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THE IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURAL FINANCING (A CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM STATE)
ABSTRACT
The analysis shows the effect of administrative/ management lags and lapses in the implementation of infrastructural policies. Consequently, there was a lag in the budgeting of funds for projects, inadequate planning and poor government attention on ongoing projects that lead to their abandonment by contractors.Part of developments in any country, state or local government, is widely held to be infrastructural. Infrastructural development, in a simplistic sense connotes the increase improvement in industries and production processes leading to greater output of goods and services as well as the welfare of the citizenry. A total of three (3) questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis, using sample mode, percentage and frequency count to deduce the information needed.
Emphasis was equally given to the numerous achievement of the government under-discuss. They include, the Ibom air port project, independence power plant, Amakpe refinery, resources petroleum refinery, educational infrastructures, roads, transportation etc. recommendation were given that, in order to curtail the lag and lapses, government should make adequate budgeting, give 100% attention to ongoing project and over all prudent management of policies adopted.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY)
Part of developments in any country is widely held to be infrastructural. Infrastructural development, in a simplistic sense connotes the increase and improvement in industries and production processes leading to greater output of goods and services as well as the welfare of the entire citizenry.
In Akwa Ibom infrastructural development has taken a central place in the various development plans or programmes with the ultimate goal of breaking the vicious circle of poverty and under development.
Inspite of the lofty development plans, which focused on infrastructural development in Akwa Ibom State, the state is still lagging behind when compared with some of its contemporaries in the league of states in Nigeria.
With the burst in oil revenues and other rest natural resources, Akwa Ibom was viewed to have reached the turning point and set forth in the path to economic growth and industrial development.
Contrary to expectation, Akwa Ibom is apparently lagging behind its aforementioned contemporaries. There seems to be some missing links in the path to infrastructural development attempts have been made to explain the rather paradox; one key factor seems to the recurring and to which the backwardness in our infrastructural development have been attributed to. This of course is due to lack of sufficient capital.
Infrastructural development involves massive and intensive Investment in Capital Stock i.e. Stock of productive assets. Since these represent long-term investment, it is thus expedient to source for the appropriate finance to meet the nature of investments financial institutions like banks are saddled with the important role of financial intermediation by mobilizing and channeling fund towards productive capacity generation and expansion.
Between 1987, when the state was created and 1999, Akwa Ibom has witnessed an exponential increase in the numbers of banks (commercial and merchant).
Naturally, the same burst was expected in the level of savings and amount of loanable funds available for investment in the industrial sector that world take the economy out of the doldrums it would be an over-simplistification to assume an equal proportional relationship between the numbers of banks and availability of loan able funds for infrastructural investment.
To what extent have Bank been able to fulfill this all important role? It is widely held that banks in Nigeria have not performed adequately well in providing finances for infrastructural development. The banking sector is narrow and lack the depth that are critical in improving infrastructure and creating the conditions that are congenial for private sector participation in the infrastructural and industrial development processes. Akwa Ibom State Government, under the leadership of Obong Victor Attah, was able to establish a number of development strides to aid infrastructural development one of such stride was the establishment of investment and industrial promotion council tagged AKIIPOC. The Akwa Ibom investment and industrial promotion council, AKIIPOC is a statutory body established by an act of parliament of Akwa Ibom state house of Assembly
Owing to lack of adequate socio, economic facilities in Akwa Ibom State, it became imperative that in order for the state to undergo social and commercial transformation, the establishment of AKIIPOC was necessity.
1.2 AKWA IBOM STATE MAP
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Akwa Ibom State, with the population of 3.4 million people was created in 1987. Like every other state, Akwa Ibom faces numerous infrastructural challenges. Its unique set of challenges can therefore incorporate: very low per capital income, absolute poverty, inadequate infrastructural facilities, including water supply, unemployment, Urbanization poorly equipped laboratories and libraries and shortages of health services institutions. It is this sort of negative situation inspite of abundant natural and human resources that has warrant the investigation of the ways and means of financing the infrastructural facilities particularly in the state.
