THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY IMT ENUGU STATE)

THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY IMT ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this research study was to appraise the roles of effective leadership in the achievement of organization objectives, especially in the institute of management and technology, IMT Enugu, in Enugu state.

This research work was conducted in Enugu State. The area of study constitute the institute of management and technology personnel and union leader. To elicit reliable and accurate information, based on the above topic, a total number of two hundred and nine for the personnel and union leaders were used by the research to obtain reliable information based on the study.

The outcomes of the study revealed that the role of effective leadership have great impact in the achievement of organization objectives, that the institute of Management and Technology, have efficient and effective machinery to implement her planned programme for effective leadership roles and that the union leaders and personnel are satisfied with the roles of organization objectives.

The conclusions reached were that every organization should consider some internal and external factors before choosing the kind of leadership style and the effective leadership should be empowered and encouraged by the subordinates

Based on the findings and the conclusion, the following recommendation were made that organization should choose leaders that are goal and people oriented that a true democratic

Leadership style is recommended as the best leadership style for every organization that want to achieve her organization objectives.

Finally subordinates should encourage and support the efforts of effective leadership so as to achieve organization objectives.

CHAPTER ONE Introduction

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 4

1.3 Objective of the study 8

1.4 Objective question

1.5 Formulation of hypothesis 10

1.6 Significance of the study 12

1.7 Scope of the study 14

1.8 Limitation of the study 14

1.9 Definition of term 15

Reference 16

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW 17

2.0 OVER VIEW 20

2.1 Definition of leadership 18

2.2 Types of leadership 22

2.3 Nature of leadership 31

2.4 Various approach to leadership 36

2.4.1 The trait approach to leadership 36

2.4.2 Situational approach to leadership 40

2.4.3 Fielders contingency approach to leadership 42

2.5 Leadership behaviour and styles 43

2.6 Environmental and systems, problems in leadership 60

2.7 Prospect 64

2.8 Reference 66

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 70

3.0 Research design 70

3.1 Area of study 71

3.4 Sample and sampling procedure 72

3.3 Instrument for data collection 73

3.4 Validation of the research instrument 74

3.5 Reliability of the research instrument 75

3.6 Method of administration of the research Instrument 75

3.7 Method of Data Analysis 76

CHAPTER FOUR

4 DATA Presentation and Results 78

Summary of Result / Finding 104

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion Implication, Recommendation 109

5.1 Discussion Of Results 109

5.2 Conclusions 110

5.3 Implications Of The Result 110

5.4 Recommendation 113

5.5 Suggestions for Further Research 114

5.6 Limitation of the study 115

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY;

An effective leadership has been widely acknowledged as a potent instrument for achieving organisation goals and objectives especially in the Institution of Management and Technology, IMT, Enugu.

Leadership is an important aspect of managing the ability to lead effectively is one of the keys to being an effective manager; the essence of leadership is fellowship. In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader. Moreover, people tend to follow those whom they perceive as providing a means of achieving their own desires, wants and needs. That is why any organization that desires to achieve her objectives, must have an effective and efficient leadership who knows how to apply all the management principles in achieving her organizational objectives. The leader must be one who is willing to work with zeal and confidence. Zeal here reflect ardor earnestness, and intensity in the execution of work, confidence reflects experience and technical ability. To lead is to guide, conduct, direct and proceed. Leaders act to help a group achieve objectives with maximum application of its capabilities. They should not be leaders who do not stand behind a group or organization to push and to proud. They should place themselves before. The group as they facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organizational goals.

This is the kind of leadership we desire to have in our institutions especially in IMT, Enugu. Furthermore, it should be noted that, any organization without an effective efficient leadership is like one driving a car without a head-lamp in the night. This could be very dangerous and could also limit their chances of achieving their objectives. That most organizations do not realize their goals and objectives could be attributed to inefficient and ineffective leadership.

For an institution like IMT, to realize all her laudable organizational goals should have an effective leadership who possess all the required leadership traits and qualities.

Leadership according to Katz and Kahn (1978:p.16) is generally defined simply as influence, the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly to achieve a group goal. This concept can be enlarged to imply not only willingness to work but also willingness to work with zeal and confidence. Zeal reflects ardor, earnestness, and intensity in the execution of work, confidence reflects experience and technical ability. To lead is to guide, conduct, direct and precede.

The institution of Management and Technology have the following problems in the achievement her goals. They include, inefficient leadership, environmental factors, policy inconsistency, political instability, interference from the government, poor funding, poor management etc.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The Institute of Management and Technology, IMT, Enugu, has been one of the leading polytechnics in the country and in Enugu State, particularly in terms of enhancing qualitative education in both management and technology. One of her objectives is the integration of the individual with the society and the preparation of the individual for effective function in the society. This remark was made known by Njenze, the then the rector of this institution.

This institution has trained and education so may prominent Nigerians and has helped in the enhancement of Science, management and technology in the country. Most parents organizations proffers to send their wards, Childrens and their staff to undergo some courses in management and technology. This is because of the satisfactory performances of others who have attended their higher institution here in IMT.

To this regard, there have been concerned effort by both the Federal and State Government and even the governing council of IMT in the enhancement of the roles of effective leadership in the achievement of her objectives. The vice president of Nigeria, Atiku Abubakar had -–announced a handsome reward or package a waiting the best institution of higher- learning who had distinguished herself in stepping or producing cultism meanness in our tertiary institutions, checking drug abuses among students, examination mal practices and above all in achieving her organisational goals and objectives.

But inspite of all the effort being made by government, most higher institutions are still experiencing various problems in the achievement of their goals, particularly in I M T, Enugu.

There is relatively low level of standard in our educational system, cultism, incessant strike actions, mismanagement of funds by these in the holism of affairs, there is relatively low level of productively as most personnel are not putting in their best poor planning and implementation and their subordinates as this will not bring fruitful result in the achievement of organsitional goals especially in IMT Enugu.

To this extent, therefore to the objectives of this institution in this regard has not been comprehensively met. One can therefore safety assume that. When one passes through an institution like IMT will be well prepared for participating and leadership roles in the development of the Nigeria society.

These give rise to the following pertinent questions as regards to the above-mentioned problems what are the roles of the effective leadership in the achievement of organisational goal? What goals are they expected to pursue ? What impact would their roles have in the employees utilization of capability ?

What strategies were been adopted in enhancing the roles of effective leadership ? What strategies are currently been used ?

Is any need for the roles of efficient leadership, are the students satisfied with the roles of efficient leadership in the achievement of the institution’s goals and objectives. Do they have the efficient and effective machinery to implement her planned programmer ? What leadership styles and the best climate would enable them achieve her objectives, what factors or problems affecting the roles of efficient leadership in the achievement of organsitional goals, what other possible ways would be recommended in the realization of these goals and objectives.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study will address the following objectives.

To evaluate the roles of effective leadership in achieving organisational goals and objectives
To determine the impact of the role of efficient leadership in an organisation.
To find out if there is any need for the role of effective leadership in an organization.
To assess whether the strategies adopted have been very effective and efficient in the achievement of organization goals.
To study the climate under which an effective leadership will thrive.
To find out whether, the students and the employees are satisfied with the roles of effective leadership in an organisation
To study whether the roles of effective and efficient leadership have been very effective and efficient in achieving organisational goals.
To find out the problems limiting the efficacy of the roles of effective organisational goals.
To recommend on how best to enhance the effective and efficient roles of effective leadership in the achievement of organisational goals.

1.5 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis form the basis or the framework for carrying out this research study.

Ho: The roles of effective leadership not been very
effective and efficient in the achievement of
organization objectives.

H1: The roles of effective leadership have been very
effective and efficient in the achievement of
organisation objectives.

