THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Scope of the study
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of Related Literature
2.1 The Concept of Enterpreneurship Development
2.2 Business environment and entrepreneurship development in Nigeria
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and Sampling procedure
3.5 Instrument for data collection
3.6 Validation of the instrument
3.7 Reliability of the instrument
3.8 Method of data collection
3.9 Method of data analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.2 Testing of Hypothesis
4.3 Summary of Results
References
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion
5.1 Discussion of Result/Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Implications of Result/Findings
5.4 Recommendations
5.5 Suggestions for further research
Bibliography
THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This research presents an analytical and evaluative study of the impact of business environment on entrepreneurship development. The research is based on theoretical survey of the characteristics of Nigerian business environment and its major sub-societies; and their roles in the emergence of entrepreneurs.
The analysis of the relationship of business environment and its influence on entrepreneurial development is built on a blend of scattered observations and some qualified reasoning about the distribution of business ownership amongst Nigerian ethnic groups, and gender.
Primarily, the study reveals that business environment significantly impact, both negatively and positively, on entrepreneurial
Development in a society. It is revealed that beyond the negative or adverse economic circumstance of individuals, the value
system of a people is a great determinant of the desire and capacity of people becoming entrepreneurs. Specifically, in
Nigeria the study reveals that the prevalent socio-cultural characteristics, particularly the value system has enormous
negative influence on the emergence of entrepreneurs.
However, the findings also indicate that it is not all a negative
influence but in some ways the Nigerian business environment has positively influenced the emergence of Nigerian entrepreneurs. This disproves the general notion that the Nigerian society absolutely does not provide opportunities for entrepreneurial emergence. It is noted that although the Nigerian business environment consists more of negative features, these features can be turned around and tapped as motivation for business ownership by potential entrepreneurs. Many
Nigerians are entrepreneurs today through this approach.
The research however, recommends that certain traditions and
values in Nigerian global and sub-cultural systems which have remained barriers to people becoming entrepreneurs must be dropped or modified to pave way for the emergence of entrepreneurs among Nigerian men and women.
It is also recommended that there is need for a socio-cultural environmental management based on value reengineering and reorientation approach by government through its relevant agencies to help change and redirect the attitude and behavior of Nigerians positively towards entrepreneurial involvement.
Finally, Nigeria and similar societies should learn from the earlier and newly industrialized societies what socio-cultural characteristics and features make them thick as entrepreneurial societies, and modify their socio-cultural situations along such path.
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1 Background of the study
Since the period of the industrial revolution in 18th century when the French economist, Richard Cantillon, first used the word entrepreneurship to describe the ‘risk bearing’ activity and highlighted its role in the transformation of resources in an economy, the concept of entrepreneurship has continued to gain recognition as a great force for the economic advancement of individuals and nations’ economic growth and development. The economic realities of many nations with
experiences of economic hardship, unemployment and poverty in much recent time has made the role of entrepreneurs much more recognized and the need for entrepreneurship development much more emphasized in all nations, particularly in the developing world.
However, it is obvious that in-spite of the emphasis and effort by all nations to turn out entrepreneurs in their mass, entrepreneurial motivation have never been the same for all countries. Great disparities exist among nations and even among sub-societies in nations, in terms of entrepreneurial emergence.
The causal factors for the emergence of entrepreneurs have been at the front burner of entrepreneurial thoughts and theories, over the years, since the concept of entrepreneurship became popular as a means of wealth creation and economic growth and development. There have been many theories on entrepreneurial emergence and the disparities among societies. Apparently, in all of the theories, the environment has been implicated as playing a great role in the
emergence of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship development in general.
Simply, the entrepreneurial phenomenon has been linked to environmental influence and impact. The disparities among nations in developing entrepreneurial societies have also been attributed to environmental differences between societies both in time and space. It is against this that this research examines the impact of business environment on the entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.
The Nigerian environment has been widely and greatly discussed with regards to entrepreneurship. The common view is that entrepreneurship situation in Nigeria is a function of the environment. Specifically, it is argued that the Nigerian environment has great influence and impact on the emergence of entrepreneurs and their behavior. This view, however, has relied greatly on conjecture, with no verifiable evidence to support it. Also, the concept of environment has been narrowed in most cases to infrastructures of physical and economic/financial nature which are based on political and National economic decisions by government. It is very common that the influence and impact of environment on entrepreneurship is linked to physical and economic structures and conditions only, without considering the role of socio-cultural forces.
Essentially, the concept of business environment is much more than economic, political and physical conditions of a nation. It includes the socio-cultural characteristics of the people. This very important aspect of the business environment is often neglected or overlooked when environmental issues are discussed in relation to entrepreneurship
development. This accounts for the reason that government is often blamed for low entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.
Furthermore, the view on the influence of business environment on entrepreneurship is one dimensional (lopsided), focusing on only the negative impact on entrepreneurship. The fact that the environment has influenced and impacted on entrepreneurship positively in many countries has never been explored. Evidences of the positive impact of environment on entrepreneurial development abound in many countries. Such evidences can also be found in Nigeria. Unfortunately, no interest or attention is given in this direction. It is against this background, that this research attempts to present an analytical
and holistic view of the concept of environment and to critically examine in particular, the Nigerian socio-cultural environment and its influence/impact on the emergence of entrepreneurs in Nigeria and on entrepreneurship development.
1.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The Paper seeks to:
i Examine theoretically the impact of business environment on entrepreneurship development.
ii Analyze the specific ways which the Nigerian business environment is impacting on entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.
iii Promote an understanding of the enormous opportunities for entrepreneurship development (entrepreneurship) which the
Nigerian environment provides, while recognizing its limiting factors.
iv. Provide a window for scholars and nations’ economic managers to view and examine the many theories and controversies surrounding the role of environment with respect to entrepreneurship, industrialization and economic development in societies, drawing inferences from Nigeria.
v. Suggest approaches and methods to optimize the realities of the Nigerian environment by potential entrepreneurs and also to highlight the need for government to look more critically into the issue of the Nigerian environment and devise approaches and methods to make it more entrepreneurship friendly and attractive.
IMPACT OF THE NDE ON GRADUATE EMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1. Background Of The Study:
1.2. Statement Of The Problem:
1.3. Research Questions:
1.4. Hypothesis:
1.5. Objectives Of The Study:
1.6. Scope And Limitation Of The Study:
CHAPTER TWO
6.0 Review of Related Literature
CHAPTER THREE
7.0 Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and Sampling procedure
3.5 Instrument for data collection
3.6 Validation of the instrument
3.7 Reliability of the instrument
CHAPTER THREE:
3.10 Method of data collection
3.11 Method of data analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR
8.0 Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1 Presentation and Analysis of Data
4.2 Testing of Hypothesis
4.3 Summary of Results
References
CHAPTER FIVE
9.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion
5.1 Discussion of Result/Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Implications of Result/Findings
5.4 Recommendations
Bibliography
ABSTRACT:
The seriousness and gravity of the issue of employment in Nigeria informed this study which was to appraise the impact of the activities of the National Directorate of Employment on graduate employment and job creation in Nigeria.
The study was aimed at determining the various programs of the directorate and assessing the level of its success with respect to graduate employment creation in Nigeria.
Secondary data were collected as well as oral interview of personnel in the course of the study.
It was found that the impact of the NDE on graduate employment in Nigeria has not been particularly positive and much still needs to be done.
Only modest achievement in the areas of generation of graduate employment has so far been recorded.
A thorough re-appraisal of its program in order to overhaul the system is desirable
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
The Kuru Declaration of 2001 indicated the vision for Nigeria as to build a truly great African Democratic country, politically united, integrated and stable, economically prosperous, socially organized with equal opportunity for all and responsibility from all, to become the catalyst of African Renaissance and making adequate all-embracing contribution, sub-regionally, regionally and globally.
The task of achieving an economically prosperous country is a process which can only be achieved as part of the developmental process. Hence, Seers (1969) in his explanation of what constitutes development wrote that the questions to ask about a country’s development are therefore what has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment and what has been happening to inequality? If all these three have declined from high levels to low levels, then without doubt, this has been a period of development for the country concerned.
If one or two of these problems have been growing worse, especially if the entire three have ,then it would be inappropriate to call the result development, even if per capital income has doubled.
National Bureau of Statistics (2006)reported that the demand for employment opportunities in the country is ever-increasing with demand clearly outstripping supply.
Policies and programs that help to increase employment opportunities will therefore assist in alleviating poverty since the issue of unemployment has been linked directly to poverty.
The importance of the issue of job creation in National Development in Nigeria was underscored by the fact Achegbulu undertook an appraisal of enterprises and development program of National Directorate of Employment in the country
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The average rates of unemployment in Nigeria for the 1960’s and 1970’s were about 2.0 and 4.5% respectively (National Bureau of Statistics 2006). Since the early 1980’s, unemployment in Nigeria has been one of the most menacing social and economic problems the country has had to contend with. For instance in 1985, the national unemployment rate was 8.5%(National Bureau of Statistics 2006).Hardly can one find a family(whether rural or urban) in which nobody is either unemployed or threatened by unemployment.
Unemployment is partly responsible for social ills such as armed robbery, destitution, prostitution and other social vices. The latest unemployment figure in Nigeria according to the National Bureau for Statistics is 13.2% which when translated into labor, means that >13million able-bodied Nigerians are unemployed. The >70% of the unemployed persons were relatively unskilled primary and secondary school leavers between the ages of 13 and 25years.Graduate unemployment which hitherto was unnoticed, emerged and began to grow very rapidly.
This situation was extremely disturbing for the government, considering its socio-political implications as well as the economic wastage that cold result
Consequently, in March 1986, the federal government of Nigeria constituted a committee to come up with a strategy for dealing with the problem of unemployment, most especially among the youths. The acceptance of that committee’s report by the federal government led to the establishment of the National Directorate of Employment, an agency that was inaugurated on November 19,1986 with the task of implementing the committees’ recommendations by articulating programs for combating mass unemployment in Nigeria.
The problem being investigated in this study is the effects which National Directorate of Employment has on graduate employment and unemployment in Nigeria.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
A number of research questions arose from the problem under investigation here and this were considered in the study:
- What problem does the NDE have in place for unemployed graduates?
- Have such programs impacted on the rate of unemployment positively in Nigeria?
- Has employment been generated through the NDE program in Nigeria
- Is such employment that is generated among graduates sustainable.
1.4. HYPOTHESIS:
In order to answer the research questions, the following hypothesis were tested in the course of the study:
H0. The establishment of NDE in Nigeria has reduced graduate unemployment in the country.
H1. NDE has generated jobs to increase graduate employment in Nigeria
H3. The jobs created by the NDE for graduates in Nigeria have been sustainable?
1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1.The study was conducted to appraise the activities of the National Directorate of Employment in Nigeria
2 . The study was conducted to assess the impact of those activities on the generation of graduate employment.
1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
The study focused on the impact of National Directorate of Employment in Nigeria. The areas of concentration were:
- The aims and objectives of the National Directorate of Employment
- Programs developed by the NDE to combat graduate unemployment in Nigeria
- Job creation programs embarked upon by the NDE
- The mechanism put in place by the NDE to ensure sustainability of employment generated for graduates.
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