Adequate infrastructural facilities are necessary for the overall development of every sector of the economy. In the wake of liberalization and globalization. Its presence and importance for the proper growth of small and medium enterprises cannot be underestimated inspite of all this, the small and medium scale enterprises are constantly facing the problem of infrastructural bottlenecks, which restrict their day-to-day business operations as well as their future growth prospects infrastructure needed by entrepreneurs includes all kinds of transportation facilities like railways, waterways, roads and airways. Lack of any of these can cause serious damages to the firm’s value chain process, that is to the production consumption and distribution of the product of small and medium entrepreneurs, who already face problems of lack of finance, inadequate marketing facilities, technical obsolescence etc some of the major problems face by small scale entrepreneurs are: inadequate infrastructural facilities create the problem of acute shortage of basic raw materials, especially those that are scarce and needed to be imported from distance place, needed by small and medium scale entrepreneur or enterprises. Small and medium enterprises in Akwa Ibom state finds it difficult to distribute their product to the markets located at far off places because of incomplete construction or non-existence of basic roads. Lack of proper airways and waterways facilities also restrict the growth prospect of those medium/ small scale firms whose target market are located abroad. Shortage of power supply, due to which they are unable to make full utilization of plant capacity. Most of them find it difficult to install their own power generating plants. Hence, small medium scale entrepreneur continued to face the problem of infrastructure bottlenecks in terms of presence of inadequate transportation facilities, lack of funds etc
Looking at the state of infrastructure today, there is the need to querry on the level of tax compliance by business and individuals. To this end, not a few tax experts are of the view that the only way to give back to businesses is by improving the state of infrastructure which will help their business grow, because an improve infrastructure system reduces firm operational cost which then improve or increases profit margin. Without doubt the need for improve infrastructure cannot be over emphasized. For instance, non utilization of tax proceeds contributes to losses entrepreneurs face in their businesses resulting from poor infrastructure. Ordinarily investors and manufactures are supposed to leverage on the services provided by government to facilitate their operations.
1.4 OBJECTIVES (PURPOSE OF THE STUDY) THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO:
find out the problem of financing infrastructural facilities in Akwa Ibom State.
Examine the sources of revenue that could be channeled to the provision of infrastructural facilities in the state.
iii. Highlight the priority areas of infrastructural facilities in the face of scarce resource and
Find out the ways and means of minimizing the problem of financing infrastructural facilities.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This sections tends to limit itself to the methods and instrument of financing infrastructural facilities in Akwa Ibom State only. On this note, I would get the financial data from the budget department, ministry of finance and project monitoring department and evaluation department of the ministry of economic department for presentation and analysis.
Inadequate time and money and the period to submit the research project are the limiting factor to this research work, otherwise the investigation would extend to other government agencies and local governments for even more details analysis of wider information.
METHOD OF THE STUDY
The method of the study is concerned with gathering of information from both primary and secondary data for analysis. Use of research question is to be considered as well as questionnaires which the researcher would send to respondents in the designated department.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What were the problems involved in financing the constructions of roads and bridges and other infrastructural facilities?
What were the flows/lapses in the implementation of infrastructural policies by the government?
iii. What were the sources of revenue channeled to capital projects?
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work would stand as a reference document to subsequent Akwa Ibom state Government. Furthermore, this work would be a source of secondary data to persons who would wish to go into research work, particularly, student of business and financial studies in the polytechnics and even universities. The study would further be of importance to those in private and public administration.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TEAMS
Infrastructure: The basic system and services which are necessary for a country or an organization
APiico: Akwa Ibom investment and industrial promotion council.
Analysis: The detailed study or examination of something in other to understand more about it or a careful examination of substance in order to find out more about it
Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advance, stronger etc.
Financing: The process of giving money to run a business or project.
Banks: organization that provides various financial services for example keeping or lending of money
Government: The group of people that are responsible for controlling a country or a state.
Globalization: The process for example a company, operate all around the world.
Liberation: To free a person or country from the control of something or control of somebody else.
1.10 ORGANIZATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study will be discussed in five (5) chapters with a view of exploring the entire curriculum of the subject matter.
Chapter one will establish the general over view of the subject matter which contains, the background of the study, statement of the problem purpose of the study, research question significance of the study, organization of the study and definition of terms.
Chapter two (2) will review the related life nature with a quest of knowing the general trend of financing infrastructural facilities in Akwa Ibom State.
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THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM ON THE GROWTH OF SMES IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
A great number of organizations around the globe are currently utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT), not only for cutting costs and improving efficiency, but also for providing better customer services (Irefin, Abdul-Azeez & Tijani, 2012). Also governments all over the world are adopting ICT to provide better services to their citizens. The adoption of ICT by organizations requires a business environment that encourages open competition, trust and security, interoperability, and standardization and the availability of finance for ICT (UNCTAD, 2004). The effective use of ICT remains at central stage in facilitating the change and growth of enterprises. Many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) consider the creative use of ICT as a key enabler to their development (Dixon, Cambridge, Carl & Andrew 2002).
However, as the global economy became increasingly reliant on ICT to receive, process, and send out information, the small businesses within the developing countries (which form a significant portion of their developing economies) have yet to reap these benefits evenly. This is because obtaining such opportunities rests largely upon the ability of SMEs to engage in the regional and global economic business networks which, in turn demand provision of a prerequisite level of access to and use of ICT (Dixon et al, 2002). Unless these prerequisites are in place, these SMEs are set to lose out on opportunities to integrate into the global supply chain, bid for outsourcing businesses, and increase their internal productivity and efficiency.