Ho: IMT have no efficient and effective machinery to
implement her planned programmes for effective leadership roles.

H2: IMT have efficient and effective machinery to
implement her planned programmers for effective
leadership roles.

Ho: The role effective leadership has no impact in the
achievement of organisation objectives.

H3: The roles of effective leadership have great impact
in the achievement of organisation objectives

OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS

To solve the research problems, the researcher or the investigator has asked the following questions.

Is there any need for the role of effective leadership in the achievement of organisation goals
Which leadership style is most profound in the institute of management and technology Enugu ?
Has the role of effective leadership any impact in the employees utilization of capability ?
Has environmental factors affected the roles of effective leadership in achieving orgnaisational goals ?
Has the kind of leadership and employees satisfied with the roles of effective leadership in achievement of effective leadership in achievement organizational goals ?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is very timely, especially now that all hands are on decoct to enhance the development and growth of education in our tertiary institutions nationwide. This study will be of immense benefit to other business enterprise on how to determine the best leadership style to adopt in achieving her enterprise goals and objectives. In addition, the study will determine the factors or problems limiting the attainment of organization’s goals. It I excepted that her findings will help to bridge any gap that may exist and make our tertiary institutions and other sectors adopt the best leadership style aimed at achieving her organisation laudable goals. It is very necessary in the achievement of organisation’s goals, and to evaluate its effectiveness, especially now that we talk of granting our institutions autonomy in handling their own affairs. It seems that a lot of problems are being encountered that make the roles of effective leadership not productive and viable.

This study will determine why most effective leadership do not achieve their organisation’s goals.

Organization like IMT, Enugu, must achieve her corporate objectives in order to justify her existence. This cannot be possible without the roles of effective leadership

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

The scope of this study is very wide if it has to be carried out nation-wide. This study is sample narrowed to the institute of management and technology, IMT Enugu, and it based on the evaluation of the roles of effective leadership in the achievement of organization’s goals

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The researcher were not constrained by many problems because he is a student of the institute of management and technology Enugu and every attention he needed were given to him. This is to enable him obtain all the necessary information form the establishment. This does not involve much finance, time or any other material resources to carry out the study, since he is a student of the institution.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Leadership – This is generally defined as – influence, the art or process of influence people so that they will strive willingly toward the achievement of group goal.

Effectiveness – This refers to the extent to which output is in line with organizational objectives.

Efficiency – This is defined as fitness or power to accomplish
or in accomplishing the purposes intended it described the relationship between resources consumed in process of generating effective out put and the output so produced.

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU

ABSTRACT

Problems and prospects of student hostile Accommodation problem in the Institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu, is the topic of this write-up. the aim of choosing this topic is to bring to notice the problems students face in IMT Hostel. These problems give bad name to the school, as a result of this, parents and guardians to longer send there children to the school. These problems also affects the academic progress of the student thereby leading to the school producing half baked graduates. The government should see to it that this problem is eradicated for a better tomorrow.

This write up divided into three chapter the first chapter introduced the general background of the students matter, problems importance and definition of the terms.

Chapter two discussed on the literature review which includes the school of through and different methods of studying the problems.

Finally, chapter three is the conclusion where data presentation and analysis . Recommendations and references were made.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

PROBLEMS OF STUDY

PURPOSE \SIGNIFICATION OF STUDY

DEFINMITION OF IMPORTATENT TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WITHIN THE SUBJECT AREA

THE SCHOOL OF THOUGH RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM OF STUDY

ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM

SUMMARY

REFERENCE

CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION

DATA PRESENTATION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUTION.

Before the establishment of the institute of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu. There existed a collage of Technology in 1967. Also in existence at then were the institutes of Administration and co- operative college , unfortunately none of the institute was able to meet up to the standard of an average ,higher institution of learning of course, most of their course were limited to civil servants not that they can not awarded certificate beyond ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D)

On April 1972, merged the formal college of Technology with the above named institute of Administration . Nevertheless the two sister school could not meet up with the state administration set up a provision council to determine and recommend to the government the appropriate structure of an autonomous institution that would produce high quality technology is and technicians as professional and managerial manpower in certain subject areas that would rhyme with the state and national needs Edict No 10, 1973 titled the institute of management and technology Edict was promulgated The Edict become operation from 1^st July and thus gave same to what is known as the institute of management and technology (I.M.T) Enugu.

Presently the school has over populated number of students. Unfortunately the school authority in the past years did not foresee . The unprecedented swelling up to the infrastructure facility meant only for few students

The student whose parents or guardians are residing outside Enugu state are exposed and forced to live in a how academic environment due to the situation of student hostel accommodation problem in in situation of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

The problem of inadequate accommodation has also incubated a lot of problems , which adversely affect the student physically , socially an d psychologically. In past years student poor hostel accommodation which lead to current improvement existing in both campus ii and iii By large accommodation , irrespective of its nature or shape must ensure reasonable comfort and relaxation.

This problem has ensure that is must not be incapable of providing adequate rooms to accommodation and certain basic recreational facilities such as electricity , pipe bore water toilets, library centers to mention but a few unfortunately , most . if not all the higher institution of learning in Nigeria is devoid of some of these basic facilities and infrastructure.

Thus in turn constitutes and impediments to the realization of academic objective to our undergraduates in polytechnics and universities of which institute of management and Technology is one such adversely affected institution.

In recent times eminent personalities and scholar have also bear attributed this molars as to painlessness and inability to evaluate, the researcher. At this juncture, the reserve would want to know whatever way and to what extent I.M.T has been able to cope with or remedy such a problem.

1.2 PROBLEM OF STUDY

Man is an organism with great adaptive capacity. He is able to live however only under special environment condition which determine his quality of life. His shelter requirement arose because of certain basic social and biological needs and non-provision of those could be a burden discomfort and frustration. Some parents or guardians no longer send their children or waid to II.M.T because of inadequate accommodation for this cause , an approval has been given to use by the management to go for investigation in to the hostel accommodation problem in institution of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu and to solve the problems. Due to the accommodation problem in I.M.T about 80% of student especially girl who were unable to secure accommodation in the school hostel have ended up in the street soiling the good image of this noble institution.

1.3 PURPOSE \SIGNIFICACE OF STUDY

This project will be of help to the students of management committee of tertiary institution especially intuition of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu as it would not only help them face the cause and effect of accommodation problem but also suggest how best to tackle them.

In course of this research , we hope to come up with cause and effect which will inform our recommendation hopefully both management and government will to the student problems.

1.4 SCOPE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this write up is to analyses and initially examined the problems of accommodation in tertiary institute of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu. This has to do with how the school aut6horities will be able to predict the possible further changes the student’s population might pose in future and how best these problem can be averted

1.5 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS PROMULGATED:

Having control over ones own affairs

AUTONOMOUS: Away of dealing with a thing and to correct change or improve undesirable

REMEDY: Away of dealing with a thing and to correct change or improve undesirable.

EDIT: To prepare a place of writing or to prepare a film, tape, radio, television programme Unprecedented. Never having been done on been know before.

REPUTATION: The opinion that people in general have about.

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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU

ABSTRACT

This write up divided into three chapter the first chapter introduced the general background of the students matter, problems importance and definition of the terms.

Chapter two discussed on the literature review which includes the school of through and different methods of studying the problems.

Finally, chapter three is the conclusion where data presentation and analysis . Recommendations and references were made.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

PROBLEMS OF STUDY

PURPOSE \SIGNIFICATION OF STUDY

DEFINMITION OF IMPORTATENT TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WITHIN THE SUBJECT AREA

THE SCHOOL OF THOUGH RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM OF STUDY

ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM

SUMMARY

REFERENCE

CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION

DATA PRESENTATION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUTION.

