the inability of an organization to detect its customer’s need and satisfy them could result to losing them
1.10 LIMITATIONS
while carrying out this project, I met with scads of difficulties that limited the study.
Some of the these problem are lack of found for transportation to and for Enugu further more, some of the respondents were reserved in responding to the questionnaire. They were afraid they mighty be implicated.
Conclusively, lack of the necessary test books in the library limited the scope of the literature review.
1.10 THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theory chosen for this work is the effects of media on social institutions like the water corporation in view. As the media have developed they have incontrovertibly, achieved two things diverted time and attention form other activities, and between a channed for reacting more people with more information than was available under pre – mass media conditions. These facts have implications for any other institution attention and which requires allocation of people’s time, attention and which has to communicate information, especially to large numbers and in with other institutions and they offer new ways of reaching permament institutional objectives. It is the this which is responsible for the process of institutional effects.
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Tags: THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
COMPARATIV STUDY OF THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCAST / PRINT
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Pidgin English came into existence as a result of the coming of the colonial masters to Africa, the highly respected philosophers – said and I quote, “No language is an Island meaning that language only came into existence through a pre – existed one. Pidgin English came into existence through English Language.
The coming of the white men to Africa really changed a lot of cultures, languages, norm, ethnics and non – ethics values etc in African. The language pidgin English started during the colonial era, then, it was very essential for them to understand the white man’s language in order to be able to fit into the happening in the society.
Those days, if a black man manages to understand the white man’s language, he is given a big post ahead his fellow black men for instance is the film titled “The battle of Musanga”, were the major character was “Mr. Johnson because he understands the white man’s language, he was kept ahead of his people as a mediator, intercessor and interpreter between the two recess, and with that, his financial income was somehow above that of his people only his extravagant way of spending made him broke always.
Pidgin English took a solid stand when slaves were freed in Sierraloen (Freetown), when they found themselves in Freetown and having no other language to speak than the English they know, and also considering the fact that most of them has lost their mother tongue as a result of slavery it was then, they started broking the white man’s language (English) into smaller segments in order to understand the message of one another, otherwise known as pidgin / broken English
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study or objective is to provide a common and natural language, regardless the earth ethnic group.
Any communication or presenter needs feedback from his or her audience to make sure that the message disseminated has gone across and to achieve that, the communicator needs to select the language that will interest or that will be more understandable to his audience.
Another objective is to find out how effective, the broadcast / print information dissemination in pidgin English is to the audience and readers.
To identify how many people understand pidgin English, enjoy it and use it to communicate to contribute to the knowledge of mass communicator in this choice and u of pidgin English for broadcast and printed information.
To help aim, if the broadcast and printed information made in pidgin English can help in the misconception and misunderstanding of the half educated / illiterate ones amongst us.
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Tags: THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1. 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Social media is a recently emerged media with the wide impact on personal as well as business communication. A communication model where addresser sends messages to passive receivers has been replaced by a new dynamic model where all participants have the opportunity to actively interact during the entire communication process. Concerning the business sphere, there is a hesitance to start fully communicating on this level as the character of this kind of media brings potential risk of losing full control over the information spread within the Web 2.0 sphere.
Despite a certain reticence within the business sphere, social media can be very beneficial in areas of public relations and marketing, particularly in an industry like fashion where recognition and identification with customers as well as building up strong image and corporate culture has always been essential, and due to recent social developments has become even more emphasized. Within last couple of years fashion has become a global industry composed of variety of local markets diverse in lifestyle, religion, and culture which makes the recognition and identification with particular customers more complex (Easey, 2002). Simultaneously the revolution in communication caused the global information spread where any users can easily follow and discuss any trends and fashion news distributed world-wide as well as easily search for any collections and purchase them online. Those practices underlined the importance of strong corporate image and culture which would differentiate brand from its competitors, supply additional value and raise loyal customers.
Because of the character of social media, and particularly blogs which are the main object of this research, and because of the character of contemporary fashion industry, to start using this kind of media as a communication tool might seem as a natural development. However as it will be demonstrated fashion industry is reserved in using this kind of media. It does not mean though that social media and blogs do not concern fashion industry. In fact online fashion journalism has become phenomenon with a great impact on the industry itself.
