|
|
|
ABSTRACT
|
| There is need for encouraging the economy and the educational sector in Nigeria and its expenditure by the federal government. The objective of this research is to find out the impact of economy on educational growth of Nigerian, the null hypothesis (H0) which states that economic growth has no significant effect on the educational development of Nigeria is tested against the alternative (H1) which states that economic growth has a significant effect on the educational growth of economy.
The linear regression analysis is used adopting the “ordinary least squares” techniques. Based on the available data, it found out that “Economy” has a positive relationship with “Educational Growth”.
From the finding it recommended that to harness a remarkable increase in educational sector, federal government have to spend at least 40% of its revenue in the educational sector. Also, government should make and improve on existing economic policies that will advance the economy, thereby providing more and adequate funds which could be invested back into education, plus provide more spring boards for increased privatization which will in turn provide the resources for increased research and development. |
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This is widely acknowledged that, education is an important determinant factor of economic growth. But this research seeks to evaluate the impact of the economy on the educational growth of Nigeria. The main theoretical approaches of modeling the linkages between economic performance and educational growth are the neoclassical growth models of Robert Solow (1957) and the model of Romer (1990). Apart from the theoretical aspects, numerous empirical studies have focused on the issue of economic and educational development. Economic boom of a country will provide the requisite capital and resources for the provision of education infrastructure. In fact, economists argued that advanced economic sector will certainly lead to successfulness of a country’s economics and socials development. Therefore, most of the developed and developing countries emphasize the enhancement of educational sector. Nigeria has no exceptions in developing and enhancing its educational system in order to be a world class country (Ibrahmim and Awang, 2008). Nigeria’s commitment in developing its educational sectors has been tremendous. This can be seen from Nigeria’s annual budget allocation. Nigeria has allocated significant amount of budget for education sector and it keep increasing for each budget session. What can be learnt is that, from 1989 there have been consistent increases for Nigeria’s educational budget allocations. Despite the financial turmoil that badly affected Nigerian economy in which had devaluated Nigeria currency, government’s allocation for the educational sector has never been reduced. In fact it has been increasing. Emphasizing on educational sector has been successful as it plays important roles in achieving National development agenda and contributed to a country’s economic growth. Sheehan (1971) has listed some direct benefit that country’s gain from education. This includes increases in productivity, labors’ income, country’s economic growth and literacy rate. In addition, education could also improve efficiency of income allocation as well as labor’s mobility and transfer in accordance to work demand of trained workers.
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic group but consisted of three major ethnic groups namely, Igbos that inhabited there Eastern part of the country, Hausas which inhabited the Northern part and Yorubas at the Western part.
Before the coming of the colonial masters, Nigeria practiced a traditional educational system which comprises of teachings based on religious background (Islam and Christianity). Essentially, the major aim of traditional education was to foster good character in the individual member of the society for them to be useful in the larger society. For instances, local stories and folktales were frequently told and references to ancestors who demonstrated the “act of legendary”. Notwithstanding that this system was a hallmark for the preservation of socio-cultural values and norms but the system fail to make room for critical thinking and research development. Since much valuable time are wasted as a result of unnecessary long period of training thereby impending the development of the child’s potentialities.
After the demise of slave trade in 1806 as a result of missionaries resettlement and rehabilitation plans. These Christian Missions included Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodist Missionary Society (MMS), the Roman Catholic Mission (RCM) and others. They preached the mysteries of reading and writing with the “Holy Bible” and its content as their principal reference materials and belief.
In Nigeria, Western education formally took-off at Abeokuta in today’s Ogun State by the establishment of a formal school in 1546 by the Church Missionary Society and ten years later, the Baptist Mission led by Reo Bowen arrived to established their own school, the Roman Catholics and others followed suit in establishment of schools in several parts of Nigeria.
Up until 1884, when Nigeria was formally made a colony of the British government, little attention was paid to the educational needs of the people as the entire Western education system was solely missionary affair. One of the immediate benefits of the early western education was that the graduates from the Christian schools secure white-collar jobs in the colonial establishments.
The national consciousness of the significance of education in Nigeria formed the basis upon which education expenditure became a matter of serious consideration. Since 1960 to date one of the major problems facing educational sector is low investment in the infrastructural, research grants and learning aid especially in the public schools. For several years now, educational industry has suffered tremendous neglects arising mainly from the ineptitude of education administrators at the various levels of government in Nigeria. According to Prof. Ukeje B.O “the problem of education is not only in terms of the economic factor of increasing demands in the face of decreasing resources but also in terms of political considerations.
On the foregoing promises, this paper work stands to present a framework in which policy interventions can be hinged in order to ameliorate the problem of poor financing and inconsistencies in the federal government’s educational expenditure pattern in Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
The federal government allocation to education sector has declined steadily since 1999 and is much lower than the average in the last years of military rule.
Alternative source of financing education explored by the federal government is the Education Tax Fund (ETF) established in 1995. ETF ensures that companies with more than 100 employees contribute 2% of their pre-tax earnings to the fund. Primary education receives 40% of this fund, secondary education receives 10% and higher education 50%. Primary education has also in the past decades receives from the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) for capital expenditure and provision of infrastructural materials.