Irefin et al (2012) made it known that the definition of small-scale enterprises (SSEs) in Nigeria has changed over the years not only in consonance with the changing fortune of the country but also in accordance with the diversity of the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) supporting institutions in the country. Prior to 1992, different institutions in Nigeria adopted varying definitions of small enterprises. However, in 1992, the issues of conflicting definition was resolved with the establishment of National Council on Industry, which is now policy making organ on all matters relating to industry in Nigeria. Among the conceptual issue that was resolved is whether Small-Scale Industry definition should include all economic activities such as trading, buying and selling or whether it should be restricted to productive industrial activities especially manufacturing. Accordingly, a clear distinction was made between small-scale enterprises consisting of trading, buying and selling activities and small-scale industries engaged in manufacturing industry.
The usage of IT in SMEs, engine economic performance, and reduce unemployment rate, IT is having a significant impact in sector of small and medium size Enterprises(SMEs), especially where industries are in decline or when unemployment levels are high (Namani, 2009). Onu et al., (2014) indicate that economic literature shows that IT are important driver of productivity and growth. IT have shown a pick up growth on labour productivity from 1.5 percent to 2.4 percent, which has increased the economic performance and national income (Oliner and Sichel, 2002). Polland (2006) claims that SMEs would need high quality IT and must always provide superior value product better than competitor, when it comes to quality, price and service. Using of IT by SMEs enhance expansion and enable small and medium enterprises to compete with multinational enterprises. In a technological environment enterprise (Multinational, and SMEs) make efficiently and effectively utilize economical resources by producing standard technology goods and services, transform human effort and economic resources to produce the market needs.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
While ICT can benefit SME in multiple ways, SMEs within the developing countries such as Nigeria, have been slow to adopt ICT as they face major constraints such as poor telecommunication infrastructure, limited ICT literacy, inability to integrate ICT into business processes, high costs of ICT equipment, incomplete government regulations for ecommerce, and a poor understanding of the dynamics of the knowledge economy (Lucey, 2005). However, Okwuonu, (2013) asserts that many SME operators are unfamiliar with operating a computer and become sceptical of the benefits and value its gives to the business and have the notion that ICT is only for larger companies even when they have the will and financial resources to integrate ICT into their core businesses. SME operators are often at a loss when the need arises to choose the most appropriate and cost efficient product. Most Nigerians could not participate in the international markets from the comfort of their offices and rooms due to erratic supply of electricity, dearth of adequate ICT facilities and the enabling environment that supports e-business. Low participation in internal market means low transactions and contribution to the global economy but with the use of ICT, weak players in the economy can be empowered by providing them with information, communication and knowledge they could not access before. This enhances the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and can enable them establish their presence on the internet and use it to communicate with suppliers and customers, to search for business information and to advertise their products (Okwuonu, 2013).
1.3 Research Questions
Based on the problems indicated, the following research questions were raised.
a) What is the relationship between information technology system and the profitability of SMEs in Kwara?
b) What are the major constraints to adopting information technology systems by SMEs in Kwara?
c) What is the effect of information technology system on the growth of SMEs in Kwara state?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study is to examine the effect of information technology system on the growth of SMEs in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives to:
a) Evaluate the relationship that exist between information technology and the profitability of SMEs in Kwara state.
b) Examine the major constraints of information technology adoption by SMEs in Kwara state.
c) Determine the effect of information technology system on the growth of SMEs in Kwara state.
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study
Based on the research questions and objectives above, the following hypotheses were formulated.
i. H0: There is no significant relationship between information technology system and the profitability of SMEs in Kwara state.
ii. H0: SMEs in Kwara state are not faced with any constraints in the adoption of information technology system.
iii. H0: There is no significant relationship of information technology system on the growth of SMEs in Kwara state.
1.6 Justification for the Study
Quite a number of researches have been carried out related to this study such as Adewole and Akanbi (2004) in which they examined the role of information and communication technology investment on the profitability of small medium scale industries – a case of sachet water companies in Oyo state, Nigeria. Similarly, Rufai (2014) studied the impact of communication technologies on the performance of SMEs in a developing economy, a case study of Nigerian SMEs. However, this research is distinct from various similar researches such that it examines the impact of ICT on growth of small and medium enterprises. This research tends to be very beneficial to small and medium enterprises, stakeholders in the country, Nigeria economy as a whole and also adds to the existing literature concerning this topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
Due to financial constraints, time and mostly academic workload, this research will not be able to cover the entirety of SMEs in Nigeria. Hence, this study deals with SMEs operating in Kwara state only within the last five years. The Ministry of Industry and Solid Minerals Development (2015) put the registered number of SMEs operating in the state at 207 in various sectors ranging from manufacturing, food processing, pharmaceutical, poultry, animal rearing and fabricators.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs): The Central Bank of Nigeria defined Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in according to asset base and in number of staff employed. The criteria are an asset base of ₦5Million and ₦500Million and a staff strength base of 20 to 300 employees.