Blogging in general is considered as a new form of online journalism, enjoying great attention of users, based on a personal and interactive approach, which
according to some brings advantages over mainstream media. Critics object that blogs cannot clarify as a form of journalism as it lacks proper journalistic practices, guaranteeing quality and credible reporting. As it will be illustrated blogs are based on very different principles than classic journalism, and rather than multiple angular reporting cooperating with variety of sources the authentic presenta
According to some, fashion blogs are enjoying great popularity because they offer an alternative opinion for anybody to actively create or consume fashion without requirement of any kind of costs. Thus fashion blogs are perceived as a “street of fashion”, as a source of public opinion and display of actual use of fashion by general public (Bollier and Racine, 2005). For those reasons fashion blogs can be assisting not only as an inspiration during the creation process, but also as a source of public opinion, interests and preferences in fashion public relation and marketing. Nevertheless for certain reasons established and well-known fashion brands and designers do not incorporate blogs into their corporate communication (Okonkwo, 2007, Guzelis, 2010), which however it does not mean that fashion blogs have no impact on the industry.
There are bloggers, and online journalists providing content valuable enough that they managed to build up wide audience, and even influenced mainstream media and the fashion industry. As those bloggers do not come from the industry itself, it addresses a question; who are they?, and how do their blogs look like?.
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
Even though there is plenty of research, concerning blogs and blogging, practically no research has been done in area of contemporary fashion blogging which would provide satisfactory answers to those questions.
The objectives of this research are:
To fill the gap of the use of online journalism to enhance fashion awareness
To explore the area of contemporary popular/efficient/top fashion blogs divided into three general parts; identity of those online social media webmaster, bloggers, culture of space of those blogs, and their actual or possible use as a tool of fashion marketing and brand management.
1.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the online media and communication platforms in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study.
This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course of the use of online journalism to enhance fashion awareness. Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful.
This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and online modernization of communication and journalism.
1.3. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The fashion industry is reserved in using this kind of media. It does not mean though that social media and blogs do not concern fashion industry. In fact online fashion journalism has become phenomenon with a great impact on the industry itself.
Critics object that blogs cannot clarify as a form of journalism as it lacks proper journalistic practices, guaranteeing quality and credible reporting. As it will be illustrated blogs are based on very different principles than classic journalism, and rather than multiple angular reporting cooperating with variety of sources the authentic presentation based on own experience is appreciated (Lichtenstein, 2009).
According to some, fashion blogs are enjoying great popularity because they offer an alternative opinion for anybody to actively create or consume fashion without requirement of any kind of costs.
Fashion blogs and online social media fashion platforms are perceived as a “street of fashion”, as a source of public opinion and display of actual use of fashion by general public (Bollier and Racine, 2005) Nevertheless for certain reasons established and well-known fashion brands and designers do not incorporate blogs into their corporate communication (Okonkwo, 2007, Guzelis, 2010)
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a) Is there any relationship between fashion and online media platforms?
b) To what extent does online journalism affect the development of the fashion industry?
c) Does viewership rate of online social media networks and blogs influence the coverage and possible growth of the fashion industry?
d) Is there any relationship between a fashion product/service and its placement on an online media platform or blog?
e) Does the online media and blogs cover fashion products and services more than the traditional magazines, newspapers and other off line news media?
1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This research work is based on the following hypothesis. These are:-
H0 Online fashion journalism give more prominence to fashion news than the traditional magazines and newspapers.
H1 Fashion newspapers and magazines does not give more prominence to fashion news than traditional fashion magazines and newspapers.
H2 Online fashion blogs and social media platforms, carry more effective and efficient fashion information news than traditional print magazines and newspapers.
H0 Print magazines and newspapers does not carry more effective and efficient news and information than online fashion blogs and social media platforms.
H1 Print magazines and newspapers carry more effective and efficient news and information than online fashion blogs and social media platforms.
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Tags: THE USE OF ONLINE JOURNALISM TO ENHANCE FASHION AWARENESS AMONGST STUDENTS OF UNVERSITY OF PORTHARCOURT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Obviously it is amazing that with a click one passes information to thousands of people in a second. This is the power of social media. According to Andres Kaplan, social media is a group of internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of wed and that allow the creation and exchange of user generated content . Put differently, social media is a means of interaction among people. This includes; Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, 2go, Foursquare, Whatsapp, Nimbuzz and so on.