Despite all alternatives, the infrastructure and facilities remains inadequate for coping with a system that is growing at a very rapid pace. Due to poor financing, the quality of education offered is affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. Physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and information technology equipment have to be provided.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this work are:
Firstly, to find out the relationship between federal government educational expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1994-2011.
Secondly, to find the impact of federal government educational expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria.
Hypothesis of the Study
For the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis will be tested.
H0: Federal government expenditure has no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.
H1: Federal government expenditure has significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The federal government annual expenditure to the educational sector is of great concern to all citizenry. This is because; educational expenditure has a significant impact on human capital development.
The study will be of great importance to policy-makers because it will make them to see the impact of education on national development and will make them to make policy adjustments concerning the education sector.
The study will also benefit the education authorities and administrators, as this will propel reforms and transformation where necessary.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
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Tags: THE IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
|
|
|
ABSTRACT
|
| There is need for encouraging the economy and the educational sector in Nigeria and its expenditure by the federal government. The objective of this research is to find out the impact of economy on educational growth of Nigerian, the null hypothesis (H0) which states that economic growth has no significant effect on the educational development of Nigeria is tested against the alternative (H1) which states that economic growth has a significant effect on the educational growth of economy.
The linear regression analysis is used adopting the “ordinary least squares” techniques. Based on the available data, it found out that “Economy” has a positive relationship with “Educational Growth”.
From the finding it recommended that to harness a remarkable increase in educational sector, federal government have to spend at least 40% of its revenue in the educational sector. Also, government should make and improve on existing economic policies that will advance the economy, thereby providing more and adequate funds which could be invested back into education, plus provide more spring boards for increased privatization which will in turn provide the resources for increased research and development. |
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This is widely acknowledged that, education is an important determinant factor of economic growth. But this research seeks to evaluate the impact of the economy on the educational growth of Nigeria. The main theoretical approaches of modeling the linkages between economic performance and educational growth are the neoclassical growth models of Robert Solow (1957) and the model of Romer (1990). Apart from the theoretical aspects, numerous empirical studies have focused on the issue of economic and educational development. Economic boom of a country will provide the requisite capital and resources for the provision of education infrastructure. In fact, economists argued that advanced economic sector will certainly lead to successfulness of a country’s economics and socials development. Therefore, most of the developed and developing countries emphasize the enhancement of educational sector. Nigeria has no exceptions in developing and enhancing its educational system in order to be a world class country (Ibrahmim and Awang, 2008). Nigeria’s commitment in developing its educational sectors has been tremendous. This can be seen from Nigeria’s annual budget allocation. Nigeria has allocated significant amount of budget for education sector and it keep increasing for each budget session. What can be learnt is that, from 1989 there have been consistent increases for Nigeria’s educational budget allocations. Despite the financial turmoil that badly affected Nigerian economy in which had devaluated Nigeria currency, government’s allocation for the educational sector has never been reduced. In fact it has been increasing. Emphasizing on educational sector has been successful as it plays important roles in achieving National development agenda and contributed to a country’s economic growth. Sheehan (1971) has listed some direct benefit that country’s gain from education. This includes increases in productivity, labors’ income, country’s economic growth and literacy rate. In addition, education could also improve efficiency of income allocation as well as labor’s mobility and transfer in accordance to work demand of trained workers.
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic group but consisted of three major ethnic groups namely, Igbos that inhabited there Eastern part of the country, Hausas which inhabited the Northern part and Yorubas at the Western part.
Before the coming of the colonial masters, Nigeria practiced a traditional educational system which comprises of teachings based on religious background (Islam and Christianity). Essentially, the major aim of traditional education was to foster good character in the individual member of the society for them to be useful in the larger society. For instances, local stories and folktales were frequently told and references to ancestors who demonstrated the “act of legendary”. Notwithstanding that this system was a hallmark for the preservation of socio-cultural values and norms but the system fail to make room for critical thinking and research development. Since much valuable time are wasted as a result of unnecessary long period of training thereby impending the development of the child’s potentialities.
After the demise of slave trade in 1806 as a result of missionaries resettlement and rehabilitation plans. These Christian Missions included Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodist Missionary Society (MMS), the Roman Catholic Mission (RCM) and others. They preached the mysteries of reading and writing with the “Holy Bible” and its content as their principal reference materials and belief.
In Nigeria, Western education formally took-off at Abeokuta in today’s Ogun State by the establishment of a formal school in 1546 by the Church Missionary Society and ten years later, the Baptist Mission led by Reo Bowen arrived to established their own school, the Roman Catholics and others followed suit in establishment of schools in several parts of Nigeria.
Up until 1884, when Nigeria was formally made a colony of the British government, little attention was paid to the educational needs of the people as the entire Western education system was solely missionary affair. One of the immediate benefits of the early western education was that the graduates from the Christian schools secure white-collar jobs in the colonial establishments.
The national consciousness of the significance of education in Nigeria formed the basis upon which education expenditure became a matter of serious consideration. Since 1960 to date one of the major problems facing educational sector is low investment in the infrastructural, research grants and learning aid especially in the public schools. For several years now, educational industry has suffered tremendous neglects arising mainly from the ineptitude of education administrators at the various levels of government in Nigeria. According to Prof. Ukeje B.O “the problem of education is not only in terms of the economic factor of increasing demands in the face of decreasing resources but also in terms of political considerations.
