ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
AN APPRAISAL OF DEPOSIT AND LENDING POLICIES IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In a modern economic system, there is distinction between the surplus and deficit economic units and consequently a separation of the savings and investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institutions whose jobs include the transfer of funds from savers to investors. One of the institutions is the money deposits bank, the intermediating roles of the money deposit banks place them in a position of “trustees” of the savings of the widely dispersed surplus economic units as well as the determinant of the rate and shape of the economic development. The techniques employed by banks in this intermediary function should provide them with perfect knowledge of the outcome of lending such that funds will be allocated to investment in which probability of full payment is certain. However, in practice no such tool can be found in the decision of lending bankers. Virtually all lending decisions are made under creditors uncertain of the risk and uncertainties associated with lending decision situations are so great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by lending bankers in order to facilitate sound financial decision making and judgment. This statement implies that if risks are to be objective assessed, lending decisions by the money deposit banks should be based less on quantitative data and more on principals tools subjected to provide sound and unbiased judgment. Hence, the banks depend heavily on historical information as a basis for decision making.
Apparently aware of the inadequacies of his or her decisions base, the lending banker has often sought solace in tangible and marketable assets as security giving the impression that lending against such securities is an insurance against bad debts. This makes the banker complacent with his loan port folio. The increasing trends of provision for bad and doubtful debts in most money deposit banks is a major source of concern not only to management but also to the shareholders who are be coming more ware of the dangers posed by these debts. Bad debts destroy part of the earning assets of banks such as loans and advances which have been described as the main source of earnings and also determine the liquidity and solvency which generates two major problems, that is liquidity and profitability, has to earn sufficient income to meet its operating costs and to have adequate returns on its investment.
Lending has becoming a vital function in banking operations in view of its direct effect on the economic growth and development in the business sectors. Thus, as far as banks are concerned, their activities are lending are as important as their deposit taking, considering the inter-relationships between lending and deposit taking. Although lending is risky, deposit money banks profit oriented organizations having a primary objective as profit maximization cannot do without lending out money. In most cases, they generate the highest proportion of their interest from lending. Moreso, the principal objective of lending of a bank is the provision of growth in profitability and liquidity within the economy.
Deposit money banks play an important role in the pass-through of monetary interest rates. Nevertheless, the efficiency of transmission of decisions of Central Bank is a complicated process and may depend on many factors such as: level of competition in financial industry, perception of credit risk, risk aversion, availability of close substitutes for loans etc. Moreover, banks may influence the external fiancé premium not only via the interest rate but also modifying the available maturity of loans or changing collateral requirements. Finally, as evidence by broad literature on bank lending channel, credit rationing and uncertainty about creditworthiness of borrowers may markedly influence banks risk taking thereby influencing their willingness to lend.
The existence of bank lending channel is conditioned on two important assumptions. First, monetary policy decision impact on the bank liquidity position; second, changes in the supply of loans affect borrowers because of constrained access to other sources of financing than bank loans. Tightening of monetary policy usually leads to decrease in the demand of deposit because banks adjust their deposit rates only partially to the other sector to equity investment funds. Shrinking bank’s liabilities force banks to decrease the supply of loans accordingly.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Years after years, banks suffer much from the part of full loan extended which has for one reason or the other proved irrecoverable. Banks lose millions of Naira in various bad debts yearly and deposit efforts by bank management committee of chief inspectors and the bankers committee on the other hand, the rate of bad debts in banks is still on alarming proportion.
On the other hand, many banks experienced a lot of bad debts when new government abandoned the project awarded to the contractors by the former government. These contractors borrowed to execute the project awarded to them but could not repay the loan, due to government action on revamping the economy. Again, problem of bad debts also arise in respect of lapses on the part of the bank credit officers. For instance, these are due to excesses over approved facility, unformatted facilities and expired facilities not renewed in time in each of these cases, the customer may easily deny even owing the bank all or part of the amount. Deposit banks have always borne the burden alone, but this may not continue in future as the banks may be unable to take the risk of lending more but when eventually they do, they would seek the best way to come out of the risk with realistic reward which they are dearly failing to achieve at present.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are stated as follows:
i) To determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access bank plc
ii) To ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of money deposit banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank.
iii) To highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access bank.
iv) To highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions were formulated to guide the study:
i) What are the lending techniques and procedures used by Access Bank Plc?
ii) To what extent has government intervention in lending policies of money deposit bank influence bad debts in Access bank plc?
iii) To what extent does improper projects evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access Bank Plc?
iv) How do the inadequate collateral securities provision contributed to bad debt in Access Bank Plc?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study to bankers will enable them to appreciate an appraisal of their lending control mechanisms now that they are expected to lend under tight monetary conditions. The economic as a whole will benefit from the study because if the level of bad debts is reduced, banks will be left with more profits to enable them make the expected contributions to the development of the economy.
The scholarly importance of this study cannot be overemphasized as the findings will contribute to existing body of knowledge, provide information, open up research areas and assist in the design of such studies for student researchers in related fields of study.
Moreso, the study will serve as a reference material to such future researchers who may wish to use the research results as a springboard to undertake their own research.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study however be restricted to Access Bank Plc, Bida Road, Kaduna. The study will seek to determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access Bank, and to ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of deposit money banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank. Furthermore, it will highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt of Access Bank and its lending policies as well as highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank Plc, Kaduna. The study shall cover the period of 2010 – 2015.
1.7 Historical Background of Access Bank Plc
Access Bank Plc, commonly refers to as Access bank but often called intercontinental is a commercial bank in Nigeria. It is one of the twenty-four (24) deposit money banks licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the country’s banking regulator.
The bank was established in 1989 under the name Nigerian Intercontinental Merchant Bank Limited. That same year, the first subsidiary intercontinental securities limited, was established. In 1996, the bank acquired controlling shareholding in equity bank of Nigeria, a commercial bank. Also in 1996, Access acquired majority shareholding in West Africa provincial company plc (WAPIC), an insurance company.
Access bank converted into a commercial bank in 1999. In 2002, the company listed its shares on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In 2005, Access bank successfully merged with three (3) other deposit money banks, in which it held equity position prior to the merger, namely Equity bank of Nigeria, gateway bank and Global bank. In 2009, a special audit of the deposit money banks in Niger by the Central Bank to be undercapitalized and badly managed. Access Bank plc was one of the troubled banks. Following the injection of capital by the federal government of Nigeria to maintain solvency, the troubled banks have embarked on recapitalization through participation by new investors.
Increasing the capital base: according to its un-audited interim results at August 31 2006. Intercontinental has a capital base in excess of N61 billion ($491 million) ranked as Nigeria’s fourth most capitalized bank. Access bank is in the market to raise an additional N50 billion ($403 million) by way of a combined rights issue and public offer for subscription.
According to interim results for the first six months of the access bank financial year to August 2006, interest income is up close to 150% on the same period in 2005. Profit before tax is up 91.4% to N8.14 billion ($ 66 million) and the proposed interim dividend is up 100% at N3.2 billion ($26 million) (Access Bank Financial Statement 2006).