Business Growth: This is the process of improving some measure of an enterprise’s success. Business growth can be achieved either by boosting the top line or revenue of the business with greater product sales or service income, or by increasing the bottom line or profitability of the operation by minimizing costs.
Information and Communications Technology (ICT): This is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing radio, television, phones, computer hardware and software satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. ICTs are often spoken in a particular context such as ICTs in SMEs, ICTs in Health care or libraries and so on.
1.9 Plan of the Study
To ensure orderliness of the study, the plan of the study was carried out and reported chronologically, in five chapters. Chapter one which is the introduction to the study provided the background to the study, statement of the problem, research questions, justification for the study, objectives of the study, hypothesis of the study, scope of the study, definition and terms and plan of the study. The second chapter contained the review of relevant literatures while the research methodology is presented in the third chapter and it included the research design, population of the study, sampling techniques, method of data collection and methods of data analysis. The fourth chapter contained the data presentation analysis and discussion of result obtained from the field survey. Chapter five covers the summary, conclusions and recommendations.
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Tags: THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM ON THE GROWTH OF SMES IN NIGERIA
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ASSESSMENT OF THE CHALLENGES FACING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ACCESSING FOREIGN EXCHANGE IN NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED ELECTRONICS DEALERS IN ALABA INT’L MARKET, LAGOS, NIGERIA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The desire to build a strong economy is the desire of every patriotic citizen in Nigeria. This desire is illustrated via high productivity in the part of citizens in Nigeria and, the ability of the government to diversify the economy to earn more foreign exchange.
Over the years, the discovery of oil in Nigeria has been argued to be a curse rather than a blessing. This assertion is gotten from the fact that oil still remains Nigeria’s biggest income earner, as it accounts for over 80% of export earnings.
The drop in oil prices has left nations like Nigeria who run an oil based economy with undiversified economies in economic crises. This challenge brought about by exchange rate fluctuations is eventually causing too much pressure on the Naira. This has affected the demand and supply of the US Dollar and other major currencies, as scarcity is inevitable. The demand for foreign exchange by businesses surpass the supply of the currency, thereby causing scarcity, inflation and some business closing shops due to their in-ability to get foreign exchange to import. The government of the day in Nigeria usually relies on foreign exchange reserve generated from crude oil to manage excessive volatility in exchange rate and recently crude oil prices have dropped drastically. This has tremendous implication for foreign exchange earnings. The capacity of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to fund foreign exchange market has being called to question. Low level of foreign exchange reserve induces free movement of exchange rate. Issues are also on the rise on the demand side. There has being a high demand for foreign exchange in the last five (5) years as a result of factors like, heavy dependence on imported finish products, the industrial sector’s dependence on imported raw materials with other inputs, reversal of capital flow by investors and high speculative demand which has caused uncertainty in the foreign exchange market (CBN report, August 2013). Therefore, the increased foreign exchange demand in the face of unstable supply is leading to volatility in exchange rate.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Small and medium scale enterprises are the backbone of any economy. The in-ability of the government to create a favourable and enabling environment for SMEs to do business can result in an economic meltdown.
Nigeria as an import dependent nation relies greatly on goods and services from other countries. Since the sharp fall in oil prices, foreign exchange accessibility has been a problem to SMEs in Nigeria, as major currencies such as the US Dollar and British pond are getting scarce due to increased demand for them. The foreign reserve of Nigeria has been greatly affected by the decline in oil revenue, thereby forcing the Central bank of Nigeria to devalue the naira and allow for a flexible exchange rate. This policies are made to save the country from the adverse effects of the decline in oil revenue to the country.
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Below are the objectives that would guide this research work;
To access the dependency level of SMEs on foreign goods and services.
To determine the main cause of foreign exchanges scarcity and effect on the Nigerian economy.
To examine the consequences of SMEs over dependency on foreign goods and services on the economy.
To examine possible options of overcoming the current foreign exchange crises for importers.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How dependent are SMEs in Nigeria on foreign goods and services?
What are the factors responsible for foreign exchange scarcity in Nigeria?
What options are available to counter the challenges posed by security of foreign exchange to importers in Nigeria?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Ho: SMEs in Nigeria are dependent on foreign goods and services.
Ho: Dollar scarcity has crippled the operations of SMEs in Nigeria.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is significant as it would add to existing literature on the challenges in accessing forex and how it affects small and medium scale enterprises and the economic growth of Nigeria. It will serve as a guide to further research, academic work and as a self-help study material for those who might wish to firsthand knowledge about foreign exchange and SMEs.
It is also hoped that Nigeria policy makers will find it’s a helpful material in the formulation and implementation of policies on foreign exchange and how it facilities growth in Nigeria.
1.8 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study covers the challenges SMEs face in accessing FOREX in Nigeria, using responses from selected electronic dealers in Alaba International Market in Lagos state as a case study.