On the foregoing promises, this paper work stands to present a framework in which policy interventions can be hinged in order to ameliorate the problem of poor financing and inconsistencies in the federal government’s educational expenditure pattern in Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
The federal government allocation to education sector has declined steadily since 1999 and is much lower than the average in the last years of military rule.
Alternative source of financing education explored by the federal government is the Education Tax Fund (ETF) established in 1995. ETF ensures that companies with more than 100 employees contribute 2% of their pre-tax earnings to the fund. Primary education receives 40% of this fund, secondary education receives 10% and higher education 50%. Primary education has also in the past decades receives from the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) for capital expenditure and provision of infrastructural materials.
Despite all alternatives, the infrastructure and facilities remains inadequate for coping with a system that is growing at a very rapid pace. Due to poor financing, the quality of education offered is affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. Physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and information technology equipment have to be provided.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this work are:
Firstly, to find out the relationship between federal government educational expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1994-2011.
Secondly, to find the impact of federal government educational expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria.
Hypothesis of the Study
For the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis will be tested.
H0: Federal government expenditure has no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.
H1: Federal government expenditure has significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The federal government annual expenditure to the educational sector is of great concern to all citizenry. This is because; educational expenditure has a significant impact on human capital development.
The study will be of great importance to policy-makers because it will make them to see the impact of education on national development and will make them to make policy adjustments concerning the education sector.
The study will also benefit the education authorities and administrators, as this will propel reforms and transformation where necessary.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: THE IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The study is made up of two independent models, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Investment respectively. The independent variables Oil export, Non-oil export, Real exchange rate and Inflation rate were modeled to capture their effect on GDP and Investment respectively.
The study employed Log Linear Model. Following the empirical findings in this study, we observed that, Non-oil export have not contributed a lot to economic growth in Nigeria but other indicators exert enough pressure on the strength of the economy, evidence from the result of the first model. Judging from the result of the second model, Oil export proves a negative non significant variable with investment growth in Nigeria.
The study recommends appropriate economic policies, institutional reforms and massive political will for the country to address the issues of dwindling exportation of Non-oil sector and the trap of Dutch Disease associated with oil-dependency.
Pages
LIST OF TABLE
Unit Root Test for Stationarity ——————————————- 42
Co-integration Result —————————————————— 45
Modeling Log of Differenced GDP by OLS ————————— 45
Modeling Log of Differenced INV by OLS —————————- 46
Summary of t-statistic test for model 1 ———————————- 50
Summary of t-statistic test for model 2 ———————————- 52
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page —————————————————————- i
Approval page ———————————————————- ii
Dedication ————————————————————– iii
Acknowledgement —————————————————– iv
Abstract —————————————————————– v
List of tables ———————————————————– vi
Table of content ——————————————————- vii
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction ——————————————————- 1
1.1 Background of study ——————————————— 1
1.2 Statement of problem ——————————————– 3
1.3 Objective of the study ——————————————- 5
1.4 Statement of hypothesis —————————————– 5
1.5 Significance of the study —————————————- 6
1.6 Scope and limitations of the study —————————– 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Meaning of oil and non-oil exports —————————- 7
2.2 A brief historical perspective on oil in Nigeria ————– 7
2.3 Oil and economic policies in Nigeria ————————- 10
2.4 The Dutch-Disease ———————————————- 15
2.5 The boom and burst periods in oil sector and policy response —–17
2.6 Macroeconomic policies and structure of Non-oil export in Nigeria-22
2.7 Oil export, Non-oil export and Economic growth in Nigeria ——- 26
Empirical Literature—————————————————-29
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology——————————————————–35
3.1 Model Specification——————————————————35
3.2 Method of Evaluation—————————————————-37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Data presentation———————————————————41
4.2 Data Analysis ————————————————————44
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation—————————58
5.1 Summary——————————————————————58
5.2 Conclusion—————————————————————-61
5.3 Recommendation———————————————————62
BIBLIOGRAPHY———————————————————66
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Oil, a very versatile and flexible, non-reproductive, depleting, natural (hydrocarbon) is a fundamental input into modern economic activity, providing about 50% of the total energy demand in the world. (Anyanwu J.C. et al, 1997)
Petroleum or crude oil is an oily, bituminous liquid consisting of a mixture of many substances, mainly the element of carbon and hydrogen known as hydrocarbons. It also contains very small amounts of non-hydrocarbon elements, chief amongst which are sulphur (about 0.2 to 0.6% in weight), then nitrogen and oxygen. (Anyanwu J.C. et al, 1997)
Non-oil exports comprises of agricultural products, solid mineral, textile, tyre, manpower, etc. it is made up of every other thing we export, except petroleum products. In the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, the Nigeria economy was dominated by agricultural commodity exports. Such commodities include cocoa, groundnut, cotton and palm produce. From the mid 1970s, crude oil became the main export produce of the Nigerian economy. (Anyanwu J.C. et al 1997)
The development of the petroleum (oil) industry in the country began in 1909. It started with exploration activities by the German Bitumen Corporation, but their search for oil seized after the First World War because the Germans started the war and lost in the war. With Nigeria being under British sectorial control, it was only natural that the Germans had to stop their exploration activities.
In 1937, an oil prospecting license was granted to shell D’Arcy Exploration parties. The first commercial discovery of crude oil in Nigeria was made in 1956 by shell at Oloibiri. The company started production and in 1961 the Federal government of Nigeria issued ten oil prospecting licenses on the continental shelf to five companies. Each license covered was subject to the payment of N1 million. With this generous concession full-scale on-shore and off –shore oil exploration began.
Oil was found in commercial quantities at Oloibiri in the Niger delta, further discoveries at Afam and Boma established the country as an oil-producing nation. The Nigerian crude oil is described as a sweet type because of its lightness and its low sulphur content. It was largely sought-after in the international oil market.
The global perception of Nigeria is that of a really blessed oil producing nation, but with a growing poverty index. (Maaji Umar YAKUB, 2008). The problems of low economic performance of Nigeria cannot be attributed solely to instability of earnings from the oil sector, but as a result of failure by government to utilize productively the earnings from the export of crude oil from the mid 1970s to develop other sectors of the economy. Nigeria is among the poorest countries in the world, with the poverty incidence estimated at 54% in 2006. The economy has been substantially unstable, a consequence of the heavy dependence on oil revenue and the volatility in its prices. The oil boom of the 1970s led to the neglect of non-oil tax revenue, expansion of the public sector, and deterioration in financial discipline and accountability. In turn, oil-dependency exposed Nigeria to oil price volatility which threw the country’s public finance into disarray.
This study will examine the relative impact of oil and non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Oil is a major source of energy in Nigeria and the world (in general). Oil being the mainstay of the Nigerian economy plays a role, vital role in shaping the economy and political destiny of the country. It was towards the end of the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970) that the oil industry began to play a prominent role on the economic life of the country.
Non-oil product on the other hand plays an important role in the economic growth and development of the country. Non-oil exports, especially agricultural product like groundnut, palm oil, cotton, natural rubber, coffee, gum Arabic, sesame seed, etc. was our main stay before the period of the oil boom. It was during that period (that is, period of oil boom) that Nigerians neglected non-oil exports to an extent.
Nigeria can be categorized as a country that is primarily rural, that is, it depends on primary product export (especially, oil product). Since the attainment of independence in 1960 it has experienced ethnic, regional and religious tensions, magnified by significant disparities in economic, educational and environmental development in the south and in the north. This could be partly attributed to the major discovery of oil in the country which affects and is affected by economic and social components.
Crude oil discovery has had certain impact on the Nigerian economy both positively and adversely. On the negative side, this can be considered with respect to the surrounding communities within which the oil wells are exploited. Some of these communities still suffer environmental degradation, which leads to deprivation of means of livelihood and other economic and social factors. Although, large proceeds are obtained from the domestic sales and exports of petroleum products, its effects on the growth of the Nigerian economy with regard to returns and productivity is still questionable.
Hence, there is need to evaluate the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria. In the light of the study, the main objective is to assess the relative impact of oil and non-oil export on the Nigerian economy.
Below are the research questions of the study.
1. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on investment in Nigeria?
2. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic
growth in Nigeria?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
The broad objective of this study is to investigate the impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives are;
1. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on
investment in Nigeria.
2. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on
economic growth in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following hypotheses are tested in this study;
- Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on investment in Nigeria.
- Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Countries of the world today are engaging themselves more in international trade to earn foreign currency, maintain a surplus Balance of Payment (BOP), establish good relationship with foreigners and most of all achieve economic growth. Nigeria as a country is not left out in the international trade. Our export commodities can de divided into oil and non-oil.
It is important to study the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria to ascertain whether the exportation is contributing to our economic growth and per capita income or whether we have just been wasting our resources.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research work covers the impact created on economic growth by oil and non-oil exports. The geographical area involved is Nigeria. The study is as such a comparative one. The variables of interest are oil export, non-oil export, real interest rate, inflation rate, investment and GDP. The time period is from 1980-2012.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
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(4) Teller Number
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BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
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Tags: 1980-2012, OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORT AND THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY
ABSTRACT
This work discusses on financing small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria(a case study of gufax micro finance bank ikot ekpene). A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst sole proprietors, directors and managers of selected smes. Interviews were also conducted, this included the managers and employees of selected micro-finance banks in Nigeria.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that micro-finance banks have a significant positive impact in the financing of SMEs in Nigeria. Also, there is a positive relationship between micro-finance banks and the financing of SMEs in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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www.worldofnolimit.com
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www.nairaproject.com.ng
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www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: FINANCING SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA(A CASE STUDY OF GUFAX MICRO FINANCE BANK IKOT EKPENE)
ABSTRACT
This work investigates the gender performance in economics among students in secondary schools. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared among students of selected secondary schools.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that the effect of gender performance among students in secondary schools is not significant. Also, there was a weak relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
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Account Number: 0046579864
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OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
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Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
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08068231953, 08168759420
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www.uniproject.com.ng
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Tags: THE GENDER PERFORMANCE IN ECONOMICS AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research work is to have a detail effect of government regulation in business.
The case study. The strength of the N.B.L. staff is about 60 workers with sample of 52 workers, the total of 52 questionnaire were printed and 52 were collected and analyzed in table.
The source of this research work is from both secondary and primary sources. It was found out that performance appraisal system can be improved by preventing all forms of bics nepotism and favoritism and on the other hand encourage justice, fair play and equity.
Thus it was recommended that modern equipments and tools should be provided for the staff to carry out their duties effectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Hypothesis formulation
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope of the study
1.8 Limitations
1.9 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 government regulation by status
2.2 The price control act
2.3 The Nigerian enterprise promotion decree
2.4 Monetary polices
2.5 Fiscal policies
2.6 Government competition
2.7 History of Nigerian breweries PLC.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and sampling determination
3.5 Instrument of data collection
3.6 Validation of the instrument
3.7 Reliability of instrument
3.8 Method of data collection
3.9 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Presentation and analysis of data
4.2 Testing of hypothesis
4.3 Summary of results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Discussion and results findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestion for further study
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In a country with mixed economy such as Nigeria, both the government and private individual turn the economy jointly. This means that private individual, groups as well as the three levels of government are free to establish business enterprises. The three levels of government low include the local, the state and the Federal Government, respectively. In this modern world, mixed economy appear to the most prevalent economic system but what make the difference is the degree of the mixture.
Therefore, government has some important roles to play in this type of economy. Based on the importance of government regulations on business in the country, government regulatory power on business activities was included in section 16 (1) and (s) of the 1979 federal constitution. In 1984 as well, the former was modified by the then federal military government. This modification was also included in section 16 (1) and (3) of 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria. And both constitutions specified the following as regards our national economic activities.
Section 16 (1) states that the state shall within the context of the ideal and objectives, for which provisions are made in this constitution, control the national economy in such manner as to be secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happens of energy citizen on the basis of social justice and equity of status and opportunity. Without prejudice to its right to operate or participate in areas of the economy, other than the major sectors of the economy.
According to sub-section 4 of section 16, the major section includes activities directly concerned with the production, distribution and exchange of wealth, or of goods and services. These major sectors of the economy will be declared from time to time by a resolution of each house of the National Assembly to be managed and operated exclusively by the government of the federation.
Without prejudices to its right to operate or participate in areas of the economy, to manage and operate the major section of the economy.
Moreover, according to section 16 (3); a body shall be set up by an act of the National Assembly which shall have power to review from time to time the ownership and control of business enterprise operating in Nigeria and make recommendation it some and to administer any law for the regulation of the ownership and control of such enterprise.
Therefore, it is clear that the role of government is to protect and represent the interest of the society and the citizenry in which business operates. It can be further said that government through regulations protects consumers from abuse, they ensure efficiency in the use of resources and promote equitable distribution of income.
Government policies are the most dynamic of all government influence on business in Nigeria. This is due to instability in Government of Nigeria and has contributed to massive change in policies affecting the operation of business.
These policies may include monetary or fiscal policies. Fiscal policies which is a macro-economic tool that involves the use of government spending and taxes (T) in guiding the nation’s economy to achieve pre-determined economic good. Monetary policy on the other hand is the regulation of money and the terms and availability of credit. Government can regulation of business activities.
Conclusively, government can use other means such as import duties and tariffs to regulates business in Nigeria, in order to protect domestic industries and producers against foreign competition.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The influence of government on business can take so many forms. The study aims to look at the regulation or government regulation towards Nigeria Breweries Plc Enugu and also suggest how to increase the company’s efficiency through the regulation. Government has realized that political independence without economic independence is meaningless.
The research on government regulation with particular reference to Nigeria Breweries Plc Enugu has raised some questions among experts and professionals, which this study has attempted to address. These include;
- Can government regulation in organization be minimized and for untimely eliminated?
- Can organization exist without regulation?
- Is regulation beneficial or detrimental to organizational goal?
- How can organization efficiency be increased by regulation?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of emery firm such as Nigeria Breweries Plc is to be efficient in the discharge of its service. It is through effective and efficient regulation that organizational misconduct can be avoided.
The overall objective of these measure will be to ensure the profitability of the organization. This is addition to the above stated measure, the researcher wants to achieve through the study the following objectives.
- To find out whether regulation exist in Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu
- To examine and assess various regulation traceable in the company.
- To identifying whether a specific method of regulation actually exist in Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
- To identify problems if any encountered in regulating in the organization.
- To find out the consequences of regulation in the Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu (activities).
- To recommend ways organizational efficiency can be increased through regulation.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
- What is really the reason why government regulation will neglected by firms (company)?
- Why is it that companies at time refuse to give assistance to government when they needed it.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
Based on the study as had been discussed above, the following hypothesis have been formulated;
Ho: Some government regulatory measures in business have not adversely affected the growth and structure of Nigerian Breweries Enugu.
H1: Some government regulatory measures in business have adversely affected the growth and structure of Nigerian Breweries Enugu.
H0: Because government does not always seek the opinion of public in matters pertaining to business, its regulatory policies have not been very effective.
H1: Because government always seek the opinion of public in matters that concerns business, its regulatory measure have been effective.
H0: Nigerian Breweries Plc may not be forced to sub-optimize research due to increasing government regulatory measure.
H1: Nigerian Breweries Plc may be forced to sub-optimize research due to increasing government regulatory measure.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Business had been criticized seriously due to discriminatory rates and policies. The economic power had been in the hands of all kind of processing and manufacturing industries through trusts and corporate merger.
Meanwhile, due to this government in order to rescue the economy has come up with so many regulatory measures which are benefiticial to the following people;
- Employers
- Employees
- Consumers etc.
In fact it is because of these, it becomes necessary to study the effect of government regulation on the management of Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study of this topic the EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON BUSINESS is suppose to include many kinds of business sector both private and public sector. In order to manage the topic and carryout the study effectively and effectively the researcher deemed it fit to restrict the topic to the effects of government regulation on business and it affects Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
Although, reference will be made on a general basis because of the dinerse native of business.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Many factor will act as limitative to the successful accomplishment of the study: Some of these limitations will be in area of date collection for the study. Distribution of questionnaire to the staff of Nigerian Breweries, financial limitation will also limit the success of the study because the researcher will not be able to get all the materials necessary for this extensive study. Time factor will also be a bearer to this study – although these will limit the researcher’s ability to gather enough. Information for the study but efforts will be made to minimize these limitations in order to achieve a reliable result.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms or words used in this study will be defined:
Business: This simply means an economic activity undertaken to produce goods and or services.
Mixed Economy: It is a system of economy in which both private individuals and government jointly run the economic activities of the country.
Fiscal Policy: It is a tool or measure which the government used in regulating the economy through taxes and government spending.
Monetary Politic: This is another measure used by the government in order to control the supply of money and the terms and availability of credit in the nation.
Government: It is an agency designed to administer the affairs of a state or nation.
Regulation: This is the system which government in controlling the economic activities of the nation.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON BUSINESS (A CASE STUDY OF N.B.L. PLC)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research work is to have a detail effect of government regulation in business.
The case study. The strength of the N.B.L. staff is about 60 workers with sample of 52 workers, the total of 52 questionnaire were printed and 52 were collected and analyzed in table.
The source of this research work is from both secondary and primary sources. It was found out that performance appraisal system can be improved by preventing all forms of bics nepotism and favoritism and on the other hand encourage justice, fair play and equity.
Thus it was recommended that modern equipments and tools should be provided for the staff to carry out their duties effectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Hypothesis formulation
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope of the study
1.8 Limitations
1.9 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 government regulation by status
2.2 The price control act
2.3 The Nigerian enterprise promotion decree
2.4 Monetary polices
2.5 Fiscal policies
2.6 Government competition
2.7 History of Nigerian breweries PLC.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample and sampling determination
3.5 Instrument of data collection
3.6 Validation of the instrument
3.7 Reliability of instrument
3.8 Method of data collection
3.9 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Presentation and analysis of data
4.2 Testing of hypothesis
4.3 Summary of results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Discussion and results findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestion for further study
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In a country with mixed economy such as Nigeria, both the government and private individual turn the economy jointly. This means that private individual, groups as well as the three levels of government are free to establish business enterprises. The three levels of government low include the local, the state and the Federal Government, respectively. In this modern world, mixed economy appear to the most prevalent economic system but what make the difference is the degree of the mixture.
Therefore, government has some important roles to play in this type of economy. Based on the importance of government regulations on business in the country, government regulatory power on business activities was included in section 16 (1) and (s) of the 1979 federal constitution. In 1984 as well, the former was modified by the then federal military government. This modification was also included in section 16 (1) and (3) of 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria. And both constitutions specified the following as regards our national economic activities.
Section 16 (1) states that the state shall within the context of the ideal and objectives, for which provisions are made in this constitution, control the national economy in such manner as to be secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happens of energy citizen on the basis of social justice and equity of status and opportunity. Without prejudice to its right to operate or participate in areas of the economy, other than the major sectors of the economy.
According to sub-section 4 of section 16, the major section includes activities directly concerned with the production, distribution and exchange of wealth, or of goods and services. These major sectors of the economy will be declared from time to time by a resolution of each house of the National Assembly to be managed and operated exclusively by the government of the federation.
Without prejudices to its right to operate or participate in areas of the economy, to manage and operate the major section of the economy.
Moreover, according to section 16 (3); a body shall be set up by an act of the National Assembly which shall have power to review from time to time the ownership and control of business enterprise operating in Nigeria and make recommendation it some and to administer any law for the regulation of the ownership and control of such enterprise.
Therefore, it is clear that the role of government is to protect and represent the interest of the society and the citizenry in which business operates. It can be further said that government through regulations protects consumers from abuse, they ensure efficiency in the use of resources and promote equitable distribution of income.
Government policies are the most dynamic of all government influence on business in Nigeria. This is due to instability in Government of Nigeria and has contributed to massive change in policies affecting the operation of business.
These policies may include monetary or fiscal policies. Fiscal policies which is a macro-economic tool that involves the use of government spending and taxes (T) in guiding the nation’s economy to achieve pre-determined economic good. Monetary policy on the other hand is the regulation of money and the terms and availability of credit. Government can regulation of business activities.
Conclusively, government can use other means such as import duties and tariffs to regulates business in Nigeria, in order to protect domestic industries and producers against foreign competition.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The influence of government on business can take so many forms. The study aims to look at the regulation or government regulation towards Nigeria Breweries Plc Enugu and also suggest how to increase the company’s efficiency through the regulation. Government has realized that political independence without economic independence is meaningless.
The research on government regulation with particular reference to Nigeria Breweries Plc Enugu has raised some questions among experts and professionals, which this study has attempted to address. These include;
- Can government regulation in organization be minimized and for untimely eliminated?
- Can organization exist without regulation?
- Is regulation beneficial or detrimental to organizational goal?
- How can organization efficiency be increased by regulation?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of emery firm such as Nigeria Breweries Plc is to be efficient in the discharge of its service. It is through effective and efficient regulation that organizational misconduct can be avoided.
The overall objective of these measure will be to ensure the profitability of the organization. This is addition to the above stated measure, the researcher wants to achieve through the study the following objectives.
- To find out whether regulation exist in Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu
- To examine and assess various regulation traceable in the company.
- To identifying whether a specific method of regulation actually exist in Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
- To identify problems if any encountered in regulating in the organization.
- To find out the consequences of regulation in the Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu (activities).
- To recommend ways organizational efficiency can be increased through regulation.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
- What is really the reason why government regulation will neglected by firms (company)?
- Why is it that companies at time refuse to give assistance to government when they needed it.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
Based on the study as had been discussed above, the following hypothesis have been formulated;
Ho: Some government regulatory measures in business have not adversely affected the growth and structure of Nigerian Breweries Enugu.
H1: Some government regulatory measures in business have adversely affected the growth and structure of Nigerian Breweries Enugu.
H0: Because government does not always seek the opinion of public in matters pertaining to business, its regulatory policies have not been very effective.
H1: Because government always seek the opinion of public in matters that concerns business, its regulatory measure have been effective.
H0: Nigerian Breweries Plc may not be forced to sub-optimize research due to increasing government regulatory measure.
H1: Nigerian Breweries Plc may be forced to sub-optimize research due to increasing government regulatory measure.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Business had been criticized seriously due to discriminatory rates and policies. The economic power had been in the hands of all kind of processing and manufacturing industries through trusts and corporate merger.
Meanwhile, due to this government in order to rescue the economy has come up with so many regulatory measures which are benefiticial to the following people;
- Employers
- Employees
- Consumers etc.
In fact it is because of these, it becomes necessary to study the effect of government regulation on the management of Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study of this topic the EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON BUSINESS is suppose to include many kinds of business sector both private and public sector. In order to manage the topic and carryout the study effectively and effectively the researcher deemed it fit to restrict the topic to the effects of government regulation on business and it affects Nigerian Breweries Plc Enugu.
Although, reference will be made on a general basis because of the dinerse native of business.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Many factor will act as limitative to the successful accomplishment of the study: Some of these limitations will be in area of date collection for the study. Distribution of questionnaire to the staff of Nigerian Breweries, financial limitation will also limit the success of the study because the researcher will not be able to get all the materials necessary for this extensive study. Time factor will also be a bearer to this study – although these will limit the researcher’s ability to gather enough. Information for the study but efforts will be made to minimize these limitations in order to achieve a reliable result.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms or words used in this study will be defined:
Business: This simply means an economic activity undertaken to produce goods and or services.
Mixed Economy: It is a system of economy in which both private individuals and government jointly run the economic activities of the country.
Fiscal Policy: It is a tool or measure which the government used in regulating the economy through taxes and government spending.
Monetary Politic: This is another measure used by the government in order to control the supply of money and the terms and availability of credit in the nation.
Government: It is an agency designed to administer the affairs of a state or nation.
Regulation: This is the system which government in controlling the economic activities of the nation.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.
That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720
YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420
Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.nairaproject.com.ng
www.nairaprojects.com.ng
www.nairaproject.net
www.nairaprojects.net
www.uniproject.com.ng
www.uniprojects.com.ng
Tags: EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON BUSINESS (A CASE STUDY OF N.B.L. PLC)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Every industry operates within two sets of constraints. Internal constraints are those problems within the organization and over which the enterprise has reasonable amount of control. Personnel problem, capacity utilization and the techniques or process of production are some of such factors.
External factors could pose formidable problems to an enterprise. The problems are made more severe by the fact that these problems are caused by factors outside the competence of a given enterprise to control. Examples of such factors are government regulation, traditional or cultural values etc.
The bakery industry in Nigeria has been a victim of externally imposed constraint. Hitherto, bakers depended on local millers who produced their vital raw materials, flour from imported wheat. Government banned the importation of wheat and wheat product in 1986, thereby, sending shock waves to this very well established and expanding industry. Wheat products has started to consume an unacceptable amount of the nation’s foreign exchange as the table 1.1.1 below clearly demonstrates, as well as figure 1.1.1 in page 3.
Table 1.1.1 Foreign Exchange Spent on Wheat and Food Import 1981 – 1985
Import 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
N,000 N,000 N,000 N,000 N,000
Total food 1,820,215 1,642,245 1,296,714 843,246 946,567
Wheat 159,422 79,629 255,717 243,067 327,870
C/o of total 9% 5% 20% 29% 35%`
Source: Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos
Given the above circumstances, there was a clear need for government action to check the outflow of the nation’s declining foreign exchange earnings through what important.
Besides, it can also be argued that there were suitable local substitutes of wheat flour for bread baking; rice, cassava, maize and sorghum have been mentioned as such suitable substitutes. To some people these substitutes were at least as good as wheat as it
FIGURE 1.1.1
FOREIGN EXCHANGE SPENT ON WHEAT AND FOOD IMPORT
1981 – 1985
Source: Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos
was suggested that local bakers rejecting them were doing so our of ignorance, or out of a slavish preference for imported products or whether one accepts the above arguments or not, what has become clear is that the effect of the ban on the importation of wheat was swift devastating on the bakery industry.
In Enugu Urban alone, some famous baking houses closed up. Nigerline bakery, St Georges Bakery, many bakeries and Mother’s Pride Bakery all shut down between the middle of 1986 and the end of 1987. As at the time of starting this project, not every Bakery has resumed operations.
A far more reaching effect on this ban on the industry as a whole is that it has quite clearly changes the eating habits of many Nigerians.
Ubiquitous bread on the breakfast table has vanished and the frequent sight of peoples snacking on bread in the afternoon has also disappeared.
The primary demand for bread products in this country has certainly contracted since then.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Such is the background for this study. Most baking houses are small scale business who face the task of devising survival strategies to deal with major changes in government policy that threaten their very existence.
Our focus is on suitable survival strategies for the banking industry given their operating circumstances since 1986. We are interested in finding out how those who are still in business dealt with the new condition in which they found themselves. In particular, we will be looking at the organizational changes, financial management strategies, and other operating techniques that they had to adopt in order to survive.
As for the baking houses that closed down, we shall explore whether there were forces other that the ban on imported wheat that engendered their demise. The study will cover a broad section of the bakeries in Enugu urban. See Appendix A.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In general, the study hopes to take a close look at the baking houses in Enuguu urban since 1986. Specifically it is intended to find out the following:
(a) What changes have those who continue to operate made in their structure and method of operation in order to cope with the ban?
(b) What new financial arrangement have they made following rising production cost resulting from the ban?
(c) Have they coped with the sourcing of raw materials?
(d) What new challenges they now face three years after the ban or import flour?
For completeness, it is also necessary to examine the cases of those baking houses that were found to have closed down as a result of the ban. Although there may be problems obtaining information from some of these outfits, whose operating records may no longer be available, an effort would be made to access the general operating state of such baking houses before the ban. This should enable one determine whether such baking houses were already having serious operating difficulties before the ban or whether their extinction is to be blamed on the ban.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study should be of considerable interest to policy makers in government, to the bakers and distributors of bread products and consumers and to the public at large. The study hopefully, will give government some documented information on the effect of the major policy changes introduced in 1986. The information should enable government to establish what new measures need to be taken as well as provide some basis of determining in advance, the likely consequences of similar measures in future.
Bakers should use the study to understand fully the impact of the changes on their industry. The study will highlight how they have fared; the successful ones will see what it was that enabled them weather the consequences of the ban on wheat importation. Those who failed to do and indeed why they have ceased to be in business. In the end, the industry will be better placed to cope better with similar situations in the future.
The researcher’s understanding on the challenges and the survival strategies of small scale industries will be greatly impacted.
The bread consumers, through this work, shall gain first hand information of the difficulties the bakers go through to provide them with the bread they love to eat. They will better appreciate the need to pay a little more for this product.
The general reader will equally find the work a useful contribution to knowledge.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
In this study, the following hypothesis have been formulated:
1. The ban on wheat importation did not cause any significant changes in the methods of operation of bakeries.
2. New challenges faced by bakers are not as a result of ban on importation of wheat and its products.
3. The sources of raw materials for bakeries remained unchanged after the ban on wheat importation.
4. New financial arrangement are made by bakers are not as a result of the increase in costs of wheat flour.
5. The ban on wheat importation did not cause the demise of a significant number of bakeries.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The emphasis of this study is on small scale bakeries in Enugu Urban. The study intends specifically to investigate the impact of ban on wheat importation on bakeries and the strategies adopted by them to survive.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study was constrained by many factors among which were time, funds, and the unco-operative attitude of some respondents.
The researcher found the study very time demanding in data collection and production. Often the researcher is rebuked for being absent from work in process of carrying out the study. Owing to the pressure of work, more intensive and extensive investigation could not be carried out.
Some respondents were unwilling to complete the questionnaire, some others completed their own reluctantly.
The study turned out to be very expensive on purchase of materials, field work and production.
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ABSTRACT
This work discusses the effect of banking sector reforms on Nigerian economy 2005-2013(post Soludo’s era).A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst managers and employees of selected banks. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that banking sector reforms have a significant positive effect on Nigerian economy, 2005-2013(post Soludo’s era). Also, there is a positive relationship between banking sector reforms and the Nigeria economy.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Tags: THE EFFECT OF BANKING SECTOR REFORMS ON NIGERIAN ECONOMY 2005-2013(POST SOLUDO’S ERA)
ABSTRACT
This work discusses economic aglobalization and African industries. The case study of European exports to Nigeria.Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital. Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that economic globalization has a significant impact on African industries. Also, there is a relationship between economic globalization and African industries.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Tags: ECONOMIC AGLOBALIZATION AND AFRICAN INDUSTRIES. THE CASE STUDY OF EUROPEAN EXPORTS TO NIGERIA