Access Bank has more than 200 branches national, rising to 280 by the end of February 2014. The bank has begun its continental expansion in Ghana, where it recently obtained approval in principles to commence operations. The bank intends to build its presence in major financial centers, including South Africa, the United Kingdom, United States of America, Hong Kong and Dubai. Access bank is a large finance services provide in West Africa. As at December 2008, the banks’ shareholder’s equity was valued at approximately S1.7 billion (N 261 billion). The share of stock of Access bank is listed on the Nigeria stock exchange (NSE) where they trade under the symbol: INTERCONT
1.8 Definitions of Terms
Character: This is the credit worthiness of the borrower, based on his previous relationships with the bank and what his previous records on credit book looks like.
Capacity to Borrowers: This refers to the legal aspect of the borrower, whether he/she has the legal contractual capacity to borrow such money.
Collateral Security: This refers to whether the lender requires you to put up assets often referred to as collateral; this is a form of security guarantee to ensure that the lenders might recover their money incase of default on the path of the borrower.
Capital: Capital here refers to the borrowers contribution as to the amount required.
Lending: Lending is the process whereby fund is being given to an individual or organization after analyzing the facts of a loan request and making judgment about that information.
Borrowing: Borrowing is where deficit units of the economy, applies to secure fund from the surplus unit of the economy.
Policy: Policy is a general statement that guide the direction of an organization on a particular subject matter.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE LINKS:
myeasyproject.com.ng
easyprojectmaterials.com
easyprojectmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng
easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
projectmaterials.com.ng
Tags: AN APPRAISAL OF DEPOSIT AND LENDING POLICIES IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC, KADUNA)
ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
CREDIT POLICY AND DEBT RECOVERY EFFORT IN NIGERIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF GUARANTY BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
To every nation, the existence of banking industry is inevitable. This necessitates the need for deposit and credit mobilization. Osayeme (1936) reported that lending has become a vital function in banking operation because of its direct effect on economy, growth and business development.
A bank is an organization that accepts money in different account and honours cheque drawn upon it, return of the same amount on demand by depositor or at a specified maturity date.
According to Haisbury Laws of English, a bank or banker in an individual, partnership or corporation whose sole or predominant business in banking, that is the receipt of money on current or deposit account and the payment of cheque drawn by the collection of cheques paid in by a customer.
The above definition is suitable for the description of a commercial bank, commercial as a bank of common people are organized on a joint stock company system with primary aim of making a profit as any other business venture carried out, if the profit is not forthcoming, then the rate of patronage and intimacy must be improved between the buyer and the seller.
This is done by granting of credit to customer of financing in modern business. In order to protect the creditor (that is, he person who gives out loans), certain policies must be complied with. These protective weapons are credit standard credit terms and collection efforts. By credit stand we mea the criterion which a form followed in selecting a customer for credit extension. Credit terms could be the stipulation under which credit is extended to customer, for instance, it expected that a customer will pay his credit obligation of later than 35 days. A collection policy is needed because not all debtors pay their debt in time, some customers are slow payers, while some are not payers.
The aim of collection effort is to speed up the payment. However, the motive of granting credit facilities with the aim of increasing the volume of profit have become somehow difficult to realize by commercial bank a business today operate in harsh erratic economic climate. As a result, granting of credit to assessment have both positive and negative impact on the commercial banking sector (especially in Nigeria).
To survive in Nigeria (banking business), it is wise for commercial banks to increase their liquidity (cash). This can be brought about by effective credit assessment and a design of comprehensive policy in granting credit. Banks must follow clear, and sequential procedures to recover their debt, it is not done, there is great tendency for them to lose the whole amount.
1.2 Statement of Problem
It is important to recognize the two fundamental functions which a banker must perform. It must attract deposit on one hand and attract borrowers and users of services on the other hand. Those average positioned were at a staggering level of performance. This menace is as a result of high level of bad debts with associated problems brought about distress in many banks. Hence tribunal came to place to recover these bad debts.
Despite the strict conditions that prevail lending of procedure commercial bank still find their administration difficult because of the fluctuating effect of some factors such as economic policy and more so that the attitudinal tendencies credit, in that all banks are exposed to available fund at all times of boom, hence their lending ability is high. But in period of depression, lending money will mean exposing the bank into a greater risk.
Then the problem of human beings their attitude is evident in question like what is the intent of borrowers before and after credit facility has been granted him? business was frustrated by promulgation of decree?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
i) To know the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization.
ii) To identify the relationship between customers and bankers.
iii) To understand how to recover debt in an organization
iv) To know how to interact with customers when it comes to attending to their needs.
The complexity of modern business environment and the increased volume of transactions have conferred credit as a vital tool in the development of banking industry. Lack of sound lending policy initiate operation lapses in commercial bank which affect levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the performance. This study attempts to appraise the credit policy and debt collection efforts of commercial with a sample bank of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB) evaluating whether it is in conformity with efficient financial management.
1.4 Research Hypothesis/Questions
H1: Credit policy and debt recovery has a significant impact in Nigerian commercial bank.
H0: Credit policy and debt recovery has no significant impact on Nigerian commercial bank.
Research Questions
1) What is the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization?
2) What is the relationship between the customers and bankers?
3) How can debt be recovered in an organization?
4) How can an organization go about credit policy?
5) What are the tactics needed to collect debts from creditors?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Credit policies are certain guideline which any well established organization adopts before granting credits. The policy could be tight or loose. Tight credit policy leads to loss of sales and at the same time loss of handling account receivable or debtors accounts.
Therefore, the credit policy of any organization could be determined by the trade-off between opportunity cost and credit administration and bad-debt losses. In the case of debt settlement by customer, not all customers are willing to pay-in-time or pay at all.
Certain incentives have to be given by the organization in order to speed up the payment. Such as cash discount and this research work is aimed at selecting the best way of collecting so as not to loose the whole amount by defaults which may in turn be bad debt.
The condition of the debtor must be well observed that is, his financial capability. The research therefore, hopes that by this suggestion given, may assist in minimizing losses and stabilize on maximize earning.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will expose itself to the analysis and procedure for granting credit and debt collection effort in commercial banks. It will utilize the opinion of Guaranty Trust Bank Kaduna and the summary or balance sheet which is clearly elucidates the bank annual report and accounts.
1.7 Historical Background of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB)
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990 and commenced operation in February, 1991.
In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc became a publicly quoted company and won two Nigerian Stock Exchange President’s merit award. In February 2002, the bank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003, Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and raised over N11 billion from Nigerian investors to expand its operations.
On 26th July 2007, Guaranty Trust Bank became a very first sub-saharan bank and First Nigerian Joint Stock Company to be listed on London, stock exchange and Deutsche Borse. The IPO raised its $750,000,000. In the same year, they successfully placed Nigeria’s first private Eurobond issue on the International Capital Market.