Prior to the deregulation of the Nigerian telecommunication sector in 1999, very few Nigerians had access to computers and the lack of sufficient technological infrastructure such as the Internet and mobile phones constrained communication within the society. Few years upon deregulation, social network spread like wide fire in Nigeria. Its spread can be compared to the Baby-Boom of 1946 and, during the post World War II, in the opening days of the Cold War. Many Nigerians including the rich and poor, educated and illiterate, young and old, Muslims and Christians now enjoy the services of the social media. But the youth are the major players in this sector, as they have being tagged as the digital age.
The power of social media has contributed positively to the development of Nigeria youths and the Nigerian populace. It has kept Nigerian youths more informed and up to date; it has opened up medium for job vacancy advert among youth, which has improved their unemployment situation, thereby pulling many out of the quicksand of poverty. It has also contributed to improved efficiency, as many tasks; intellectual and otherwise can now be completed within a shorter timeframe and with less error. In addition, the social media is gradually enabling Nigerian youth to more effectively put pressure on how Nigeria is governed as evidenced by the role it played in the long absence of the late Alhaji Musa Yar’Adua from office during his sick days, the January 2012 Occupy Nigeria protest, the first lady Mrs Patience Jonathan Goodluck, controversial 4billion naira First Lady Complex budget. It has also provided social critics with a platform to monitor, critic and expose illegitimate activities of government officials.
Moreover, social media has helped in exposing some of the ill of the society. Through the power of social media the October 6, 2013, lynching and setting on fire of four student of the University of Port Harcourt in Aluu, a suburb of Port Harcourt (The Aluu four) (Cf. Fred Uwaifo, Aluu Four, in cnn.com/2012/10/08/world/Nigeria-video-attack/index.html) was brought to fore front. Through it equally the sincere gravity of the extent of the September and October, 2012, Lokoja flood was known rather than the government propaganda about being on top of the situation.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The range of observation in this study has been systematized in such a way that every aspect of information and material concerning assessment of ethical consideration in youth social media usage.
However, one thing seems to be setting this work apart from others already down by researchers. The research data and materials for the work are very ultimate.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at the following:
The objective is to assess the consideration of ethics in the usage of the social media by the youth.
The study aimed at identifying different social media platforms, their services, user generated content and dynamic activities on them
To find out the level of influence of the social media on youth time management, ethics, and general level of acceptable and conventional societal moral decency.
Another objective of this study is to make recommendations on how parents, various social groups, religious groups and the government can pull efforts to regulate the content and information flow of the social media.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very important in many aspects because the future of Nigeria, and the world at large is in the hands of those youth who are being negatively affected by their wrong usage of social media platforms.
Also if these groups are protected by regulating what they view or produce, it focuses the mind of youth towards things that will bring peace and progress to the nation and world at large.
RESEARCH QUESTION
Are the youth that use more of the social media affected by it.
Is there any measure taken to avoid the effect of social media on the youth.
Does parents, social and other institutions play, any role to avoid the influence of social media on the youth.
Will government creation of policies have a significant positive impact in the management of social media usage.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In this study, the following hypothesis were tested.
HI: Youth who use more of the social media are affected by it.
HO: Youth who use more of the social media are not affected by it.
H2: The media regulatory body and National Orientation Agency are taking measures to reduce the negative effect of social media on the youth.
HO: The media regulatory body and National Orientation Agency are not taking measures to reduce the negative effect of social media on the youth.
H3: Research have found out that parent play a role to avoid the negative influence of the social media on the youth.
HO: Research have found out that parent do not play a role to avoid the negative influence of the social media on the youth.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Social Media: Social media refers to the means of interaction among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.
Ethics: It involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
Morals: Of or concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human action and character
Website: It is a set of related web pages served from a single web domain.
Web Content: Web content is the textual, visual or aural content that is encountered as part of the user experience on websites.
Internet: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide
Youth: Youth is the time of life when one is young, but often means the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity
ASSUMPTION
It is assumed that the media regulatory body and national orientation agency of Nigeria is playing an effective role towards reducing the negative impact of social media on the youth and increasing their awareness on the consideration of ethics in social media usage.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
In writing this project, the researcher encountered some difficulties. One of which is time factor. The time was limited and choked with other things to be executed.
The problem of insufficient materials on this study and this could be attributed to lack of sufficient material. The financial aspect of this work is not left out and also being that things are hard in the country.
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Tags: AN ASSESSMENT OF ETHICAL CONSIDERATION ON THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON YOUTH
ABSTRACT
The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism. The tittle of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.
It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the earlymen, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual immovations of the old and the invention of better comuniation gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.
Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.
Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.
Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.
Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.
Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.
Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.
It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human Endeavour.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER FOUR
PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER
TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE
THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS
THE RADIO
TELEVISION
HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
INTERVIEWS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an organized, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development. All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.
Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.
This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices. Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.
The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world. It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience. It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience. Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect). The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.
Mass communication gadgets is as old as mass communication itself because the nation of getting people involved in communication in mass would have remained in the background if the gadgets were not modern minced or advanced technological. Mass communication started with Johannes Gutenberg invention of the printing press.
This invention led to prolofication of the print materials such as books, newspapers and magazines, through these media more people were reached as it concerns communication. The electronics media communication came on the scene with the invention of such gadgets as radio and television.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the mass media and communication devices in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study. Being a kind of historical study, it would lead to the integrated narration or description of past ovents or facts concerning all technological devices fashioned to aid communication.
This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course (advent of modern communication gadgets, and its implications for Nigerian Journalism. Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful. This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and modernization of communication gadgets.
Generally the study can be assimilated by all lovers of history with scientific mind of discovery and understanding situations, cases and implications. At the end of this study; the background growth and modifications of the modern communication gadgets would be carefully treated.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The past findings on this issue by various groups have given us greater misprisions and has called to challenge our curious minds. We have therefore taken up the challenge to share in the glory contributing towards thronging more light on the advent of modern communication gadgets with the following objectives.
- To gain a clear understanding and accurate accounts of the past as it concern communication gadgets.
- To gain clearer perspective of the present as it concern communication gadgets.
- To be able to give adequate companism between the abetment mean of communication (gadgets) and the modern ones.
- The implication of modern communication gadgets for Nigerian journalism.
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Tags: THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM
COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA
ABSTRACTS
Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.
If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.
The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.
This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.
Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.
Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.
In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.
In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.
Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page II
Approval page III
Acknowledgement page IV
Abstract V
Table of contents VIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Objective 8
1.3 Research question 10
1.4 Hypothesis 11
1.5 Conceptual and Operational Definition 13
1.6 Assumption 14
1.7 Limitation of the study 15
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Education 19
2.2 Information 21
2.3 Cultural promotion 22
2.4 Motivation and Mobilization 23
2.5 Factors that make mass communication
role realizable 25
2.6 Problems and limitations 28
2.7 Mass communication problem and its effect on development in Nigeria. 29
2.8 Mass communication in Nigeria 29
2.9 Channel: related communication problems. 35
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 42
3.1 Research design 44
3.2 Research sample 45
3.3 Measuring instrument 46
3.4 Data collection 48
3.5 Data analysis 50
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data analysis 53
4.1 Results 59
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary 68
5.2 Recommendation for further study 69
Questionnaire 76
Bibliography 74
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.
Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.
Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!
More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.
In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.
Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.
John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”3
According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include
1) Reference to the activities to mass media as a group
2) The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and
3) The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.
For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.
Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.
Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.
From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.
Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.
Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are
1) Servicing the political system by providing information
2) Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
3) Providing entertainment.
4) Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.
Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.
Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.
It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.
1) First to identify the problems of communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.
2) The second objective is to know how effective these roles of communication towards development of the developing countries.
3) Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.
4) We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.
5) Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1) Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?
2) Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?
3) If yes in question above then in what ways
4) What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?
5) Has mass communication failed in its development roles?
6) Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.
7) What aspect of communication has been playing its roles?
8) Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?
9) What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
H1: Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria
H0: Mass communication has not been playing its role in Nigeria.
H2: Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H0: Can mass communication help Nigeria to achieve any development.
H3: The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?
H0: Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.
H4: Mass communication failed in its development roles.
H0: Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.
H5: Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.
H0: Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.
H6: The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.
H0: The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.
H7: Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.
H0: Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.
H8: The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.
1.5 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
ü Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.
ü Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.
ü Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.
ü Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.
ü Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.
ü Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.
ü Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.
ü By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.
ü Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.
ü Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.
It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#3000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720
(1)Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4)Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
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No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
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Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
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www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
Tags: COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA