ATTENTION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n INFORMATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION HAZARD AWARENESS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n CHAPTER ONE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Radiation is all around us, it is naturally present in our environment and has been since the birth of this planet. Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a medium or space. There two classes of radiation, ionizing and non ionizing radiation. Ionizing Radiation is defined as a radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom in the medium through which it passes. As a matter of convention, ionizing radiation is classified as photons(X rays and gamma rays) or particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles and beta particles). When ionizing radiation passes through matter, it may interact with whole atom electrons, nuclei or nucleons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n This interaction process in general is often described as collision. In this case of practical interest, the interaction results in the full transfer of energy of the incident radiation to electrons or nuclei of the constituent atoms or to charged particle products of nuclear reactions. The major sources of ionizing radiation that were available until 1930s were naturally occurring radioactive substance and low energy X-ray. But today, ionizing radiation can be produced from particle accelerations (Shalak and Chien, 1986) and is present in the environment, it is invisible and not directly detectable by human senses, so instrument such as Geiger counters are usually required to detect its presence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to World Health Organization, there are about 250 million cases of work-related injuries per year worldwide.1 One of the jobs that contribute to these occupational injuries is non-industrial welding, especially in developing countries including Nigeria. Primary school teachers cut and join metal parts using flame, electric arc or other sources of heat. There are three main classes of welding, namely, arc, oxyacetylenefuel<\/p>\n\n\n\n and robotic welding. Some of the hazards of this occupation include ultraviolet (UV) and infrared radiation (IR) exposure, fumes and particulate generation, thermal burns, occupational heat stress, exposure to electromagnetic fields, and electrocution.2 Similarly, the excessive lighting (glare) and exposure to UV radiation may lead to `arc eye’ or `flash burn’ injuries to the cornea, photokeratosis and double vision and consequent retinal damage.2,3 Primary school teachers are also exposed to noxious metal fumes<\/p>\n\n\n\n containing a cocktail of metals like zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, platinum, and their oxides leading to various respiratory dysfunctions and influenza-like condition called metal fume fever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Employment of safety measures and practices among primary school teachers are important ways of preventing or reducing the levels of health hazards associated with the occupation. While adherence to these precautions is nearly universal in the developed world, little is known about the situation in developing world including Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In metropolitan Kaduna, the former administrative capital of northern Nigeria, primary school teachers are usually located around mechanic workshops, motor spare-parts markets and along major highways where they establish privately owned small-scale workshops. This group has no organized occupational health service and their adherence to safety measures is unknown. We, therefore assessed the level of awareness of these hazards among primary school teachers in Kaduna metropolis and the safety measures and practices they adopt to safeguard their health, with a view to making recommendations on ways of ameliorating the effect of the hazards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Primary school teachers are often exposed to potential workplace hazards that can be injurious to their health especially when exposure is on a regular and cumulative basis. The excessive high temperature generated by the hot oxyacetylene flame or the electric current may lead to burns and electric shocks2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Injuries such as lacerations and cuts by sharp or pointed metal panes, from high velocity particles and occasional explosions of the oxyacetylene gas tanks may also occur2. The excessive lighting (glare) and exposure to ultra violet radiation may lead to \u2018arc eye\u2019 or \u2018flash burn\u2019 injuries to the cornea, photokeratosis and double vision and consequent retinal damage. Hearing impairment may result from exposure to high noise level produced by the welding machine. Primary school teachers are also exposed to noxious metal fumes containing a cocktail of metals like zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, platinum, and their oxides leading to various respiratory dysfunctions and to the influenza-like condition known as metal fume feve. There have been reports of carcinogenic and mutagenic effects due to chronic exposure to welding fumes in animals<\/p>\n\n\n\n that may be extrapolated to man.8-10. Other organs, which may be affected by welding fumes, include the kidneys and the reproductive organs leading to reduction in sperm count and fecundity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Welding offers employment to various individuals in Benin City, Nigeria. The primary school teachers are usually located around mechanic workshops, motor spare-parts markets and along major highways where they establish privately owned small-scale workshops with about primary school teachers per workshop. They have no form of organised occupational health service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Employment of safety measures and practices among primary school teachers are important ways of preventing or reducing the levels of health hazards associated with the occupation. It is therefore pertinent to assess the level of awareness of these hazards among primary school teachers and the safety measures and practices they adopt to safeguard their health, with a view<\/p>\n\n\n\n to making recommendations on ways of ameliorating the effect of the hazards.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. To find out how much, the primary school teachers knew about radiation hazard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. To know if they actually practice radiation protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. To identify the basic principle of radiation protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. To assess the knowledge and awareness of radiation among primary school teachers in Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. To examine the extent of eye protection practices and symptoms among primary school teachers in the Nigeria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. How much does primary school teachers knew about radiation hazard?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Does primary school teachers actually practice radiation protection?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. What are the basic principle of radiation protection?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Do welder in Nigeria have full knowledge and awareness of radiation practice?<\/p>\n\n\n\n 5. To what extent does primary school teachers practice eye protection practices?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOYTHESES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n H0: Primary school teachers have no knowledge about radiation hazard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H1: Primary school teachers have full knowledge about radiation hazard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.6 SIGNFICANCE OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n This study will help to create awareness about Radiation protection to general public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ii). Also help to prompt the personnel about the effects of ionizing radiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Also help reinforce existing knowledge to the primary school teachers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n This scope of this research work is a study of radiation protection awareness in non-primary school teachers. 1.8<\/strong> LIMITATION OF THE STUDY<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n i. Time<\/strong>: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n ii. Finance:<\/strong> Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it\u2019s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n iii. Information Constraints:<\/strong> Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. People find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy. Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Radiation: <\/strong>Radiation is a component of man\u2019s physical environment, and is broadly classified into ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ionizing Radiation<\/strong>: Ionizing Radiation is defined as a radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom in the medium through which it passes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERICAL(S)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 08068231953 or 08168759420<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n (1) Your project topics<\/p>\n\n\n\n (2) Email Address<\/p>\n\n\n\n (3) Payment Name<\/p>\n\n\n\n (4) Teller Number<\/p>\n\n\n\n We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert<\/p>\n\n\n\n BANK ACCOUNTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Number: 0046579864<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bank: GTBank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n OR<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI<\/p>\n\n\n\n Account Number: 3139283609<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bank: FIRST BANK<\/p>\n\n\n\n FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 08068231953 or 08168759420<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n AFFILIATE LINKS:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectmaterials.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n easyprojectmaterials.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/graduateprojects.com.ng\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/freshprojects.com.ng\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/info247.com.ng\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectgtaduates.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectmarket.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectschool.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectstudent.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectshop.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectstores.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectarena.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n projectbases.com.ng<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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