The long-term debts of Guaranty Trust Bank Plc are rated BB by Standard and Poors and AA by Fitch Ratings, which are the highest ratings for a Nigerian bank. They introduced online banking and SMS banking in Nigeria and a Naira denominated MasterCard as well as the platinum and world signal cards and with Guaranty Trust Bank on wheels mobile branches. On the 12th March 2008, Guaranty Trust Bank was given a license for the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority.
GTB is a partner of Eko Atlantic City a new made Island (820 km) in the Atlantic ocean, adjacent to Victoria Island Lagos. It will be the home of the new financial district. The building of Eko Atlantic city started in 2009 and is expected to be finished in 2016. To commemorate the bank’s 20th anniversary, the Nigerian Postal Service issued a set of GT Bank Anniversary postage stamps. This was the first time in Nigeria that a corporate organization was honoured in such a way. In 2011, the bank became the biggest in Nigeria by market capitalization.
The Bank has over 10,000 employees and furthermore Guaranty Trust Bank has cordial relationship with the customers and bankers and they have a credit policy and the way to recover their debts, when the customers has reached his or her limits for paying the debts. The bank knows how to recover their debts.
Leadership
Mrs Osaretin Demuren is Chairman
Segun Agbaje is Managing Director/CEO
Cathy Echeozo is Deputy Managing Director
Other members of the Board of Directors are as follows: Akindele Akintoye, Adebayo Adeola, Andrew Alli, Olabode Augusto, Ibrahim Hassan, Hezekiah Onyinalola.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Credit Term: The firms credit terms state the credit period the size of the discount it may, the cash discount period and the date of the credit begin. It is concisely stated that such expression as 3/20 net 30 EOM. These term contain all the key information concerning the length of the credit period (30 days) the cash discount (3%), the cash discount period begins at the end of the month.
Credit Period: This refers to the numbers of days until payment in full is required regardless of whether cash discount is offered or not.
The Cash Discount Period: This specifies the medium of number of the days after the beginning of the credit period that the cash discount can be taken. Typically the cash discount period is between five and twenty days (5-20), the cash period varies between different business organization.
Credit Standard: This relates to the decision about who will be granted credit. If the firm extends credit sales to about the stronger customers, it would never have had debt losses on other hand, it would be properly losing sales and the profit that were forgone as a result of cost sales could be for larger than the cost that were involved.
Collection Policy: A collection policy is the procedure the firm follows to collect or obtain payment of past due accounts. A collection policy is necessary because not all customers do pay their debts in time. Collection policy aims at accelerating collecting form slow paying customers and so reduce bad debt losses.
Average Collection Period (ACP): This determines the speed of payment by customers. It measure the number of days for which credit sales remain outstanding, the larger the average collection period. The higher the firm investment in account receivable.
Default Risk: Default risk is the likelihood that a customer will fail to pay the credit obligation.
Loan and Over Drafts: A loan involves the often of a fixed amount to a borrower for a specified term. Interest is payable at a specified rate on the amount of the loan irrespective of whether the borrower actually drawn the whole amount or not the bank.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
AFFILIATE LINKS:
myeasyproject.com.ng
easyprojectmaterials.com
easyprojectmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterials.net.ng
easyprojectsmaterial.net.ng
easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
projectmaterials.com.ng
Tags: CREDIT POLICY AND DEBT RECOVERY EFFORT IN NIGERIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF GUARANTY BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
To every nation, the existence of banking industry is inevitable. This necessitates the need for deposit and credit mobilization. Osayeme (1936) reported that lending has become a vital function in banking operation because of its direct effect on economy, growth and business development.
A bank is an organization that accepts money in different account and honours cheque drawn upon it, return of the same amount on demand by depositor or at a specified maturity date.
According to Haisbury Laws of English, a bank or banker in an individual, partnership or corporation whose sole or predominant business in banking, that is the receipt of money on current or deposit account and the payment of cheque drawn by the collection of cheques paid in by a customer.
The above definition is suitable for the description of a commercial bank, commercial as a bank of common people are organized on a joint stock company system with primary aim of making a profit as any other business venture carried out, if the profit is not forthcoming, then the rate of patronage and intimacy must be improved between the buyer and the seller.
This is done by granting of credit to customer of financing in modern business. In order to protect the creditor (that is, he person who gives out loans), certain policies must be complied with. These protective weapons are credit standard credit terms and collection efforts. By credit stand we mea the criterion which a form followed in selecting a customer for credit extension. Credit terms could be the stipulation under which credit is extended to customer, for instance, it expected that a customer will pay his credit obligation of later than 35 days. A collection policy is needed because not all debtors pay their debt in time, some customers are slow payers, while some are not payers.
The aim of collection effort is to speed up the payment. However, the motive of granting credit facilities with the aim of increasing the volume of profit have become somehow difficult to realize by commercial bank a business today operate in harsh erratic economic climate. As a result, granting of credit to assessment have both positive and negative impact on the commercial banking sector (especially in Nigeria).
To survive in Nigeria (banking business), it is wise for commercial banks to increase their liquidity (cash). This can be brought about by effective credit assessment and a design of comprehensive policy in granting credit. Banks must follow clear, and sequential procedures to recover their debt, it is not done, there is great tendency for them to lose the whole amount.
1.2 Statement of Problem
It is important to recognize the two fundamental functions which a banker must perform. It must attract deposit on one hand and attract borrowers and users of services on the other hand. Those average positioned were at a staggering level of performance. This menace is as a result of high level of bad debts with associated problems brought about distress in many banks. Hence tribunal came to place to recover these bad debts.
Despite the strict conditions that prevail lending of procedure commercial bank still find their administration difficult because of the fluctuating effect of some factors such as economic policy and more so that the attitudinal tendencies credit, in that all banks are exposed to available fund at all times of boom, hence their lending ability is high. But in period of depression, lending money will mean exposing the bank into a greater risk.
Then the problem of human beings their attitude is evident in question like what is the intent of borrowers before and after credit facility has been granted him? business was frustrated by promulgation of decree?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
i) To know the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization.
ii) To identify the relationship between customers and bankers.
iii) To understand how to recover debt in an organization
iv) To know how to interact with customers when it comes to attending to their needs.
The complexity of modern business environment and the increased volume of transactions have conferred credit as a vital tool in the development of banking industry. Lack of sound lending policy initiate operation lapses in commercial bank which affect levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the performance. This study attempts to appraise the credit policy and debt collection efforts of commercial with a sample bank of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB) evaluating whether it is in conformity with efficient financial management.
1.4 Research Hypothesis/Questions
H1: Credit policy and debt recovery has a significant impact in Nigerian commercial bank.
H0: Credit policy and debt recovery has no significant impact on Nigerian commercial bank.
Research Questions
1) What is the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization?
2) What is the relationship between the customers and bankers?
3) How can debt be recovered in an organization?
4) How can an organization go about credit policy?
5) What are the tactics needed to collect debts from creditors?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Credit policies are certain guideline which any well established organization adopts before granting credits. The policy could be tight or loose. Tight credit policy leads to loss of sales and at the same time loss of handling account receivable or debtors accounts.
Therefore, the credit policy of any organization could be determined by the trade-off between opportunity cost and credit administration and bad-debt losses. In the case of debt settlement by customer, not all customers are willing to pay-in-time or pay at all.
Certain incentives have to be given by the organization in order to speed up the payment. Such as cash discount and this research work is aimed at selecting the best way of collecting so as not to loose the whole amount by defaults which may in turn be bad debt.
The condition of the debtor must be well observed that is, his financial capability. The research therefore, hopes that by this suggestion given, may assist in minimizing losses and stabilize on maximize earning.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will expose itself to the analysis and procedure for granting credit and debt collection effort in commercial banks. It will utilize the opinion of Guaranty Trust Bank Kaduna and the summary or balance sheet which is clearly elucidates the bank annual report and accounts.
1.7 Historical Background of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB)
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990 and commenced operation in February, 1991.
In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc became a publicly quoted company and won two Nigerian Stock Exchange President’s merit award. In February 2002, the bank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003, Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and raised over N11 billion from Nigerian investors to expand its operations.
On 26th July 2007, Guaranty Trust Bank became a very first sub-saharan bank and First Nigerian Joint Stock Company to be listed on London, stock exchange and Deutsche Borse. The IPO raised its $750,000,000. In the same year, they successfully placed Nigeria’s first private Eurobond issue on the International Capital Market.
The long-term debts of Guaranty Trust Bank Plc are rated BB by Standard and Poors and AA by Fitch Ratings, which are the highest ratings for a Nigerian bank. They introduced online banking and SMS banking in Nigeria and a Naira denominated MasterCard as well as the platinum and world signal cards and with Guaranty Trust Bank on wheels mobile branches. On the 12th March 2008, Guaranty Trust Bank was given a license for the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority.
GTB is a partner of Eko Atlantic City a new made Island (820 km) in the Atlantic ocean, adjacent to Victoria Island Lagos. It will be the home of the new financial district. The building of Eko Atlantic city started in 2009 and is expected to be finished in 2016. To commemorate the bank’s 20th anniversary, the Nigerian Postal Service issued a set of GT Bank Anniversary postage stamps. This was the first time in Nigeria that a corporate organization was honoured in such a way. In 2011, the bank became the biggest in Nigeria by market capitalization.
The Bank has over 10,000 employees and furthermore Guaranty Trust Bank has cordial relationship with the customers and bankers and they have a credit policy and the way to recover their debts, when the customers has reached his or her limits for paying the debts. The bank knows how to recover their debts.
Leadership
Mrs Osaretin Demuren is Chairman
Segun Agbaje is Managing Director/CEO
Cathy Echeozo is Deputy Managing Director
Other members of the Board of Directors are as follows: Akindele Akintoye, Adebayo Adeola, Andrew Alli, Olabode Augusto, Ibrahim Hassan, Hezekiah Onyinalola.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Credit Term: The firms credit terms state the credit period the size of the discount it may, the cash discount period and the date of the credit begin. It is concisely stated that such expression as 3/20 net 30 EOM. These term contain all the key information concerning the length of the credit period (30 days) the cash discount (3%), the cash discount period begins at the end of the month.
Credit Period: This refers to the numbers of days until payment in full is required regardless of whether cash discount is offered or not.
The Cash Discount Period: This specifies the medium of number of the days after the beginning of the credit period that the cash discount can be taken. Typically the cash discount period is between five and twenty days (5-20), the cash period varies between different business organization.
Credit Standard: This relates to the decision about who will be granted credit. If the firm extends credit sales to about the stronger customers, it would never have had debt losses on other hand, it would be properly losing sales and the profit that were forgone as a result of cost sales could be for larger than the cost that were involved.
Collection Policy: A collection policy is the procedure the firm follows to collect or obtain payment of past due accounts. A collection policy is necessary because not all customers do pay their debts in time. Collection policy aims at accelerating collecting form slow paying customers and so reduce bad debt losses.
Average Collection Period (ACP): This determines the speed of payment by customers. It measure the number of days for which credit sales remain outstanding, the larger the average collection period. The higher the firm investment in account receivable.
Default Risk: Default risk is the likelihood that a customer will fail to pay the credit obligation.
Loan and Over Drafts: A loan involves the often of a fixed amount to a borrower for a specified term. Interest is payable at a specified rate on the amount of the loan irrespective of whether the borrow
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: CREDIT POLICY AND DEBT RECOVERY EFFORT IN NIGERIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF GUARANTY BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
To every nation, the existence of banking industry is inevitable. This necessitates the need for deposit and credit mobilization. Osayeme (1936) reported that lending has become a vital function in banking operation because of its direct effect on economy, growth and business development.
A bank is an organization that accepts money in different account and honours cheque drawn upon it, return of the same amount on demand by depositor or at a specified maturity date.
According to Haisbury Laws of English, a bank or banker in an individual, partnership or corporation whose sole or predominant business in banking, that is the receipt of money on current or deposit account and the payment of cheque drawn by the collection of cheques paid in by a customer.
The above definition is suitable for the description of a commercial bank, commercial as a bank of common people are organized on a joint stock company system with primary aim of making a profit as any other business venture carried out, if the profit is not forthcoming, then the rate of patronage and intimacy must be improved between the buyer and the seller.
This is done by granting of credit to customer of financing in modern business. In order to protect the creditor (that is, he person who gives out loans), certain policies must be complied with. These protective weapons are credit standard credit terms and collection efforts. By credit stand we mea the criterion which a form followed in selecting a customer for credit extension. Credit terms could be the stipulation under which credit is extended to customer, for instance, it expected that a customer will pay his credit obligation of later than 35 days. A collection policy is needed because not all debtors pay their debt in time, some customers are slow payers, while some are not payers.
The aim of collection effort is to speed up the payment. However, the motive of granting credit facilities with the aim of increasing the volume of profit have become somehow difficult to realize by commercial bank a business today operate in harsh erratic economic climate. As a result, granting of credit to assessment have both positive and negative impact on the commercial banking sector (especially in Nigeria).
To survive in Nigeria (banking business), it is wise for commercial banks to increase their liquidity (cash). This can be brought about by effective credit assessment and a design of comprehensive policy in granting credit. Banks must follow clear, and sequential procedures to recover their debt, it is not done, there is great tendency for them to lose the whole amount.
1.2 Statement of Problem
It is important to recognize the two fundamental functions which a banker must perform. It must attract deposit on one hand and attract borrowers and users of services on the other hand. Those average positioned were at a staggering level of performance. This menace is as a result of high level of bad debts with associated problems brought about distress in many banks. Hence tribunal came to place to recover these bad debts.
Despite the strict conditions that prevail lending of procedure commercial bank still find their administration difficult because of the fluctuating effect of some factors such as economic policy and more so that the attitudinal tendencies credit, in that all banks are exposed to available fund at all times of boom, hence their lending ability is high. But in period of depression, lending money will mean exposing the bank into a greater risk.
