ATTENTION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n INFORMATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL AND THE CHALLENGES OF CORRUPT PRACTICES IN NIGERIA 1993 \u2013 1998<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The main objective of this work is to access and evaluate how corruption has eaten deep into the economy of Nigeria. Also to understand the negative impact on the economy growth and development of Nigeria. Different types of corruptions will be looked into and how Nigeria was created by the international community during the era of General Sani Abacha from 1993 \u2013 1998. How prominent Nigerian lost their lives and freedom during this era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n TABLE OF CONTENT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Title page <\/p>\n\n\n\n Table of content <\/p>\n\n\n\n Abstract <\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Transparency International Origin and Function<\/p>\n\n\n\n Background and History of<\/p>\n\n\n\n Transparency International <\/p>\n\n\n\n Philosophy of the Movement and the Proceedings <\/p>\n\n\n\n Organisation and Role <\/p>\n\n\n\n Main Functions and Goals<\/p>\n\n\n\n Financing and Organistion<\/p>\n\n\n\n Transparency and Success<\/p>\n\n\n\n International (Except)<\/p>\n\n\n\n National (Except) <\/p>\n\n\n\n Corruption Perception Index (CPI) <\/p>\n\n\n\n History of Corruption <\/p>\n\n\n\n Conclusion <\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER TWO:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Nature of Corruption under Abacha\u2019s Regime <\/p>\n\n\n\n Political Corruption <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bureaucratic Corruption <\/p>\n\n\n\n Electoral Corruption<\/p>\n\n\n\n Conclusion <\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER THREE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Transparency International and Abacha Administration<\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER FOUR:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Response of the Abahca Administration to Transparency<\/p>\n\n\n\n International<\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER FIVE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Conclusion CHAPTER ONE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The growing clamour for democratic transitions that swept through the entire African continent in the 1990s subsequently gave birth to a wave of competitive multiparty election thereby challenging authoritarianism, military rule and one-party regime in virtually all African States with a view as Nyirabu(2002:99) put it \u201cwidening the space of democracy\u201d. Such democratic transitions have however not limited to African countries alone. A writer has properly put this when he stated that: \u2018In the coming years, more countries will undoubtedly move toward democracy and some democratic transitions will occur (Huntington, 1996:5). This prediction many years ago came into reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Paradoxically, Nigeria\u2019s democracy especially the one that commenced from May 29, 1999 was born with persistent ethnic and religious tensions, growing religious conflict, depressed economy and marginalisation among others. Of these problems, no one is more intractable and more threatening to the future of Nigerian democracy than political corruption. Thus a statistical index on 85 countries, covering all the continents of the world from Transparency International showed that, Nigeria and Tanzania occupied the fifth position (Eke, 1999: 5). While this was so in 1999, by 2004 the same Transparency International ranked Nigeria as the third most corrupt country in the world (Adesina, 2004:16). Both internal and international observers have rated Nigeria as the most corrupt country in the world, deserving a pride of place in the Guinness Book of Records (Umukoro, 2008:67). Nuhu Ribadu, a former head of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) alerted the nation that as many as 31 former governors out of 36 have a case to answer on corruption (Adesina, 2008: 28). The issue is so appalling in Nigeria that in another development, Ribadu revealed how politicians siphoned over $10bn from Nigeria monthly (Farotimi, 2010: 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analysts of political corruption in the Third World have regarded this monster as the single most important obstacle to economic development and political integration (Tignor, 1993: 175). In fact, the British Government became increasingly worried after the World War II and resultantly claimed that the transfer of power which could guarantee political independence to Nigeria should be slowed down because of the rate of political corruption. Tignor (1993, 176) further claimed that, of the problems such as thuggery in politics, lack of commitment to democratic ideals, ethnicity, and bureaucratic incompetence and inexperience that surfaced in the 1950s, political corruption rose to subsume all of them and therefore become the emblematic defect of the fledgling republic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This monster called political corruption has continued to cripple successive government in Nigeria. The First Republic (1960-1966) became the victim of political corruption as state contracts and loan programmes were systematically milked to enrich elected officials. The period of the Nigerian Civil War was not in any way better. This period which coincided with the Gowon\u2019s administration became an era of open display of corrupt practices as some Government functionaries were exposed. Gowon\u2019s style of eradication of corruption woefully failed as a commission of inquiry appointed by General Murtala Muhammed after his assumption to power by August 1975 coup convicted ten of the country\u2019s twelve military governors of diverting funds totalling over $20million (Diamond, 1991: 74).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although there had been no government in Nigeria that had demonstrated a strong will to fight corruption between 1975 and 1979 than Murtala\/Obasanjo administration, this notwithstanding it was unable to rid the society of this disease by the time it handed over power to the civilian politicians in October1979.The beginning of the Second Republic marked another resurgence of political corruption that surpassed the previous regimes. Thus Western diplomats and economists unofficially estimated the private wealth exported by top government officials in the Second Republic at between $5 and $7 billion (Diamond, 1984: 908). By December 31 when the military took over and arrest of politicians was made, million of naira were found in cash in the houses of these corrupt politicians. In fact, the magnitude of corrupt practices that pervaded the entire republic earned the period the golden age of corruption (Adamolekun, 1985: 88).<\/p>\n\n\n\n With all intents and purposes to fight against political corruption, the Buhari\/Idiagbon government could not do much because the regime\u2019s disregard to due process discredited its campaign against political corruption. The advent of Babangida\u2019s no doubt heightened corruption in the country. Babangida who claimed to be the messiah of the country soon fell victim of corrupt practices as he was accused of large cash gifts to military officers, cabinet ministers, traditional rulers, and potentially contentious opponents; of Mercedes Benz cars given to major newspaper editors and directors of state broadcasting corporations; of the president\u2019s secret personal investments in banks and companies; of off the book oil being lifted offshore by private tankers (Diamond, 1991: 76). It was this tempo of corrupt practices that besmeared the Third Republic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The rise of public administration and the discovery of petroleum and natural gas are two major events seen to have led to a litany of ignoble corrupt practices in the country. Over the years, the country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living conditions of the average human being. A Nigerian political leader, Obafemi Awolowo raised a salient issue when he said, since independence, our governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for the strongest and most cunning to milk, Under those circumstances everybody runs over everybody to make good at the expense of others. The pervasive corruption has been blamed on colonialism. According to this view, the nation’s colonial history may have restricted any early influence in an ethical revolution. Throughout the colonial period, most Nigerians were stuck in ignorance and poverty. The trappings of flash cars, houses and success of the colonists may influence the poor to see the colonist as symbols of success and to emulate the colonists in different political ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Involvement in the agenda of colonial rule may also inhibit idealism in the early stage of the nascent nation’s development. A view commonly held during the colonial days was that the colonists property (cars,houses,farms etc.) is not “our” property. Thus vandalism and looting of public property was not seen as a crime against society. This view is what has degenerated into the more recent disregard for public property and lack of public trust and concern for public goods as a collective national property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Petty corruption is reportedly widespread and surveys indicate that it is very hard to do business in Nigeria without having to pay facilitation payments to public officials. Companies should note that property rights, contracts and commercials disputes can be difficult to enforce and settle in Nigerian courts due to corruption, inefficiency and under-staffing. Tax administration lacks transparency that has led either to high levels of tax evasion or tax officials demanding bribes in return for lower tax rates. The police are perceived to be one of the most corrupt institutions in Nigeria, and X Squad, the disciplinary body responsible for investigating corruption inside the police is reportedly corrupt themselves as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Corruption in Nigeria is not a unique phenomenon. Its causes as well as its remedies are similar to those of other countries throughout the world. Although global experience has proven that the fight against corruption cannot be efficient or effective without the backing of relevant legal frameworks, experience has also proven that legal frameworks are not enough without strong political will and civil society participation. Various anti-corruption attempts by both military and civilian federal governments in Nigeria are a case in point. In dealing with the social virus of corruption almost total failure has resulted, illustrating the need to go beyond legal frameworks. As President Olusegun Obasanjo argues in his paper, \u201cNigeria: from pond of corruption to island of integrity,\u201d Nigeria, right from independence in 1960, has always had enough laws to address the problem of corruption in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n One of the pertinent issues in Nigeria today is the focus on one of the greatest impediment to good governance and sustainable development corruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In recent times, corruption has as an issue taken the front burner in development discourse worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Since 1996, the World Bank has supported more than six hundred (600) anti\u2013corruption programmes and governance initiative developed by its member countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Especially in 1999, the World Bank institute budgeted a whopping $7.5million to fight corruption (Polzer, 200:2; Tesh, 1991:1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ironically, the global financial body was embroiled in scandalous dealings that led to the removal of its chairman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This goes to show the obvious relevance corruption has to sustainable growth and development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The world\u2019s major religions in their holy books are concerned with the evil of corruption amongst the rich and powerful, and prescribed rules for punishing perpetrators and the wiping out of corrupt acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The Qu\u2019ran chapter 83, warmed believers against the fraudulent and corrupt practices of the Arabian society in the pre-Islamic era (Olurode, 2003:3). <\/p>\n\n\n\n The Holy Bible in proverbs (22:8, 11:20 and 13:11) (Olurode 2005:3) admonished the people about corruption and its consequences, promising perpetrators that they would be losers on judgment day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Accountability is typically weak in Nigeria because the county is ripe for corruption and rife with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The motivation to earn extra income is extremely strong, worsened by poverty and low and declining civil services salaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Thus, corruption has become a cankerworm in the political system, stifling it of its potential sustainable growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/strong>In spite of these efforts, the level of corruption is still of serious concern and remains the greatest challenge. Majority of Nigerians are yet to buy into the anti corruption programme of the Federal Government, particularly at the state and local government levels. Consequently, the negative consequences of the endemic corruption continue to impede development and threaten security of lives of the citizenry. Poverty, unemployment, insecurity of life and property and decaying infrastructure are the common features which are largely attributable to the high incidence of corruption which has reached an endemic level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. To evaluate transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. To examine political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo\u2019s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar\u2019Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. To know the latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. To review the dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5 To identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 1993-1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n To assess the effect of transparency international and corrupt practices on Nigeria\u2019s development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. To appraise the activities of the EFCC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 7. To ascertain if the EFCC has succeeded or failed in its quest to wipe out corruption in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The strategy (2011-2020) promotes a three phased approach with an initial focus on (1) strengthening the capacities of the dedicated anti-corruption and public accountability bodies, followed by (2) mainstreaming of anti-corruption and governance principles into the work of the MDAs and finally by (3) strengthening accountability, integrity and transparency at the State and local government levels, the private sector and the society at large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The implementation of the strategy is to be in three overlapping phases with some of the interventions at the three phases running concurrently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A strong monitoring and evaluation system is to be put into place with a view to ensuring that individual MDAs prioritise and fulfil their obligations under the strategy and that the public, the private sector and the international community are informed of and involved in the assessment of progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The strategy galvanises and reaffirms the unwavering commitment of the Federal Government of Nigeria in the fight against corruption by creating a single vision and a shared sense of purpose by those tasked to prevent and combat corruption on behalf of all Nigerians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n it help design and implement system for financial and administrative oversight of grants and project of the Americas Department (one country and multi-country) and provides administrative and logistical support to two senior programmed co-ordinators;<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. being the lead co-ordinator, including financial and administrative management and monitoring of activities and result of the grants provided to TI nations in the Americas through the TI Anti-corruption. Delivery change (AD:DC) global programmes; and<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Provide lead logistical supervision and co-ordination of key regional meetings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The works of Transparency International is around and demand in population; enterprises and politics. In order to arrange for example the annual corruption index of the countries questionnaires provided with questions how; Which sector are according to their opinion affected particularly by corruption? (with a valuation of 1 (corrupt free) to 5 (particularly corrupt) as strongly their life is affected by corruption? (with valuation scale 1 (not at all) totally).<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.What are the transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. How one examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo\u2019s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar\u2019Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. What are the latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. What are the dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. Is possible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 1993-1998?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6. What are the effects of transparency international and corrupt practices on Nigeria\u2019s development?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: There is no significant relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: There is a significant relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: One cannot examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo\u2019s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar\u2019Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: One can examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo\u2019s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar\u2019Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: There is no latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: There is a latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: There are no dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: There are dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: It is impossible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 1993-1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: It is impossible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 1993-1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n This study is centered on transparency international and the challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria 1993-1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n i. TIME<\/strong>: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ii. FINANCE:<\/strong> Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it\u2019s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS:<\/strong> Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. The members of transparency international find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Transparency international<\/strong>: Transparency international, briefly (TI), is a non-governmental organsiation with seat, acting world-wide, in Berlin which engages itself in national and international people and economical corruption fight and raising the awareness of it. This includes, but not limited to political corruption, it publishes yearly its corruption perception index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Corruption is a social problem that has interested many scholars. Ruzindana (1999) asserts that corruption in Africa is a problem of routine deviation from established standards and norms by public officials and parties with whom they interact. He also identifisd the types of corruption in Africa as bribery, private gain, and other benefits to non-existent workers and pensioners (called ghost workers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Crime; <\/strong>Is simply defined as offence for which there is severe punishment by law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B & C; <\/strong>Corruption and mismanagement<\/p>\n\n\n\n WAIC<\/strong> War Against Indiscipline & Corr<\/p>\n\n\n\n HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 08068231953 or 08168759420<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n (1) Your project topics<\/p>\n\n\n\n (2) Email Address<\/p>\n\n\n\n (3) Payment Name<\/p>\n\n\n\n (4) Teller Number<\/p>\n\n\n\n We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert<\/p>\n\n\n\n BANK ACCOUNTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Number: 0046579864<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bank: GTBank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n OR<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Number: 3139283609<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bank: FIRST BANK<\/p>\n\n\n\n FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 08068231953 or 08168759420<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n AFFILIATE LINKS:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n myeasyproject.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectmaterials.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectmaterials.net.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectmaterial.net.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectmaterials.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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