Every research study comes with a constraint. For the purpose of achieving stated objectives for the study, the researcher confronted both financial and time constraints. Funds to print and distribute questions coupled with tight lecture schedules were the limitations for the study.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
SME: Small and Medium Scale Enterprise.
Naira: The Currency of Nigeria.
Devaluation: Devaluation on modern monetary policy is a reduction in the value of a currency with respect to those goods, services or other monetary units with which that currency can be exchanged.
Forex: Foreign Exchange
Exchange rate: an exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.
Import: An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source
Export: The term export means shipping the goods and services out of the port of a country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an “exporter” and is based in the country of export whereas the overseas based buyer is referred to as an “importer
Balance of Payment: The balance of payments (BOP) of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year).
CBN: Central Bank of Nigeria
E-Commerce: Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or e-Commerce, is trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet.
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Tags: ASSESSMENT OF THE CHALLENGES FACING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ACCESSING FOREIGN EXCHANGE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED ELECTRONICS DEALERS IN ALABA INT’L MARKET, LAGOS), NIGERIA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The school environment, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops, laboratories, teachers’ quality, school management, teaching methods, peers, etc are variables that affect students’ academic achievement (Ajayi, 2001 and Oluchukwu, 2000). Hence, the school environment remains an important area that should be studied and well managed to enhance students’ academic performance.
The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria has been of much concern to the government, parents, teachers and even student themselves. The quality of education not only depends on the teachers as reflected in the performance of their duties, but also in the effective coordination of the school environment (Ajao 2001)
School environment which include instructional spaces planning, administrative places planning, circulation spaces planning, spaces for conveniences planning, accessories planning, the teachers as well as the students themselves are essential in teaching-learning process. The extent to which student learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and accessories. It is believed that a well planned school will gear up expected outcomes of education that will facilitate good social, political and economic emancipation, effective teaching and learning process and academic performance of the students.
Relating this study to international occurrences are the assertions of Williams, Persaud, and Turner (2008), quoting Marsden (2005), which reported that safe and orderly classroom environment (aspect of instructional space), School facilities (accessories) were significantly related to students’ academic performance in schools. The three researchers, also quoted Glassman (1994), asserting that a comfortable and caring environment among other treatments helped to contribute to students` academic performance.
The physical characteristics of the school have a variety of effects on teachers, students, and the learning process. Poor lighting, noise, high levels of carbon dioxide in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures make teaching and learning difficult. Poor maintenance and ineffective ventilation systems lead to poor health among students as well as teachers, which leads to poor performance and higher absentee rates (Frazier, 2002 Lyons, 2001; and Ostendorf, 2001). These factors can adversely affect student behavior and lead to higher levels of frustration among teachers, and poor learning attitude among student.
Beyond the direct effects that poor facilities have on students’ ability to learn, the combination of poor facilities, which create an uncomfortable and uninviting workplace for teachers, combined with frustrating behavior by students including poor concentration and hyperactivity, lethargy, or apathy, creates a stressful set of working conditions for teachers. Because stress and job dissatisfaction are common pre-cursors to lowered teacher enthusiasm, it is possible that the aforementioned characteristics of school facilities have an effect upon the academic performance of students.
Previous studies have investigated the relationship of poor school environment including problems with student-teacher ratio, school location, school population, classroom ventilation, poor lighting in classrooms, and inconsistent temperatures in the classroom with student health problems, student behavior, and student achievement (Crandell & Smaldino, 2000; Davis, 2001; Johnson, 2001; Lyons, 2001;Moore, 2002; Stricherz, 2000; Tanner, 2000). To complement these studies, the present research will examine the aforementioned areas of school environment as it affect students performance in Nigerian schools.
Statement of the Problem
Emphasizing the importance of school environment to students academic performance, Oluchukwu, (2000) asserted school environment is an essential aspect of educational planning, he went further to explain that “unless schools are well suited, buildings adequately constructed and equipment adequately utilized and maintained, much teaching and learning may not take place.
The high levels of students’ academic performance may not be guaranteed where instructional space such as classrooms, libraries, technical workshops and laboratories are structurally defective. However, little is known on the impact of school environment on students’ academic performance in an urban city like Lagos State.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The purposes of this study are:
i. To examine the relationship between school environment and the student academic performance
ii. To examine the impact of school facilities on the academic performance of students in the secondary school
iii. To explore factors such as class size that have been perceived to promote or inhibit students learning in the academic process of students in secondary school
iv. To investigate the extent to which school location affects the academic achievement of secondary school students.
1.4 Research Questions
i. Is there any relationship between school environment and the student academic performance?
ii. To what extent do school facilities affect student performance in secondary school?
iii. What effect does class size has on the academic performance of students in secondary school?
iv. To what extent does school location has on the achievement of secondary school students?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Ho1 There is no significant difference between school environment and the student academic performance
Ho2 There is no significant difference between school facilities and academic performance of students
Ho3 There is no significant difference between class size and academic performance of students
Ho4 There is no significant difference between school location and academic performance of students
1.6 Significance of the Study
It is hoped that this study will provide information for parents, educators and school administrators to reflect upon various factors that help students in achieving their academic goals. In so doing, they can investigate the possibility of introducing those factors to their school, which may consequently lead to enhancing students’ educational outcomes in school. In addition, the fact that this study is conducted in public schools, it shares quite a lot of similarities with many other counterparts. In this connection, this study provides a valuable reference for other schools to reflect upon the school environment as it affect the academic performance of student in secondary school.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This research work focuses on influence of school environment on academic performance of secondary school students in some selected schools in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State. This research work covers all public secondary schools students in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State. However, four public secondary schools will be used as case study.
1.8 Limitation of the Study
Apart from time-frame and shortage of finance, the major limitation to this research is the inability of the researcher to cover the whole public secondary school in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State as the title suggest.
1.9 Research Methodology
A descriptive research design will be use in carrying out this study. The sample for this study constitutes one hundred (100) respondents. For this research work, random sampling technique will be used. This study will be restricted to the categories of students the researcher considered essentially relevant to issues being investigated. Simple percentage statistical analysis will be used for the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
School: A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or “pupils”) under the direction of teachers
School Environment: A school’s physical environment includes the school building and the surrounding.
Academic Achievement – Knowledge attained or skills developed in school subjects by test scores.
Secondary school (also”high school”)is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place. It follows elementary or primary education, and may be followed by university (tertiary) education.
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Tags: THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ABSTRACT
This work discusses socio-economic factors and its importance on small scale enterprises in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among people from selected states in Nigeria
. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that socio-economic factors such as government policies, venture capitalists, entrepreneurial training programs, availability of a large pool of human resources have a strong and significant impact on small scale enterprises in Nigeria
.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Tags: SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ITS IMPORTANCE ON SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This work discusses socio-economic factors and its importance on small scale enterprises in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among people from selected states in Nigeria
. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that socio-economic factors such as government policies, venture capitalists, entrepreneurial training programs, availability of a large pool of human resources have a strong and significant impact on small scale enterprises in Nigeria
.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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OR
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Bank: UBA.
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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
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Tags: SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ITS IMPORTANCE ON SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This research embarked upon to gain in sight into growth of indigenous firms in Nigerian. This is specifically an attempt to investigate the impact of indigenous firms around other the objectives are not only to acquaint equitable growth for indigenous firms but also to check the problems and prospects and to equally high right its relevance around indigenous firms. Review of related literature and theoretical framework also is arranged in a logical sequence for the propose of this study, data was gathered from Primary and Secondary sources, his data was analyzed using simple percentage and chi square the researcher also found out that the growth of indigenous firms also affects the scope – economic. It is clear to note that indigenous firms have created impact on the country economic through export promotion financial institution and industrialization development strategies. Finally, the summary of findings conclusions and recommendations were not left our are expected to service as basis for future researchers.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background of the subject matter
1.2 Problem Associated with the subject matter
1.3 Problem’s that the study will be concerned with
1.4 The important of studying the area
1.5 Definition of important terms
1.6 Reference
CHAPTER TWO
2 Literature Review
2.1 The origin of the subject Area
2.2 School of thought writing the subject Area
2.3 The school of thought relevant to the problem of the study.
2.4 Different methods of studying the problem
2.5 Summary
2.6 References
CHAPTER THREE
3 Conclusion
3.1 Data Presentation High lights of the study
3.2 Analysis of the data
3.3 Recommendation
3.4 Conclusion
3.5 References.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACK GROUND TO THE SUBJECT MATTER
One of the major economic backwardness of the most third world countries like Nigerian is the over prolonged sojourn of private foreign investment in them the predatory, exploitative orientation and activities of foreign monopoly capital, it inherent tendency to resist and hamper local industrialization and to perpetuate mercantile capitalism and its determination and deliberate efforts to retard the growth of indigenous entire partnership all this have heavily influenced Nigeria economic history for well over a country.
This foreign dominance of commercial activities in Nigeria was made possible by restrictive practices employed by the established merchant firms. It is important to note that commercial banking is a major source of credit (capital) was solely owned and controlled by foreign elements their policies were made to wards satisfying the needs of foreign enterprise, indigenous enterprisers merely subjected on the crumbs that fell on the table (Ezeigwe J.O) Nigerian government in the 1950s operated mainly an open door policy which attempted to lure foreign investors into the country.
After the civil war, experiences showed that the issue of indigenous participation in the Nigerian economy once can be re-opened the dubious roles played by foreign investor at various stages of the civil war and the acute shortage of essential commodities at the same period and the spiraling inflationary trend that followed post war reconstruction and reliabitation programmers had contributed to inform the government that there was the necessity to allow the indigenes of Nigerian and government a hand in deciding their economic tune. The government was further persuaded by radical agitation of the politicians and the masses to do something about their economic difficulties.
With these presumes and economic difficulties mounting higher and higher, the government decided to whittle down foreign dominance of the economy. On 23rd February 1972, the Military Government Promulgated the Nigerian Enterprise Promotion Decree N0 4 of 1977 popularly known as the indidenisation decree the following were the objectives.
(a) To create opportunity for our people
(b) To raise the proportion of indigenous firms and ownership of the productive sectors of the economy.
(c) To maximize local retention of profit.
(d) To involve more Nigerians in the man dent of and decision making process of business enterprise all an effort to enhance indigenous growth of Nigerian Firms.
1.2 PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER
A number of problems have been identified as being responsible for the backwardness and retardation in the general growth of Nigerian indigenous firms the persistent set back in the growth of the indigenous firms have been assumed to center on the followings inequality of capital, poor technological man power deficiency, mass illiteracy, management incapability and marketing in competency (National) and internationally) etc. there are many move that form the core problems of the growth of our indigenous firms.
It is the intention of the researcher therefore to take a critical examination of the internal and external factors affecting the growth of our indigenous firms.
There is a general contention that the rate of growth of our indigenous firms, especially since the pushing aside of the aliens, has been show. This statement in the growth of indigenous firms in Nigerian. Problems and prospects will be misestimated and possible recommendation given as to the solutions.
1.3 PROBLEM (S) THAT THE STUDY WILL BE CONCERNED WITH
The prime objective of this research is let the prospective indigerious entrappers embrace and the acquainted with the problems and prospects of the growth of indigenous firms with a view to solving those problems that hamper the economic growth of their firms. This will be done by the use of data collected to find out.
(a) Whether private participation in economic actionist especially the indigenouation decree has been on the increase.
(b) Whether the economy of Nigeria was bitter managed in the hands of the foreigners than now that it is managed by Nigerians.
(c) Whether the existing firms were vial
(d) To whether the future of Nigerian lies in export or self-reliance.
1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDING THE AREA
The researcher will pin point the capital requirements of the
Growth initiating factor which at times have been typically beloved to be very small. Therefore the significance of this study is as follows
(1) To identify the problems that is being faced by indigenous firms in Nigerian.
(2) To render possible solutions to the problems for use by the indigenous firms many in Nigerian.
(3) To examine the affairs of some public
Establishments and the activities of their officers
In terms of investments, capital formation and
Cost control.
1.5 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS
Monopoly – Means the sole right to trade on a particular goods
Or services.
Capital – This means wealth or property that can be pleased to produce more wealth.
Investors – Means group of persons or organizations that
Investing a business venture.
Economics – The production principles and distribution of
Goods and services and the development of
Wealth.
Inflationary – This means the persistent and continuous rise in
Prices and wages caused by an increase in money
Supply and demand for goods and resulting in a
Fall in the value of money.
Firms – Means business company or an organization.
Merchant – Person involve in trade or commerce.
Sectors – That parts or branch of a particular area of activity
Especially of a country’s economy.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#10000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
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www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
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www.worldofnolimit.com
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www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: THE GROWTH OF INDIGENOUS FIRMS IN NIGERIA PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (A CASE STUDY OF AJAOKUTA STEEL COMPANY LIMITED) IN KOGI STATE
ABSTRACT
This research embarked upon to gain in sight into growth of indigenous firms in Nigerian. This is specifically an attempt to investigate the impact of indigenous firms around other the objectives are not only to acquaint equitable growth for indigenous firms but also to check the problems and prospects and to equally high right its relevance around indigenous firms. Review of related literature and theoretical framework also is arranged in a logical sequence for the propose of this study, data was gathered from Primary and Secondary sources, his data was analyzed using simple percentage and chi square the researcher also found out that the growth of indigenous firms also affects the scope – economic. It is clear to note that indigenous firms have created impact on the country economic through export promotion financial institution and industrialization development strategies. Finally, the summary of findings conclusions and recommendations were not left our are expected to service as basis for future researchers.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background of the subject matter
1.2 Problem Associated with the subject matter
1.3 Problem’s that the study will be concerned with
1.4 The important of studying the area
1.5 Definition of important terms
1.6 Reference
CHAPTER TWO
2 Literature Review
2.1 The origin of the subject Area
2.2 School of thought writing the subject Area
2.3 The school of thought relevant to the problem of the study.
2.4 Different methods of studying the problem
2.5 Summary
2.6 References
CHAPTER THREE
3 Conclusion
3.1 Data Presentation High lights of the study
3.2 Analysis of the data
3.3 Recommendation
3.4 Conclusion
3.5 References.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACK GROUND TO THE SUBJECT MATTER
One of the major economic backwardness of the most third world countries like Nigerian is the over prolonged sojourn of private foreign investment in them the predatory, exploitative orientation and activities of foreign monopoly capital, it inherent tendency to resist and hamper local industrialization and to perpetuate mercantile capitalism and its determination and deliberate efforts to retard the growth of indigenous entire partnership all this have heavily influenced Nigeria economic history for well over a country.
This foreign dominance of commercial activities in Nigeria was made possible by restrictive practices employed by the established merchant firms. It is important to note that commercial banking is a major source of credit (capital) was solely owned and controlled by foreign elements their policies were made to wards satisfying the needs of foreign enterprise, indigenous enterprisers merely subjected on the crumbs that fell on the table (Ezeigwe J.O) Nigerian government in the 1950s operated mainly an open door policy which attempted to lure foreign investors into the country.
After the civil war, experiences showed that the issue of indigenous participation in the Nigerian economy once can be re-opened the dubious roles played by foreign investor at various stages of the civil war and the acute shortage of essential commodities at the same period and the spiraling inflationary trend that followed post war reconstruction and reliabitation programmers had contributed to inform the government that there was the necessity to allow the indigenes of Nigerian and government a hand in deciding their economic tune. The government was further persuaded by radical agitation of the politicians and the masses to do something about their economic difficulties.
With these presumes and economic difficulties mounting higher and higher, the government decided to whittle down foreign dominance of the economy. On 23rd February 1972, the Military Government Promulgated the Nigerian Enterprise Promotion Decree N0 4 of 1977 popularly known as the indidenisation decree the following were the objectives.
(a) To create opportunity for our people
(b) To raise the proportion of indigenous firms and ownership of the productive sectors of the economy.
(c) To maximize local retention of profit.
(d) To involve more Nigerians in the man dent of and decision making process of business enterprise all an effort to enhance indigenous growth of Nigerian Firms.
1.2 PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER
A number of problems have been identified as being responsible for the backwardness and retardation in the general growth of Nigerian indigenous firms the persistent set back in the growth of the indigenous firms have been assumed to center on the followings inequality of capital, poor technological man power deficiency, mass illiteracy, management incapability and marketing in competency (National) and internationally) etc. there are many move that form the core problems of the growth of our indigenous firms.
It is the intention of the researcher therefore to take a critical examination of the internal and external factors affecting the growth of our indigenous firms.
There is a general contention that the rate of growth of our indigenous firms, especially since the pushing aside of the aliens, has been show. This statement in the growth of indigenous firms in Nigerian. Problems and prospects will be misestimated and possible recommendation given as to the solutions.
1.3 PROBLEM (S) THAT THE STUDY WILL BE CONCERNED WITH
The prime objective of this research is let the prospective indigerious entrappers embrace and the acquainted with the problems and prospects of the growth of indigenous firms with a view to solving those problems that hamper the economic growth of their firms. This will be done by the use of data collected to find out.
(a) Whether private participation in economic actionist especially the indigenouation decree has been on the increase.
(b) Whether the economy of Nigeria was bitter managed in the hands of the foreigners than now that it is managed by Nigerians.
(c) Whether the existing firms were vial
(d) To whether the future of Nigerian lies in export or self-reliance.
1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDING THE AREA
The researcher will pin point the capital requirements of the
Growth initiating factor which at times have been typically beloved to be very small. Therefore the significance of this study is as follows
(1) To identify the problems that is being faced by indigenous firms in Nigerian.
(2) To render possible solutions to the problems for use by the indigenous firms many in Nigerian.
(3) To examine the affairs of some public
Establishments and the activities of their officers
In terms of investments, capital formation and
Cost control.
1.5 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS
Monopoly – Means the sole right to trade on a particular goods
Or services.
Capital – This means wealth or property that can be pleased to produce more wealth.
Investors – Means group of persons or organizations that
Investing a business venture.
Economics – The production principles and distribution of
Goods and services and the development of
Wealth.
Inflationary – This means the persistent and continuous rise in
Prices and wages caused by an increase in money
Supply and demand for goods and resulting in a
Fall in the value of money.
Firms – Means business company or an organization.
Merchant – Person involve in trade or commerce.
Sectors – That parts or branch of a particular area of activity
Especially of a country’s economy.
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Tags: THE GROWTH OF INDIGENOUS FIRMS IN NIGERIA PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (A CASE STUDY OF AJAOKUTA STEEL COMPANY LIMITED) IN KOGI STATE
ABSTRACT
This work discusses effect of economic recession on small business performance in jimeta metropology. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among employees from jimeta metropology. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that economic recession have a strong and significant impact on small business performance
.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
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No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: EFFECT OF ECONOMIC RECESSION ON SMALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN JIMETA METROPOLOGY
ABSTRACT
This work discusses effect of economic recession on small business performance in jimeta metropology. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among employees from jimeta metropology. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that economic recession have a strong and significant impact on small business performance
.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#25000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: EFFECT OF ECONOMIC RECESSION ON SMALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN JIMETA METROPOLOGY