Then the problem of human beings their attitude is evident in question like what is the intent of borrowers before and after credit facility has been granted him? business was frustrated by promulgation of decree?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
i) To know the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization.
ii) To identify the relationship between customers and bankers.
iii) To understand how to recover debt in an organization
iv) To know how to interact with customers when it comes to attending to their needs.
The complexity of modern business environment and the increased volume of transactions have conferred credit as a vital tool in the development of banking industry. Lack of sound lending policy initiate operation lapses in commercial bank which affect levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the performance. This study attempts to appraise the credit policy and debt collection efforts of commercial with a sample bank of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB) evaluating whether it is in conformity with efficient financial management.
1.4 Research Hypothesis/Questions
H1: Credit policy and debt recovery has a significant impact in Nigerian commercial bank.
H0: Credit policy and debt recovery has no significant impact on Nigerian commercial bank.
Research Questions
1) What is the concept of credit policy and debt recovery in an organization?
2) What is the relationship between the customers and bankers?
3) How can debt be recovered in an organization?
4) How can an organization go about credit policy?
5) What are the tactics needed to collect debts from creditors?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Credit policies are certain guideline which any well established organization adopts before granting credits. The policy could be tight or loose. Tight credit policy leads to loss of sales and at the same time loss of handling account receivable or debtors accounts.
Therefore, the credit policy of any organization could be determined by the trade-off between opportunity cost and credit administration and bad-debt losses. In the case of debt settlement by customer, not all customers are willing to pay-in-time or pay at all.
Certain incentives have to be given by the organization in order to speed up the payment. Such as cash discount and this research work is aimed at selecting the best way of collecting so as not to loose the whole amount by defaults which may in turn be bad debt.
The condition of the debtor must be well observed that is, his financial capability. The research therefore, hopes that by this suggestion given, may assist in minimizing losses and stabilize on maximize earning.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will expose itself to the analysis and procedure for granting credit and debt collection effort in commercial banks. It will utilize the opinion of Guaranty Trust Bank Kaduna and the summary or balance sheet which is clearly elucidates the bank annual report and accounts.
1.7 Historical Background of Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB)
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990 and commenced operation in February, 1991.
In September 1996, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc became a publicly quoted company and won two Nigerian Stock Exchange President’s merit award. In February 2002, the bank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2003, Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and raised over N11 billion from Nigerian investors to expand its operations.
On 26th July 2007, Guaranty Trust Bank became a very first sub-saharan bank and First Nigerian Joint Stock Company to be listed on London, stock exchange and Deutsche Borse. The IPO raised its $750,000,000. In the same year, they successfully placed Nigeria’s first private Eurobond issue on the International Capital Market.
The long-term debts of Guaranty Trust Bank Plc are rated BB by Standard and Poors and AA by Fitch Ratings, which are the highest ratings for a Nigerian bank. They introduced online banking and SMS banking in Nigeria and a Naira denominated MasterCard as well as the platinum and world signal cards and with Guaranty Trust Bank on wheels mobile branches. On the 12th March 2008, Guaranty Trust Bank was given a license for the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority.
GTB is a partner of Eko Atlantic City a new made Island (820 km) in the Atlantic ocean, adjacent to Victoria Island Lagos. It will be the home of the new financial district. The building of Eko Atlantic city started in 2009 and is expected to be finished in 2016. To commemorate the bank’s 20th anniversary, the Nigerian Postal Service issued a set of GT Bank Anniversary postage stamps. This was the first time in Nigeria that a corporate organization was honoured in such a way. In 2011, the bank became the biggest in Nigeria by market capitalization.
The Bank has over 10,000 employees and furthermore Guaranty Trust Bank has cordial relationship with the customers and bankers and they have a credit policy and the way to recover their debts, when the customers has reached his or her limits for paying the debts. The bank knows how to recover their debts.
Leadership
Mrs Osaretin Demuren is Chairman
Segun Agbaje is Managing Director/CEO
Cathy Echeozo is Deputy Managing Director
Other members of the Board of Directors are as follows: Akindele Akintoye, Adebayo Adeola, Andrew Alli, Olabode Augusto, Ibrahim Hassan, Hezekiah Onyinalola.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Credit Term: The firms credit terms state the credit period the size of the discount it may, the cash discount period and the date of the credit begin. It is concisely stated that such expression as 3/20 net 30 EOM. These term contain all the key information concerning the length of the credit period (30 days) the cash discount (3%), the cash discount period begins at the end of the month.
Credit Period: This refers to the numbers of days until payment in full is required regardless of whether cash discount is offered or not.
The Cash Discount Period: This specifies the medium of number of the days after the beginning of the credit period that the cash discount can be taken. Typically the cash discount period is between five and twenty days (5-20), the cash period varies between different business organization.
Credit Standard: This relates to the decision about who will be granted credit. If the firm extends credit sales to about the stronger customers, it would never have had debt losses on other hand, it would be properly losing sales and the profit that were forgone as a result of cost sales could be for larger than the cost that were involved.
Collection Policy: A collection policy is the procedure the firm follows to collect or obtain payment of past due accounts. A collection policy is necessary because not all customers do pay their debts in time. Collection policy aims at accelerating collecting form slow paying customers and so reduce bad debt losses.
Average Collection Period (ACP): This determines the speed of payment by customers. It measure the number of days for which credit sales remain outstanding, the larger the average collection period. The higher the firm investment in account receivable.
Default Risk: Default risk is the likelihood that a customer will fail to pay the credit obligation.
Loan and Over Drafts: A loan involves the often of a fixed amount to a borrower for a specified term. Interest is payable at a specified rate on the amount of the loan irrespective of whether the borrow
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: CREDIT POLICY AND DEBT RECOVERY EFFORT IN NIGERIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF GUARANTY BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In a modern economic system, there is distinction between the surplus and deficit economic units and consequently a separation of the savings and investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institutions whose jobs include the transfer of funds from savers to investors. One of the institutions is the money deposits bank, the intermediating roles of the money deposit banks place them in a position of “trustees” of the savings of the widely dispersed surplus economic units as well as the determinant of the rate and shape of the economic development. The techniques employed by banks in this intermediary function should provide them with perfect knowledge of the outcome of lending such that funds will be allocated to investment in which probability of full payment is certain. However, in practice no such tool can be found in the decision of lending bankers. Virtually all lending decisions are made under creditors uncertain of the risk and uncertainties associated with lending decision situations are so great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by lending bankers in order to facilitate sound financial decision making and judgment. This statement implies that if risks are to be objective assessed, lending decisions by the money deposit banks should be based less on quantitative data and more on principals tools subjected to provide sound and unbiased judgment. Hence, the banks depend heavily on historical information as a basis for decision making.
Apparently aware of the inadequacies of his or her decisions base, the lending banker has often sought solace in tangible and marketable assets as security giving the impression that lending against such securities is an insurance against bad debts. This makes the banker complacent with his loan port folio. The increasing trends of provision for bad and doubtful debts in most money deposit banks is a major source of concern not only to management but also to the shareholders who are be coming more ware of the dangers posed by these debts. Bad debts destroy part of the earning assets of banks such as loans and advances which have been described as the main source of earnings and also determine the liquidity and solvency which generates two major problems, that is liquidity and profitability, has to earn sufficient income to meet its operating costs and to have adequate returns on its investment.
Lending has becoming a vital function in banking operations in view of its direct effect on the economic growth and development in the business sectors. Thus, as far as banks are concerned, their activities are lending are as important as their deposit taking, considering the inter-relationships between lending and deposit taking. Although lending is risky, deposit money banks profit oriented organizations having a primary objective as profit maximization cannot do without lending out money. In most cases, they generate the highest proportion of their interest from lending. Moreso, the principal objective of lending of a bank is the provision of growth in profitability and liquidity within the economy.
Deposit money banks play an important role in the pass-through of monetary interest rates. Nevertheless, the efficiency of transmission of decisions of Central Bank is a complicated process and may depend on many factors such as: level of competition in financial industry, perception of credit risk, risk aversion, availability of close substitutes for loans etc. Moreover, banks may influence the external fiancé premium not only via the interest rate but also modifying the available maturity of loans or changing collateral requirements. Finally, as evidence by broad literature on bank lending channel, credit rationing and uncertainty about creditworthiness of borrowers may markedly influence banks risk taking thereby influencing their willingness to lend.
The existence of bank lending channel is conditioned on two important assumptions. First, monetary policy decision impact on the bank liquidity position; second, changes in the supply of loans affect borrowers because of constrained access to other sources of financing than bank loans. Tightening of monetary policy usually leads to decrease in the demand of deposit because banks adjust their deposit rates only partially to the other sector to equity investment funds. Shrinking bank’s liabilities force banks to decrease the supply of loans accordingly.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Years after years, banks suffer much from the part of full loan extended which has for one reason or the other proved irrecoverable. Banks lose millions of Naira in various bad debts yearly and deposit efforts by bank management committee of chief inspectors and the bankers committee on the other hand, the rate of bad debts in banks is still on alarming proportion.
On the other hand, many banks experienced a lot of bad debts when new government abandoned the project awarded to the contractors by the former government. These contractors borrowed to execute the project awarded to them but could not repay the loan, due to government action on revamping the economy. Again, problem of bad debts also arise in respect of lapses on the part of the bank credit officers. For instance, these are due to excesses over approved facility, unformatted facilities and expired facilities not renewed in time in each of these cases, the customer may easily deny even owing the bank all or part of the amount. Deposit banks have always borne the burden alone, but this may not continue in future as the banks may be unable to take the risk of lending more but when eventually they do, they would seek the best way to come out of the risk with realistic reward which they are dearly failing to achieve at present.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are stated as follows:
i) To determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access bank plc
ii) To ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of money deposit banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank.
iii) To highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access bank.
iv) To highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions were formulated to guide the study:
i) What are the lending techniques and procedures used by Access Bank Plc?
ii) To what extent has government intervention in lending policies of money deposit bank influence bad debts in Access bank plc?
iii) To what extent does improper projects evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access Bank Plc?
iv) How do the inadequate collateral securities provision contributed to bad debt in Access Bank Plc?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study to bankers will enable them to appreciate an appraisal of their lending control mechanisms now that they are expected to lend under tight monetary conditions. The economic as a whole will benefit from the study because if the level of bad debts is reduced, banks will be left with more profits to enable them make the expected contributions to the development of the economy.
The scholarly importance of this study cannot be overemphasized as the findings will contribute to existing body of knowledge, provide information, open up research areas and assist in the design of such studies for student researchers in related fields of study.
Moreso, the study will serve as a reference material to such future researchers who may wish to use the research results as a springboard to undertake their own research.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study however be restricted to Access Bank Plc, Bida Road, Kaduna. The study will seek to determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access Bank, and to ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of deposit money banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank. Furthermore, it will highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt of Access Bank and its lending policies as well as highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank Plc, Kaduna. The study shall cover the period of 2010 – 2015.
1.7 Historical Background of Access Bank Plc
Access Bank Plc, commonly refers to as Access bank but often called intercontinental is a commercial bank in Nigeria. It is one of the twenty-four (24) deposit money banks licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the country’s banking regulator.
The bank was established in 1989 under the name Nigerian Intercontinental Merchant Bank Limited. That same year, the first subsidiary intercontinental securities limited, was established. In 1996, the bank acquired controlling shareholding in equity bank of Nigeria, a commercial bank. Also in 1996, Access acquired majority shareholding in West Africa provincial company plc (WAPIC), an insurance company.
Access bank converted into a commercial bank in 1999. In 2002, the company listed its shares on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In 2005, Access bank successfully merged with three (3) other deposit money banks, in which it held equity position prior to the merger, namely Equity bank of Nigeria, gateway bank and Global bank. In 2009, a special audit of the deposit money banks in Niger by the Central Bank to be undercapitalized and badly managed. Access Bank plc was one of the troubled banks. Following the injection of capital by the federal government of Nigeria to maintain solvency, the troubled banks have embarked on recapitalization through participation by new investors.
Increasing the capital base: according to its un-audited interim results at August 31 2006. Intercontinental has a capital base in excess of N61 billion ($491 million) ranked as Nigeria’s fourth most capitalized bank. Access bank is in the market to raise an additional N50 billion ($403 million) by way of a combined rights issue and public offer for subscription.
According to interim results for the first six months of the access bank financial year to August 2006, interest income is up close to 150% on the same period in 2005. Profit before tax is up 91.4% to N8.14 billion ($ 66 million) and the proposed interim dividend is up 100% at N3.2 billion ($26 million) (Access Bank Financial Statement 2006).
Access Bank has more than 200 branches national, rising to 280 by the end of February 2014. The bank has begun its continental expansion in Ghana, where it recently obtained approval in principles to commence operations. The bank intends to build its presence in major financial centers, including South Africa, the United Kingdom, United States of America, Hong Kong and Dubai. Access bank is a large finance services provide in West Africa. As at December 2008, the banks’ shareholder’s equity was valued at approximately S1.7 billion (N 261 billion). The share of stock of Access bank is listed on the Nigeria stock exchange (NSE) where they trade under the symbol: INTERCONT
1.8 Definitions of Terms
Character: This is the credit worthiness of the borrower, based on his previous relationships with the bank and what his previous records on credit book looks like.
Capacity to Borrowers: This refers to the legal aspect of the borrower, whether he/she has the legal contractual capacity to borrow such money.
Collateral Security: This refers to whether the lender requires you to put up assets often referred to as collateral; this is a form of security guarantee to ensure that the lenders might recover their money incase of default on the path of the borrower.
Capital: Capital here refers to the borrowers contribution as to the amount required.
Lending: Lending is the process whereby fund is being given to an individual or organization after analyzing the facts of a loan request and making judgment about that information.
Borrowing: Borrowing is where deficit units of the economy, applies to secure fund from the surplus unit of the economy.
Policy: Policy is a general statement that guide the direction of an organization on a particular subject matter.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: AN APPRAISAL OF DEPOSIT AND LENDING POLICIES IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In a modern economic system, there is distinction between the surplus and deficit economic units and consequently a separation of the savings and investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institutions whose jobs include the transfer of funds from savers to investors. One of the institutions is the money deposits bank, the intermediating roles of the money deposit banks place them in a position of “trustees” of the savings of the widely dispersed surplus economic units as well as the determinant of the rate and shape of the economic development. The techniques employed by banks in this intermediary function should provide them with perfect knowledge of the outcome of lending such that funds will be allocated to investment in which probability of full payment is certain. However, in practice no such tool can be found in the decision of lending bankers. Virtually all lending decisions are made under creditors uncertain of the risk and uncertainties associated with lending decision situations are so great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by lending bankers in order to facilitate sound financial decision making and judgment. This statement implies that if risks are to be objective assessed, lending decisions by the money deposit banks should be based less on quantitative data and more on principals tools subjected to provide sound and unbiased judgment. Hence, the banks depend heavily on historical information as a basis for decision making.
Apparently aware of the inadequacies of his or her decisions base, the lending banker has often sought solace in tangible and marketable assets as security giving the impression that lending against such securities is an insurance against bad debts. This makes the banker complacent with his loan port folio. The increasing trends of provision for bad and doubtful debts in most money deposit banks is a major source of concern not only to management but also to the shareholders who are be coming more ware of the dangers posed by these debts. Bad debts destroy part of the earning assets of banks such as loans and advances which have been described as the main source of earnings and also determine the liquidity and solvency which generates two major problems, that is liquidity and profitability, has to earn sufficient income to meet its operating costs and to have adequate returns on its investment.
Lending has becoming a vital function in banking operations in view of its direct effect on the economic growth and development in the business sectors. Thus, as far as banks are concerned, their activities are lending are as important as their deposit taking, considering the inter-relationships between lending and deposit taking. Although lending is risky, deposit money banks profit oriented organizations having a primary objective as profit maximization cannot do without lending out money. In most cases, they generate the highest proportion of their interest from lending. Moreso, the principal objective of lending of a bank is the provision of growth in profitability and liquidity within the economy.
Deposit money banks play an important role in the pass-through of monetary interest rates. Nevertheless, the efficiency of transmission of decisions of Central Bank is a complicated process and may depend on many factors such as: level of competition in financial industry, perception of credit risk, risk aversion, availability of close substitutes for loans etc. Moreover, banks may influence the external fiancé premium not only via the interest rate but also modifying the available maturity of loans or changing collateral requirements. Finally, as evidence by broad literature on bank lending channel, credit rationing and uncertainty about creditworthiness of borrowers may markedly influence banks risk taking thereby influencing their willingness to lend.
The existence of bank lending channel is conditioned on two important assumptions. First, monetary policy decision impact on the bank liquidity position; second, changes in the supply of loans affect borrowers because of constrained access to other sources of financing than bank loans. Tightening of monetary policy usually leads to decrease in the demand of deposit because banks adjust their deposit rates only partially to the other sector to equity investment funds. Shrinking bank’s liabilities force banks to decrease the supply of loans accordingly.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Years after years, banks suffer much from the part of full loan extended which has for one reason or the other proved irrecoverable. Banks lose millions of Naira in various bad debts yearly and deposit efforts by bank management committee of chief inspectors and the bankers committee on the other hand, the rate of bad debts in banks is still on alarming proportion.
On the other hand, many banks experienced a lot of bad debts when new government abandoned the project awarded to the contractors by the former government. These contractors borrowed to execute the project awarded to them but could not repay the loan, due to government action on revamping the economy. Again, problem of bad debts also arise in respect of lapses on the part of the bank credit officers. For instance, these are due to excesses over approved facility, unformatted facilities and expired facilities not renewed in time in each of these cases, the customer may easily deny even owing the bank all or part of the amount. Deposit banks have always borne the burden alone, but this may not continue in future as the banks may be unable to take the risk of lending more but when eventually they do, they would seek the best way to come out of the risk with realistic reward which they are dearly failing to achieve at present.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are stated as follows:
i) To determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access bank plc
ii) To ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of money deposit banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank.
iii) To highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access bank.
iv) To highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions were formulated to guide the study:
i) What are the lending techniques and procedures used by Access Bank Plc?
ii) To what extent has government intervention in lending policies of money deposit bank influence bad debts in Access bank plc?
iii) To what extent does improper projects evaluation influence bad debt and lending policies of Access Bank Plc?
iv) How do the inadequate collateral securities provision contributed to bad debt in Access Bank Plc?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study to bankers will enable them to appreciate an appraisal of their lending control mechanisms now that they are expected to lend under tight monetary conditions. The economic as a whole will benefit from the study because if the level of bad debts is reduced, banks will be left with more profits to enable them make the expected contributions to the development of the economy.
The scholarly importance of this study cannot be overemphasized as the findings will contribute to existing body of knowledge, provide information, open up research areas and assist in the design of such studies for student researchers in related fields of study.
Moreso, the study will serve as a reference material to such future researchers who may wish to use the research results as a springboard to undertake their own research.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study however be restricted to Access Bank Plc, Bida Road, Kaduna. The study will seek to determine and appraise the lending procedures of Access Bank, and to ascertain the extent to which government intervention in lending policies of deposit money banks has influenced bad debts in Access Bank. Furthermore, it will highlight the extent to which improper project evaluation influence bad debt of Access Bank and its lending policies as well as highlight the rate at which inadequate collateral securities provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts in Access Bank Plc, Kaduna. The study shall cover the period of 2010 – 2015.
1.7 Historical Background of Access Bank Plc
Access Bank Plc, commonly refers to as Access bank but often called intercontinental is a commercial bank in Nigeria. It is one of the twenty-four (24) deposit money banks licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the country’s banking regulator.
The bank was established in 1989 under the name Nigerian Intercontinental Merchant Bank Limited. That same year, the first subsidiary intercontinental securities limited, was established. In 1996, the bank acquired controlling shareholding in equity bank of Nigeria, a commercial bank. Also in 1996, Access acquired majority shareholding in West Africa provincial company plc (WAPIC), an insurance company.
Access bank converted into a commercial bank in 1999. In 2002, the company listed its shares on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In 2005, Access bank successfully merged with three (3) other deposit money banks, in which it held equity position prior to the merger, namely Equity bank of Nigeria, gateway bank and Global bank. In 2009, a special audit of the deposit money banks in Niger by the Central Bank to be undercapitalized and badly managed. Access Bank plc was one of the troubled banks. Following the injection of capital by the federal government of Nigeria to maintain solvency, the troubled banks have embarked on recapitalization through participation by new investors.
Increasing the capital base: according to its un-audited interim results at August 31 2006. Intercontinental has a capital base in excess of N61 billion ($491 million) ranked as Nigeria’s fourth most capitalized bank. Access bank is in the market to raise an additional N50 billion ($403 million) by way of a combined rights issue and public offer for subscription.
According to interim results for the first six months of the access bank financial year to August 2006, interest income is up close to 150% on the same period in 2005. Profit before tax is up 91.4% to N8.14 billion ($ 66 million) and the proposed interim dividend is up 100% at N3.2 billion ($26 million) (Access Bank Financial Statement 2006).
Access Bank has more than 200 branches national, rising to 280 by the end of February 2014. The bank has begun its continental expansion in Ghana, where it recently obtained approval in principles to commence operations. The bank intends to build its presence in major financial centers, including South Africa, the United Kingdom, United States of America, Hong Kong and Dubai. Access bank is a large finance services provide in West Africa. As at December 2008, the banks’ shareholder’s equity was valued at approximately S1.7 billion (N 261 billion). The share of stock of Access bank is listed on the Nigeria stock exchange (NSE) where they trade under the symbol: INTERCONT
1.8 Definitions of Terms
Character: This is the credit worthiness of the borrower, based on his previous relationships with the bank and what his previous records on credit book looks like.
Capacity to Borrowers: This refers to the legal aspect of the borrower, whether he/she has the legal contractual capacity to borrow such money.
Collateral Security: This refers to whether the lender requires you to put up assets often referred to as collateral; this is a form of security guarantee to ensure that the lenders might recover their money incase of default on the path of the borrower.
Capital: Capital here refers to the borrowers contribution as to the amount required.
Lending: Lending is the process whereby fund is being given to an individual or organization after analyzing the facts of a loan request and making judgment about that information.
Borrowing: Borrowing is where deficit units of the economy, applies to secure fund from the surplus unit of the economy.
Policy: Policy is a general statement that guide the direction of an organization on a particular subject matter.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: AN APPRAISAL OF DEPOSIT AND LENDING POLICIES IN NIGERIAN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS (A CASE STUDY OF ACCESS BANK PLC, KADUNA)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research work focuses on how cooperative thrift and credit societies influence or enhance member’s living standard. Unlike other cooperative society, thrift and credit societies are formed with the aims of improving the standard living of their members. Thrift and credit societies started from Germany by Fredrick Wilhelm Raifferson in the year 1818, Raifferson is therefore regarded as the father of modern cooperative thrift and credit society.Thrift and credit society are mostly found in any form of society, community. The popularly known among the rural dweller, even before the mergence of modern cooperatives it serves as a rural bank before the coming of the modern thrift and credit society. The traditional mutual system has been called and addressed by different names, by various communities who practice it inform of traditional saving’s.However, cooperative societies adopted in virtually all countries of the world for practical all aspect of human endeavour’s modern cooperative organization have penetrated into all the facets of human activities and used of human activities and also to achieve both social and economic goals.In Nigeria, thrift and credit societies started in the year 1940, by the Roman Catholic teachers for salary earners and primarily to take care of their old age and retirement. Members make regular thrift saving during the period they are under employment and other saving for special purpose could also be made by an individuals if they wished, such saving could be for children’s schools fees, vacation leave etc.The societies also grant loans to members and such loans are repaid on monthly installmental basis while regular savings continues. No members of such societies may withdraw while still under employment. Usually the society’s money deposited with the post office saving banks.However, in modern thrift and credit society contributions are not necessarily the same, minimum monthly saving are fixed, and members who share contributions as a regular monthly savings, some are removed directly from-their salaries.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The primary aim of any cooperative society is to meet economic, social and cultural needs of members if well operated and managed.
Despite the prospect and significance of thrift and credit cooperative societies, some people are still reluctant in joining or participating in thrift and credit societies. It has unfortunately been discovered that most thrift and credit cooperatives societies are not very effective in the business activities consequently they end up not achieving their goals. As a result of this, the study will try to find out the factor that militates against the enhancement of living standard of its members. Furthermore, in most cases, the members saving are embezzled or misappropriated. It is in the light of this that it is doubtful whether thrift and credit cooperative societies actually perform their roles, that is why this topic is conducted to examine their effect so that the situation can be addressed before it get out or hand.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#10000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: KADUNA), THE EFFECT OF THRIFT AND SOCIETY ON ENHANCING MEMBERS LIVING STANDARD (A CASE STUDY OF HAMDALA HOTEL WORKERS THRIFT AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This research work focuses on how cooperative thrift and credit societies influence or enhance member’s living standard. Unlike other cooperative society, thrift and credit societies are formed with the aims of improving the standard living of their members. Thrift and credit societies started from Germany by Fredrick Wilhelm Raifferson in the year 1818, Raifferson is therefore regarded as the father of modern cooperative thrift and credit society.Thrift and credit society are mostly found in any form of society, community. The popularly known among the rural dweller, even before the mergence of modern cooperatives it serves as a rural bank before the coming of the modern thrift and credit society. The traditional mutual system has been called and addressed by different names, by various communities who practice it inform of traditional saving’s.However, cooperative societies adopted in virtually all countries of the world for practical all aspect of human endeavour’s modern cooperative organization have penetrated into all the facets of human activities and used of human activities and also to achieve both social and economic goals.In Nigeria, thrift and credit societies started in the year 1940, by the Roman Catholic teachers for salary earners and primarily to take care of their old age and retirement. Members make regular thrift saving during the period they are under employment and other saving for special purpose could also be made by an individuals if they wished, such saving could be for children’s schools fees, vacation leave etc.The societies also grant loans to members and such loans are repaid on monthly installmental basis while regular savings continues. No members of such societies may withdraw while still under employment. Usually the society’s money deposited with the post office saving banks.However, in modern thrift and credit society contributions are not necessarily the same, minimum monthly saving are fixed, and members who share contributions as a regular monthly savings, some are removed directly from-their salaries.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The primary aim of any cooperative society is to meet economic, social and cultural needs of members if well operated and managed.
Despite the prospect and significance of thrift and credit cooperative societies, some people are still reluctant in joining or participating in thrift and credit societies. It has unfortunately been discovered that most thrift and credit cooperatives societies are not very effective in the business activities consequently they end up not achieving their goals. As a result of this, the study will try to find out the factor that militates against the enhancement of living standard of its members. Furthermore, in most cases, the members saving are embezzled or misappropriated. It is in the light of this that it is doubtful whether thrift and credit cooperative societies actually perform their roles, that is why this topic is conducted to examine their effect so that the situation can be addressed before it get out or hand.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
Visit any of my project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: KADUNA), THE EFFECT OF THRIFT AND SOCIETY ON ENHANCING MEMBERS LIVING STANDARD (A CASE STUDY OF HAMDALA HOTEL WORKERS THRIFT AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETY