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

1.2 PROBLEM OF STUDY

1.3 PURPOSE \SIGNIFICACE OF STUDY

In course of this research , we hope to come up with cause and effect which will inform our recommendation hopefully both management and government will to the student problems.

1.4 SCOPE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1.5 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS PROMULGATED:

Having control over ones own affairs

AUTONOMOUS: Away of dealing with a thing and to correct change or improve undesirable

REMEDY: Away of dealing with a thing and to correct change or improve undesirable.

EDIT: To prepare a place of writing or to prepare a film, tape, radio, television programme Unprecedented. Never having been done on been know before.

REPUTATION: The opinion that people in general have about.

REFERENCE

Dapo thomos (1999)”Daily champions Thursday May 27p.5

Okebugwu, Adolhus (1991) Daily champions April 2p.19

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(4)Teller Number

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BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

Tags: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU

7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF ITS POLITICISATION

PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF ITS POLITICISATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the era of post colonialism, Nigeria has at one time or another, embarked upon certain policies that have political economic implications. For instance, from 1960 to date, Nigeria has introduced indigenization and nationalization policy, operation feed the Nation (OFN), Austerity measure, structural adjustment programme (SAP), Deregulation of oil sector, Resource control Privatization and commercialization of public enterprises to mention but a few. The critical question here remains. How many of these policies have been able to restructure the political economy of Nigeria to the tune of alleviating the yearnings and aspirations of the working class.

The world no doubt is moving towards capitalization and any nation that is not moving towards this direction is seen as either not developing or even retrogressing. A capitalist economy is a free market economy which allows most economic decisions to be guided by the twin forces of demand and supply. Since capitalization discourages monopoly but encourages competitive market, it therefore enhances efficiency and high productivity which is very vital in any developing country’s economy. In Nigeria, most government owned industries and establishments remain citadels of corruption, studies in efficiency and consequently a heavy drain on the economy. As a means of curbing this menace, the Brettonwoods institutions (IMF & WORLD BANK) have advocated the twin policies of privatization and commercialization. Incidentally, Nigeria has fully adopted this policy and is embarking on it with frenzy

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Privatization and commercialization of public enterprises is a vital tool for the upliftment of a country’s political economy, more especially the developing countries like Nigeria. Regrettably, the problems facing this privatization and commercialization program is numerous to include:

a. Corruption

b. Lack of transparency

c. Lack of accountability

d. Inconsistency and

e. Incredibility.

However, it is based on these problems that the basic propositions of this privatization and commercialization program are being hindered. In trying to look into these discrepancies and proffer a way forward towards a positive state of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises in Nigeria, this research work emanated.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This paper will take a general look on the evolution of public enterprises in Nigeria, after and the rationale for its establishment. To assess the factors that led to the privatization and commercialization of these public co-operations and its origin. Thirdly, this work will also evaluate the various privatization and commercialization programs embarked by the Nigerian government from 1988 to 2010. Finally, it is the objective of this research work to fish out those problems that have obstructed the full propositions of privatization and commercialization program as it concern its implementation and as well proffer a way towards actualizing its objectives so as to foster political cum economic growth and development of this highly endowed country Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This work will tend to ask some relevant questions like:-

1. What caused the evolution of the public enterprises in Nigeria?

2. What are the reasons why these public enterprises have to be sold despite the rationales for its establishment?

3. Can these corporations function well under the care of the state rather than being privatized whether wholly or partly?

4. How far has this privatized enterprises gone in boosting efficiency and high productivity to benefiting Nigerians as a whole whether poor or rich, higher place or less privileged?

5. Who are the main beneficiaries of the privatization and commercialization program?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

a) Corruption is the cause of the poor performance of the public corporations

b) Good and transparent governance is the key to an efficient public enterprise

c) A well implemented privatization and commercialization programs boosts political economy of a country.

d) Politicization of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises will lead to theses enterprise inefficiency when sold out.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

The scope of this research work focused strictly on those privatization and commercialization programs that have been embarked upon by Nigerian government from 1988 to 2010. This work will lead us to the evolution of public enterprises in Nigeria and also examine why they later turned out to be sold or privatized, partly or wholly. Finally, to analyze how politics been played by past administrations since 1988 towards this programme have ridicules this whole exercise.

LIMITATIONS O F THE STUDY

On the course of this research, the following problems were encountered, like short time frame. Financing problem, scarcity of information or data, etc. this is due to mainly, the wide scope of this study which emphasizes on a complex institution like Nigeria. The longer duration of the subject matter to study, which dates from 1988 to 2010 concerning privatization and commercialization program of public enterprises in Nigeria, also contributed. Now, the implication is that the short time frame mapped out for this research work posed a problem of assessing these programs as whole, but that doesn’t threat the authentication and quality of this work.

Again, enough financing of the accomplishment of this work became a problem in the sense that gathering information was costly, the researcher needed enough money to gather them.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work will help the government and readers to understand those benefits that privatization and commercialization programme embodies which we have neglected and politicized with in the past. In understanding this on the side of the government, it will allow them to rethink and work towards real implementation of it thereby creating a room for the rapid growth and development of this country. At the other hand, it will go a long way to create an avenue for more academic research.

Haven known this, it is worthy to conclude that the main beneficiaries of this study lies on the government and other readers respectively.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Public Corporations: Public corporation or enterprise as defined by Adamolekun (1983), are organizations that emerged as a result of government acting in the capacity of an entrepreneur. They can be seen as those corporations or enterprise built, owned and managed by the government. They are being financed with public fund, especially through taxation and also operate on monopoly.

PRIVATIZATION: Privatization can be defined as the transfer of ownership and control of enterprises from the state to the private sector. Iheme, (1997) defines privatization as any of a variety of measurers adopted by government to expose a public enterprise to competition or to bring in private ownership or control or management into a public enterprises and accordingly to reduce the usual weight of public ownership or control or management.

Commercialization: Commercialization is act of making government owned enterprises profit oriented. Commercialization can be full or partial according to the Bureau of public enterprises Act of 1993. In both full and partial commercialization, no divestment of the federal Governments shareholding will be involved and subject to the general regulatory powers of the federal Government.

Capitalism: Capitalism means the economic system in which property is privately owned and goods are privately produced. It is some times referred to as the private enterprise system. It is the private ownership of the business of a society with the freedom of private owners to use, buy and sell their property or services on the market at voluntarily agreed prices and terns, with only minimal interference with such transactions by the state or other authoritative third parties.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8 Assumptions

1.9 Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Sources of Literature

2.2 The Review

2.3 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

3.2 Research Design

3.3 Research Sample

3.4 Measuring Instrument

3.5 Data Collection

3.6 Data Analysis

3.7 Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Data Analysis

4.2 Results

4.3 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

5.2 Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

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Tags: PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF ITS POLITICISATION

7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN NIGERIA

THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The effect of privatization and commercialization in nigeria economy.we propose of research and find out some of the effect of privatization and commercialization in nigeria economy.

In the first attempt the project is divided into three chapters, the first chapter highlights on the introduction part, which explain the privatization commercialization as the economic policy geared towards reelecting government its hold one direct participation in economic operations in the country.

As from chapter two, we engaged into detail discussion of the objectives of the policy, which they can manage better.

Finally, in chapter three by having a critical look on the programme and observation implementation problem, you will see that the exercise which the several major enterprise listed for privatization have been take off the list including rolling mills, fertilizer companies and sugar company.

Summary and conclusion, the engine of economy and industrial growth in the modern society is the private sector operators are into actual investment operations, the government focuses attention, only on the creation of the enabling investment climate, unfortunately nigeria is circumstance of history prompted government to invest in these area better suited for private sector.

table of contents

chapter one:

introduction

1.1 general background to the subject matter

1.2 problems associated with the subject matter

1.3 problems that the study will be concerned with

1.4 the importance of studying the area

1.5 definition of important terms

1.6 chapter reference using apa method

chapter two:

literature review

2.1 the origin of the area

2.2 schools of thought within the subject area

2.3 the school of thought relevant to the problem of study

2.4 different method of studying the problem

2.5 summary

2.6 references

Chapter:

Method of data analysis

chapter four:

conclusion

4.1 data presentation (highlight of the study

4.2 analysis of the data

Chapter five:

5.1 recommendation

5.2 conclusion

references

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

a. Corruption

b. Lack of transparency

c. Lack of accountability

d. Inconsistency and

e. Incredibility.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This work will tend to ask some relevant questions like:-

1. What caused the evolution of the public enterprises in Nigeria?

2. What are the reasons why these public enterprises have to be sold despite the rationales for its establishment?

3. Can these corporations function well under the care of the state rather than being privatized whether wholly or partly?

4. How far has this privatized enterprises gone in boosting efficiency and high productivity to benefiting Nigerians as a whole whether poor or rich, higher place or less privileged?

5. Who are the main beneficiaries of the privatization and commercialization program?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

a) Corruption is the cause of the poor performance of the public corporations

b) Good and transparent governance is the key to an efficient public enterprise

c) A well implemented privatization and commercialization programs boosts political economy of a country.

d) Politicization of privatization and commercialization of public enterprises will lead to theses enterprise inefficiency when sold out.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

LIMITATIONS O F THE STUDY

Again, enough financing of the accomplishment of this work became a problem in the sense that gathering information was costly, the researcher needed enough money to gather them.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Haven known this, it is worthy to conclude that the main beneficiaries of this study lies on the government and other readers respectively.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

ABSTRACT

No man is an island; collectively we have been able to make a thorough research on how effective pension scheme in both the civil and public sectors of the nigerian economy has been beneficial or just a mirage to the nigerian workers; thus a case study of enugu state.

In the first case, the purpose of the stuffy shall be looked at. as an overview, the aim of this study as to look at the impact of pension schemes on a sector of nigerian workers of this public servants and how effectively this pension arrangement would be made so as to cover every sphere of there problem in relation to this. so, the purpose stretches from the important of a proper pension arrangement and how best it shall be implemented to affect a proper working of the plan.

The method of study is purely on both qualitative and quantitative basis. but in particularity, the table analysis was used for the analysis of the data collection.

The third part of the project, death on method of data collection which was purely on interview; so the response from the interview as used a data per analysis for the research work.

The last part deals with basically the major pounding. this shall be merit viewed as follows the factors which militate against the effective administration of pension scheme in the country which may include: irregular payment of benefits lack of enlightment programme etc. in our findings, the following recommendation could ensure a need for regular review of prisoners the manpower needed making the scheme to be contributory etc.

table of content

title page

approval page

dedication

acknowledgement

abstract

table of contents

chapter one

introduction

1.1background of study

1.2statement of problem

1.3objectives of problem

1.4significance of study

1.5scope and study limitation

1.6research questions

1.7definitions of terms

reference

chapter two

literature review

2.1concept of retirement

2.2retirement benefits

2.3methods of providing benefits

2.4establishing retirement benefit scheme

2.4.1creation of the legal frame work

2.4.2informing the employees

2.5qualifications for membership

2.51circumstance in which gratuity and pension may be granted

2.5.2computation of pension and gratuity

2.5.3 non-reckonable services

2.6types of benefits

2.7problems associated with scheme administration

2.7.1public/ civil service scheme

2.7.2self administration scheme

2.7.3insured scheme

references

chapter three

research methodology

3.1sources of data

3.2research instrument used

3.2research population

3.4data analysis technique

references

chapter four

presentation and analysis of data

4.1analysis of data collected from employees in active service

4.2analyses of data collected from retired employees

4.3analysis of data interview conducted.

chapter five

finding, conclusion and recommendations

5.1findings

5.2recommendations

5.3conclusion

bibliography

appendix

questionnaire

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Background Of The Study:

In the traditional Nigerian society, aged parents look up to their children for support and this is one reason that the average numbers of children in Nigeria home are usually more than those of their counterparts in more developed countries. The home is therefore the bedrock of provision for the old. This arrangement therefore instates the role of a pension scheme on a less final setting.

It would be appropriate at this junctures to briefly give the meaning of a pension.

A pension can be defined as a series of regular payments provided by government or former employer for a person who has come to the end of his normal working life. It is an income during retirement at it’s most basic level. Such an income will assist the retired person to survive and depending on the amount and on any other means he may have, it may also enable him continue to enjoy some of the luxuries which he could afford during his working life. As earlier indicated, it is evident now that the Nigerian traditional society simply substitutes the large extended family as a pension scheme. Members of the family collectively make every provision required by the retired for his/her upkeep until death.

This method of course is crude and not very effective one which can be illustrated as thus: Assuming the retired has an infirmity this would mean double trouble for the supporting family and where the loss by accidental means one can retire only imagine the plight of such a retiree and dependents.

In order not to dabble much into that aspect, we will now examine the background of the pension scheme itself. Accordingly, pension dates back to the twelfth century and in those time, it was only through local manors or boroughs that protection was obtained from hardship and also within the confines of the community that guilds distributed relief. At that time though it was only regarded as relief for the old and poor and not necessary as a benefit for service rendered during one’s working days. These guilds were founded on religious or charitable basis and as time want on, merchants and craft guild were also founded. Gradually as strong central government emerged, caring of the poor because a national issue rather than a local responsibility so legislature concerning the poor because common.

As time wants on, the occupational pension scheme which established a right to a pension as a result of previous employment was also introduced and this is where, we are most concerned with in this research work.

In Nigeria generally, pension scheme does not import much meaning to the workers, not to mention it’s usefulness. It still has not rested it’s full weight on the Nigerian populace because all they see and know about is that it is some sort of income which one is supposed to be entitled to after retirement but never gets.

This is the present position of what the average Nigerian worker feels and knows of pension, which is pathetic.

What is the cause of this situation? How do we go about correcting the system? All these and other questions will enable us straighten out the present position of pension schemes in Nigeria using Enugu state as a case study.

Many Nigerian workers after retirement from active service whether voluntary or otherwise are not aware of what entitlements they are entitled to as pension or where there is awareness, those in authority seen to be up to one thing or the other in order to delay the commencement and safe of the retiring employee’s pension.

Experts in Nigeria agree that due to the fact that most workers become dejected and worn-out after retirement, not a few of them (workers) look up to their retirement period with optimism.

While the retired civil servants could be slightly better if as they are entitled to monthly stipends in the firm of pensions their counterparts in the private sector are not so lucky. They receive theirs en-bulk at the initial time of retirement and no more. Therefore it becomes difficult for them to plan and carry out their obligations which they still carry along with them regardless of their fresh status, as retried workers.

Another area where this research would tend to examine are the reasons being given for the delay in payments of gratuities and pensions which range from structural defects in payment arrangement in relation to bureaucracy, fraud and mismanagement of pension funds, though the Nigerian constitution on the protection of pensioners safe “The right of a pension in all the public service of the federation to receive pension or gratuity shall be regulated by law. Any benefit to which a person is entitled shall not be withheld to his disadvantage it however, is salient on when payments should be made and penalties for delay.

It is against this background that this research work will be established and recommendation made curb the present disheartening situation as regards pension schemes in Nigeria.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study will aim at examining the problems associated with pension scheme effectiveness and efficiency, the administration of pension funds and criteria for setting up such schemes in Nigeria. It intends to finds out why it is near impossible for retirees to receive their pensions, the employees’ role in pension’s arrangement and the administration of the pension funds. Another problem that would be considered would be that of managing the retirees in such a way that they are given adequate opportunity which would enable them to prepare very well or their new lives after their disengagement from active service as well as rehabilitating them so as to prevent the social menace in the society.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objectives of the study are enumerated as follows:

Examine the effects of pension schemes on the average Nigerian workers
Ascertain difficulties associated with the administration of the scheme
Cross check methods in which schemes are run
Recommendation on row to solve difficulties.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance or import of this study is such that would be a useful parameter in the following ways:

Reward for loyal service
Promote efficiency within an organization by making it possible for older employees to retiree without fear of poverty and wretchedness.
Help employers attract the right types of staff and retain them
Encourage good employer/employee relationship

The study will also be an invaluable contribution to the following groups:

Employers of labour
Slate and local government Authorities
Management and staff of the Nigerian social insurance trust fund
Federal government
Insurance and brokerage companies

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study will be limited to Enugu State and focus on two public limited companies Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) and NNPC but focusing mainly on Nigerian Nationally Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It is anticipated that the result of this research would provide valuable insight for a possible re-valuation of not only the target companies but other companies administration of pension scheme.

Time constraint was a major limitations in presenting this research work as the incessant disruption of academic would not encouraged one to carry on with school chores and finally when academic eventually began, only a short period was set aside before examinations would commence, with the present economic for more than 5 years.

CONCEPT OF RETIREMENT

Pensions cannot be discussed without mentioning retirement as the lather brings about the former. Ekula Brifaced in his article “Government Pension Scheme in Nigeria” said that enforcement is one of the most dreaded word in the workers dictionary. Every year, thousands of workers both in the public and private sectors of the economy are asked to rest their bones by way of retirement after working for a stipulated length of time. That in itself is not a bad idea except that more often than not, it is done in such a manner that leaves the worker in a devastated stated instead of serving as a veritable means of relaxation and deserved rest.

This is due to the fact that when in service the workers especially the unskilled ones, among them depend almost entirely on their salaries which they can afford to overshoot in their budget or even go borrowing with the intension of paying back when they collect their salaries at the end of the period.

Unfortunately, at retirement the frequency of their income is seriously affected making it relatively difficult for them to plan and carryout their obligations which they still carry along with them regardless of their fresh status as retired workers.

According to Dr. Francis Nwafia an industrial relations expert, it is very unfortunate that retired workers in the country are not given adequate opportunity which would enable them to prepare very well for their new lives after disengagement from active service. It is sad that they are not given adequate awareness regarding the obvious hostility of the environment after their services and that is why many of them find it extremely difficult to cope after retirement and that is why many of them take to drugs and alcohol so as to wipe away the thoughts of retirement. (Dr. Nwafia Francis 1994, Guardian page 13)

RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Retirement should be pot of gold at the end of the rain bow not in a monetary sense but in terms of personal fulfillment. After all, one has worked long and hard, one has shouldered one responsibility one should look forward to a well- earner respite.

“A person on reaching the age of retirement is now the night of every one”. The day it is first received is a milestone which most people pass with a peculiar sense of achievement. For some the satisfaction is lessened by compulsory departure from the habits of a lifetime, for other there is the opportunity of continuing the customary work to a lesson extent or of branching out into a new sphere of activity”. A county doctor (1964 pg 17)

At a conference on the retirement process under the auspices of the National Institute of Child Health and Development, the view was widely expressed that the word retirement had been implied of much of its earlier meaning and a better term should be found, but the conference was unable to find it. Summing up the findings of the conference, Dr. Francis N. Carp wrote:

“Retirement has many meaning of those undergoing it. The end of individual work and social contacts …. Rest, relief from any unpleasant, overtaxing or health drawing job, or completion of commitment to society and initiation of self realization; It may be a ceremony between one career and another it may represent the opportunity to start ones “real” life work….second and even third careers are becoming more common.

Greek Philosopher Plato wrote over 2,000 years ago and his observation is as true today as it was then. “In fact old age is not necessarily a cause of unhappiness. The discontents of later life have their roots in character more than in events”. A county Doctor (1964 pg 19).

One should be able to view retirement as the reward which one’s labour has bought. In the not – so –good old days, retirement if it came was something to be accepted and endured, not planned for and enjoyed, with luck, there might be a room in a son’s or daughter’s house.

Normally, both the retired civil and public servants are entitled to

Gratuity
Pension
Incapacity benefits and
Death benefits.

Unfortunately that is not the situation. While the retired civil servants could slightly better of as they are entitled to monthly stipends in the form of pensions, their counterpart in private sector are not lucky, they receive theirs en-bulk at the time if retirement and no more. Since this research is focused on pensions, all other benefits will be overlooked.

Regardless of the fact that there are rules and regulations governing the payment of pensions to retried workers, the lamentations of these workers never seems to end. Retires of the Nigeria Railways Corporation (NRC) in an endless list have either died or become disabled after retirement such that they become burdens to their families and themselves and so spend the later part of their days in pains and agonies rather than pleasures. About six thousand (6,000) of their over twenty five thousand (25,000) NRC pensions have reportedly died in the last three years but this gory story is not peculiar to the NRC. It appears to be the plight of the whole service in the country. Looking through the pages of newspapers such headlines as “Pensions slumps to death waiting to collect gratuity, pensioners protest non-payment of arrears” “pensioners expectations lashed” are ever so often words to confront the reader.

METHODS OF PROVIDING RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Where no advance provision has been made for payment of a pension, an employer may simply take the money for each installment directly which has often been done in the past. This may, more difficult for him to maintain regular payments if business conditions became less favorable in the future or if the relative numbers of retired employees increase. Even where an immediate annuity is purchased from an insurance company these removers the problem in that instance but involves finding a sizable capital sum which man not be practicable at the time a particular employee retires.

From the employee’s point of view, these methods are open to criticism as he has no advance guarantee of any given amount of pension or indeed a pension at all. This may depend on the continuation of the business, its prosperity at the data of his retirement with any sense of certainty. The purchase of immediate annuity from reputable insurance company though would provide security after retirement which payment “out of the till” cannot provided.

The modern concept of an organized pension scheme therefore implies that there should be an advance promise of the payment of future benefits on some defined basis, together with some guarantee if financial security to ensure that this promise can be realized. To achieve this, it is usual for regular amount of money to be set aside by the employer and these sums ear-marked for the provision of pensions and other benefit in such a way that they are quite separated from the general asset of the business.

ESTABLISHING RETIREMENT BENEFIT SCHEME

The process of establishing a retirement benefit scheme is often described as “Installation” , partly form legal requirements and partly from practicing a research standard procedure which has evolved. The details tend to vary with the type of scheme, the nature of benefits being provided and whether or not any existing schemes are being superseded. The procedure for installation is as follows:

The creation of the legal frame work
Obtaining the Pension Scheme Office (PSO) approval. In Nigeria this duly is perform by the Nigerian Social Insurance Trust Fund (NSITF)
Establishing confirmation of contracting out, where such contracting out is to be adopted.
Infirming the employees.

CREATION OF LEGAL FRAME WORK

The Nigeria constitution on the protection of pensioners say’s the right of a person in all the public service of the federation to receive pension or gratuity shall be regulated by law. Any benefit to which a person is entitled shall not be withheld or attend to his disadvantages. The whole area of

Pension provision
Contribution
Benefits and entitlements are therefore controlled by legislation which we subject to frequent charges.

Letter of Exchange

When it has been decided to inaugurate a pension scheme, the Pension Scheme Office (PSO) will not consider that the scheme is effective until there is a trust. If there are more than one or two employees for whom benefits are to be provided either a trust dead will be executed or a declaration of trust made or a board resolution may be used to establish the trust fund. If there is only one employee involved, a scheme may be constituted in the basis of an exchange letter between the employer and the employee concerned. The letter with attached conditions constitutes the rules of the arrangement. The pension’s schemes office has laid down guidelines to be followed so that a large number of interim documents for setting up trust for one-man arrangement are not requirement.

An interim trust dead is needed if provisional relief on any contributions by the employees is to schemes office and it is usual for trust dead and rules to be required.

Traditional Occupation Schemes

The draft of the trust deed is passed to the Occupational Pension Board (OPB) which has to be satisfied that certain legislative requirements have been met until this procedure has been completed, the engrossment cannot be prepared for execution. The drafting of documentation should be a first effort between the employers, the provision consultant / broker, actuary of insurer and the solicitor. It is unlikely that an employer who decided to proceed with the setting up of pension provision of his employees would decide to defer inauguration until this procedure has been carried out. It is customary to prepare and execute a simple interim trust deed which inter alia appoints the trustees and administrations and include only the provisions necessary to enable the scheme to be operated including the undertaking to observe all the requirements of relevant legislation relating to preservation.

The interim trust dead will cover a number of specific points such as:

The establishment of irrevocable trust
The appointment of the first trustees and administrator
A statement of the principal purpose of the scheme e.g. provision of pensions on retirement at a specific age
Investment powers
The method of death benefit disposal
Contracting out provisions, if applicable
Amendment powers.
The employers will be asked to complete a short proposal firm, if the scheme is to be insured and also provide the information which the Pension Scheme Office (PSO) requires:
1. Full name if the company with its registered address
2. Details of the business
3. Details of employer’s and employee’s tax offices required
4. A note if the tax office references

The date of the employer’s accounting year end
Details of directors being included in the scheme and whether they can control more than 20% of the issued share capital.
Details of any other retirement benefit scheme of the company or associated companies.

The interim trust deed will be required to be stamped by the stamp duty office after execution, although the absence of a stamp does not usually affect the validity of a deed, deed

Cannot be used in a court of law unless it has been properly stamped and the document should be stamped within thirty days and the document should be stamped within thirty days (30 days) of execution. If it is not stamped within that period, a financial penalty may be imposed. If the policy plus rules procedures is adopted, a set of rules will be drafted by the insurer and when agreed they should be formally adopted by the employer as the rules of the scheme. E.g. by means of a board resolution; several copies will be produced for reference purposes and sometimes a copy will also set out the main provision regarding the rights of the employers and the day-to day operation of the scheme.

E.g. they may specify:

Which employee may join the scheme
Whether they are required to contribute to it
The benefits and options available
The right of the employer to amend or discontinue the scheme
The way in which the benefits are to be provided.

INFORMING THE EMPLOYEES

This is the last stage in the installation establishing a retirement benefits scheme. Employees are informed by a means of announcements and an explanatory booklet. Some of the points highlighted in the booklet included the following:

Date of commencement
Eligibility – Who may join the scheme and when
Entrance data- indicates the date (s) in which now employees may be admitted into the scheme, usually once a your
Normal retirement age
Basis of pension – definition of the annual pensionable earnings in which retirement benefits are based
Basis on which the employee will continue
Payment of pension – mode and frequency
Nomination for death benefit
Death benefit
1. On leaving service
2. Whilst in service
3. On leaving service but prior to nominal retiring date
4. Past benefits (if any)
5. Early retirement – serious ill health or incapacity pension allowed at any time. Others not allowed by pension scheme office before age 50 years.
6. Late retirement – consequences of employee postponing retirement
7. Commutation of pensions
8. Liability to tax – pension is taxable
9. Learning service – Presentation retirements
10. Temporary absence from work- illness etc
11. The additional benefits, conditions and contributions.

QUALIFICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

Under Decree No 12 of 1979, for employee to qualify for any form of retirement benefits, the employee must have put – in not less than ten years (10yrs) to active service to quality for pensions, and five years (5yrs) or more for gratuity. The payment though will still be subject to certain circumstances or conditions fulfilled by the employee.

Circumstances In Which Gratuity and Pension May Be Granted

On voluntary retirement after qualifying service of ten (10) years up to 31^st March 1977, fifteen years as from 1^st April and ten (10) years as from 1^st June 1992
On compulsory retirement at the age of 60 years or 35 years service which ever is earlier.
On compulsory retirement for the purpose of facilitating improvements in the organization of the officer’s department or ministry so that greater efficiency or economy may be effected.
On the advice of a properly constituted medical board certifying that the officer is no more mentally or physically
On total or permanent disablement while in service.
On abolition of his office as a result of a re-organization in the department and he can not be transferred to another office
If he is required by the public service, commission of the federation to retire on the grounds that his retirement is of public interest.
To take up appointment in a local government or as a member or head thereof with the prior consent of the commission, if the commissioner is satisfied that such retirement is in public interest.

Where an officer retires after 31^st May 1992 in pursuant to conditions (a) to (b) above

If he has completed 5 years but not up to 10 years services, he shall be entitled only to gratuity.
If he has served for not less than10 years he shall be entitled to pension.
If he is required to retire after 10 years qualifying service pursuant to the provisions of condition (a) to (b) above, he shall be entitled to pensions immediately on retirement not withstanding that he has not attained the age of 45 years.

Pensions guaranteed for 5 years for an officer who dies in service after qualifying for gratuity and pensions or within 5 years after retirement, his next of kin or designated survivors shall be entitled to 5 years pension in addition to his gratuity or the balance of his pensions up to 5 years after retirement this could be paid forthwith.

Computation of Pension and Gratuity

With effect from 1^st January 1991 the calculation and payment of retirement benefits are based on the total annual emolument of an officer. The component units if an officer’s total emoluments which are taken into account in computing pensions and gratuities are as follows:

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Tags: EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORT AND THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, 1980-2012

OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORT AND THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, 1980-2012

ABSTRACT

The study is made up of two independent models, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Investment respectively. The independent variables Oil export, Non-oil export, Real exchange rate and Inflation rate were modeled to capture their effect on GDP and Investment respectively.

The study employed Log Linear Model. Following the empirical findings in this study, we observed that, Non-oil export have not contributed a lot to economic growth in Nigeria but other indicators exert enough pressure on the strength of the economy, evidence from the result of the first model. Judging from the result of the second model, Oil export proves a negative non significant variable with investment growth in Nigeria.

The study recommends appropriate economic policies, institutional reforms and massive political will for the country to address the issues of dwindling exportation of Non-oil sector and the trap of Dutch Disease associated with oil-dependency.

Pages

LIST OF TABLE

Unit Root Test for Stationarity ——————————————- 42

Co-integration Result —————————————————— 45

Modeling Log of Differenced GDP by OLS ————————— 45

Modeling Log of Differenced INV by OLS —————————- 46

Summary of t-statistic test for model 1 ———————————- 50

Summary of t-statistic test for model 2 ———————————- 52

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page —————————————————————- i

Approval page ———————————————————- ii

Dedication ————————————————————– iii

Acknowledgement —————————————————– iv

Abstract —————————————————————– v

List of tables ———————————————————– vi

Table of content ——————————————————- vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction ——————————————————- 1

1.1 Background of study ——————————————— 1

1.2 Statement of problem ——————————————– 3

1.3 Objective of the study ——————————————- 5

1.4 Statement of hypothesis —————————————– 5

1.5 Significance of the study —————————————- 6

1.6 Scope and limitations of the study —————————– 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Meaning of oil and non-oil exports —————————- 7

2.2 A brief historical perspective on oil in Nigeria ————– 7

2.3 Oil and economic policies in Nigeria ————————- 10

2.4 The Dutch-Disease ———————————————- 15

2.5 The boom and burst periods in oil sector and policy response —–17

2.6 Macroeconomic policies and structure of Non-oil export in Nigeria-22

2.7 Oil export, Non-oil export and Economic growth in Nigeria ——- 26

Empirical Literature—————————————————-29

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology——————————————————–35

3.1 Model Specification——————————————————35

3.2 Method of Evaluation—————————————————-37

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation———————————————————41

4.2 Data Analysis ————————————————————44

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation—————————58

5.1 Summary——————————————————————58

5.2 Conclusion—————————————————————-61

5.3 Recommendation———————————————————62

BIBLIOGRAPHY———————————————————66

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Oil, a very versatile and flexible, non-reproductive, depleting, natural (hydrocarbon) is a fundamental input into modern economic activity, providing about 50% of the total energy demand in the world. (Anyanwu J.C. et al, 1997)

Petroleum or crude oil is an oily, bituminous liquid consisting of a mixture of many substances, mainly the element of carbon and hydrogen known as hydrocarbons. It also contains very small amounts of non-hydrocarbon elements, chief amongst which are sulphur (about 0.2 to 0.6% in weight), then nitrogen and oxygen. (Anyanwu J.C. et al, 1997)

Non-oil exports comprises of agricultural products, solid mineral, textile, tyre, manpower, etc. it is made up of every other thing we export, except petroleum products. In the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, the Nigeria economy was dominated by agricultural commodity exports. Such commodities include cocoa, groundnut, cotton and palm produce. From the mid 1970s, crude oil became the main export produce of the Nigerian economy. (Anyanwu J.C. et al 1997)

The development of the petroleum (oil) industry in the country began in 1909. It started with exploration activities by the German Bitumen Corporation, but their search for oil seized after the First World War because the Germans started the war and lost in the war. With Nigeria being under British sectorial control, it was only natural that the Germans had to stop their exploration activities.

In 1937, an oil prospecting license was granted to shell D’Arcy Exploration parties. The first commercial discovery of crude oil in Nigeria was made in 1956 by shell at Oloibiri. The company started production and in 1961 the Federal government of Nigeria issued ten oil prospecting licenses on the continental shelf to five companies. Each license covered was subject to the payment of N1 million. With this generous concession full-scale on-shore and off –shore oil exploration began.

Oil was found in commercial quantities at Oloibiri in the Niger delta, further discoveries at Afam and Boma established the country as an oil-producing nation. The Nigerian crude oil is described as a sweet type because of its lightness and its low sulphur content. It was largely sought-after in the international oil market.

The global perception of Nigeria is that of a really blessed oil producing nation, but with a growing poverty index. (Maaji Umar YAKUB, 2008). The problems of low economic performance of Nigeria cannot be attributed solely to instability of earnings from the oil sector, but as a result of failure by government to utilize productively the earnings from the export of crude oil from the mid 1970s to develop other sectors of the economy. Nigeria is among the poorest countries in the world, with the poverty incidence estimated at 54% in 2006. The economy has been substantially unstable, a consequence of the heavy dependence on oil revenue and the volatility in its prices. The oil boom of the 1970s led to the neglect of non-oil tax revenue, expansion of the public sector, and deterioration in financial discipline and accountability. In turn, oil-dependency exposed Nigeria to oil price volatility which threw the country’s public finance into disarray.

This study will examine the relative impact of oil and non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Oil is a major source of energy in Nigeria and the world (in general). Oil being the mainstay of the Nigerian economy plays a role, vital role in shaping the economy and political destiny of the country. It was towards the end of the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970) that the oil industry began to play a prominent role on the economic life of the country.

Non-oil product on the other hand plays an important role in the economic growth and development of the country. Non-oil exports, especially agricultural product like groundnut, palm oil, cotton, natural rubber, coffee, gum Arabic, sesame seed, etc. was our main stay before the period of the oil boom. It was during that period (that is, period of oil boom) that Nigerians neglected non-oil exports to an extent.

Nigeria can be categorized as a country that is primarily rural, that is, it depends on primary product export (especially, oil product). Since the attainment of independence in 1960 it has experienced ethnic, regional and religious tensions, magnified by significant disparities in economic, educational and environmental development in the south and in the north. This could be partly attributed to the major discovery of oil in the country which affects and is affected by economic and social components.

Crude oil discovery has had certain impact on the Nigerian economy both positively and adversely. On the negative side, this can be considered with respect to the surrounding communities within which the oil wells are exploited. Some of these communities still suffer environmental degradation, which leads to deprivation of means of livelihood and other economic and social factors. Although, large proceeds are obtained from the domestic sales and exports of petroleum products, its effects on the growth of the Nigerian economy with regard to returns and productivity is still questionable.

Hence, there is need to evaluate the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria. In the light of the study, the main objective is to assess the relative impact of oil and non-oil export on the Nigerian economy.

Below are the research questions of the study.

1. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on investment in Nigeria?

2. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic

growth in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The broad objective of this study is to investigate the impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives are;

1. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on

investment in Nigeria.

2. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on

economic growth in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypotheses are tested in this study;

Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on investment in Nigeria.
Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Countries of the world today are engaging themselves more in international trade to earn foreign currency, maintain a surplus Balance of Payment (BOP), establish good relationship with foreigners and most of all achieve economic growth. Nigeria as a country is not left out in the international trade. Our export commodities can de divided into oil and non-oil.

It is important to study the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria to ascertain whether the exportation is contributing to our economic growth and per capita income or whether we have just been wasting our resources.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research work covers the impact created on economic growth by oil and non-oil exports. The geographical area involved is Nigeria. The study is as such a comparative one. The variables of interest are oil export, non-oil export, real interest rate, inflation rate, investment and GDP. The time period is from 1980-2012.

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORT AND THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, 1980-2012

OIL AND NON-OIL EXPORT AND THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY, 1980-2012

ABSTRACT

Pages

LIST OF TABLE

Unit Root Test for Stationarity ——————————————- 42

Co-integration Result —————————————————— 45

Modeling Log of Differenced GDP by OLS ————————— 45

Modeling Log of Differenced INV by OLS —————————- 46

Summary of t-statistic test for model 1 ———————————- 50

Summary of t-statistic test for model 2 ———————————- 52

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page —————————————————————- i

Approval page ———————————————————- ii

Dedication ————————————————————– iii

Acknowledgement —————————————————– iv

Abstract —————————————————————– v

List of tables ———————————————————– vi

Table of content ——————————————————- vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction ——————————————————- 1

1.1 Background of study ——————————————— 1

1.2 Statement of problem ——————————————– 3

1.3 Objective of the study ——————————————- 5

1.4 Statement of hypothesis —————————————– 5

1.5 Significance of the study —————————————- 6

1.6 Scope and limitations of the study —————————– 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Meaning of oil and non-oil exports —————————- 7

2.2 A brief historical perspective on oil in Nigeria ————– 7

2.3 Oil and economic policies in Nigeria ————————- 10

2.4 The Dutch-Disease ———————————————- 15

2.5 The boom and burst periods in oil sector and policy response —–17

2.6 Macroeconomic policies and structure of Non-oil export in Nigeria-22

2.7 Oil export, Non-oil export and Economic growth in Nigeria ——- 26

Empirical Literature—————————————————-29

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology——————————————————–35

3.1 Model Specification——————————————————35

3.2 Method of Evaluation—————————————————-37

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation———————————————————41

4.2 Data Analysis ————————————————————44

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation—————————58

5.1 Summary——————————————————————58

5.2 Conclusion—————————————————————-61

5.3 Recommendation———————————————————62

BIBLIOGRAPHY———————————————————66

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study will examine the relative impact of oil and non-oil export on economic growth in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Below are the research questions of the study.

1. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on investment in Nigeria?

2. What is the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic

growth in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The broad objective of this study is to investigate the impact of oil and non-oil exports on economic growth in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives are;

1. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on

investment in Nigeria.

2. To determine the relative impact of oil and non-oil exports on

economic growth in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypotheses are tested in this study;

Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on investment in Nigeria.
Both oil and non-oil exports have no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

MOTIVATION AS A MEANS OF STAFF PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF DELTA GLAS PT)

MOTIVATION AS A MEANS OF STAFF PERFORMANCE

(A CASE STUDY OF DELTA GLAS PT)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 Purpose of the study

1.3 Statement of the problem

1.4 Research hypothesis

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Limitations / scope of the study

1.7 Operational definition of terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition and concept

2.2 Classical theories of motivation

2.3 Other motivation theories

2.4 Financial incentives

References

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design

3.2 Idendification of variables

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sample procedure

3.5 Data collection instrument

3.6 Data collection procedure

3.7 Method of data analysis

3.8 Problems encountered

References

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data analysis, findings and interpretation

4.2 Personal interview

4.3 Testing and interpretation of hypothesis

References

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of findings

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusions

Bibliography

Appendix / glossary

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Human beings are the most important components of an organization and without understanding their nature and behaviour, it may be absolutely difficult to design organization and formulate appropriate management strategies to achieve their objectives. The central argument in the literature of organisation theory when studying human beings is focused on the question. Do organizations really act on do human beings in them? Ajobon R.T (1998:33).

To me, this is not a controversial question and at the some time, it is not a difficult question to answer.

To answer the above question, we need to increase our level of objectivity. The psychological forces motivating the action of individual in an organisation, is quit different from the intentions of the organizational action. Organisation act as collectivities directing their action towards are overriding goal but human being act as individuals who are motivated by certain psychological factor.

Human beings decide to work in certain organisation because they want to satisfy certain needs. So, their behaviour in the organisation will be dependent on to what extent they satisfy the needs that motivated their entry into the organisation.

On the other hand, organization, whether profit on non-profit motives, exist to provide goods and services from the satisfaction of the public and it’s members. Given this perspective, quality and quantity of outputs of goods and services coupled with profit motive becomes the underlying factors. Therefore, the ability of the organization to attain high performance in terms of these quality, quality and level of profitability depends greatly on the managerial leadership qualities and the incentives strategies.

A managerial leadership must therefore poses the empathy for intelligence, initiative, the feelings of others and the responsibility to motivate for effective result.

1.2 PURPOSE OF STUDY

Today, many organizations suffer ineffectiveness or have packed up due to defective managerial leadership. Whatever the size of an organization in terms of capital base on the number of people working in it, as well as machinery and materials have to be managed properly in order to achieves predetermined goals.

Thus, in order to achieve at the solution as to whether organizational defectiveness can be connected, the researcher proposes to determine whether:-

– Motivation can present organization depressiveness in terms of performance.

– To determine the whether motivation without good leadership could level to the desired performance.

– To determine which motivation techniques is best for employee and organizational effectiveness in terms of performance.

– To determine the level of productivity as regard to employee performance with a range of time.

– To determine whether leadership could be meaningful without the ability and keenness to motivate employee for performance.

– And finally suggest ways of improving motivational techniques to enhance performance.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

For decades, behavioral scientists have focused attention on the study of motivation. The inclination and in the studies emanates from the problems as to whether motivation or not is responsible for organizational performance. While some, especially those who believe in technological sophistication argue that given that level of goods and modern machines, organization can perform optimally. Others are of the view that organizational performance will depend fundamentally on the managerial leadership and the way they motivate their employees.

This schools content that the machine and equipment connate entirely work on their own that human factors in terms of management will impact greatly on performance. To what extent can this be held? This constitutes the central problem of the research.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a statement of production about a relationship between two or more variables and subject for verification. The hypothesis to be tested in the project are:-

H0: Employees can perform effectively and efficiently even without leadership and motivation strategic.

H1: Employees may not perform effectively if the incentive criteria are poor.

H2: Motivate of employee’s determines their performance.

H3: Leadership determines employee’s productivity and performance.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The research is designed to example the extent to which motivation can go in eliciting optimum performance on the employee. The field of management today has been so devoted to changes and progress. Consequently, many organizations are now aware that people need to be well directed managed and motivated in order to get the best out of them.

Ordinarily many people find work to be two unpleasant and will do evenly thing possible to avoid it.

The significance of study therefore is to highlight the importance of properly directing, controlling, inducing and inspiring employees to achieve desired results.

Organization must have managers, who can play the figurehead role, the interpersonal relationship as well as the potential power to define the guidelines to follow, allocate resources and stimulate employees to attain high business objectives.

1.6 LIMITATION/SCOPE OF STUDY

The aim purpose of the research is to examine the impact of motivation on employee performance. Despite the seemingly broad scope of study stated above, the research has chosen to limit the study to Delta Glass Company Limited.

Lack of adequate finance coupled with time leg within which the study has to be completed underscores the choice of Delta Glass Company Limited. More also, the choice of Delta Glass company limited was informed by indisputable fact that it has been competing favourably in the glass industry.

Could the leadership and motivational strategies of the glass company be responsible for it’s astnanomical progress over the years? Hence the choice of the glass company as my case study.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Motivation:- This refers to an aspect of management concerned with industry people to work to the best of this ability.

Performance:– This refers to actual results obtained sometimes used to devote the achievement of positive result.

Incentives:- This refers to strengthening drive designed to motivate workers or employees to greater performance e.g. money security, recognition, justice, praise and opportunity, etc.

Efficiency:- Output divided by input on the extent to which the result produced was at the least cost.

Leadership:- This is the exercise of authority in a social group, and the qualities upon which such exercise depends, vanities with the nature of the social group. It is responsibility and authority to direct, co-ordinate and motive subordinates to ensure that the goals and objectives of the organization as well as those of employees are in agreement.

Communication:- Refers to the process of transmitting information and understanding between two on more people so as to execute the meaning(s) in the information message.

Effectiveness:- This is the extent to which the designed result is realized and it is frequently compared with efficiency.

Organization:- Organization is systematic may of arranging people so that the subordinate and superseding structure of authority are to utilized the available resources to achieve their goals.

Job satisfaction: This refers to these variables, which employees consider to be yielding maximum benefit, and which enables him to develop positive attitude towards his on her job.

Productivity:- This is the achievement target pen period of time pen person on the relative output for a given level of input for a given level of input, especially the production per productive employee.

D.G.C Delta Glass Company Limited.

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7 years ago 0 Comments Short URL

MOTIVATION AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKER (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE NIGERIA PLC)

MOTIVATION AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKER

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE NIGERIA PLC)

ABSTRACT

The research project is a very crucial study of the Emenite Nigeria Plc. The study was to know the motivational tools employed by the management of Emenite to increase the productivity of its workers.

The research instruments used in collecting the date were respondents, which comprises of sex, mental status and salary grade distribution of the company.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction ———————————————————

1.1 General background of the subject matter ———————

1.2 Problems associated with the subject matter ——————

1.3 Problems of the study will be concerned with ——————

1.4 The importance of studying the area —————————

1.5 Definition of important terms ————————————–

1.6 References ———————————————————–

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review —————————————————

2.1 The origin of the subject area ———————————-

2.2 School of thought within the subject area ———————

2.3 The school of thought relevant to the problems —————-

CHAPTER THREE

3.1.The different methods of studying the problems ——————

3.2.Summary

References

CHAPTER THREE

4.0. Conclusion ————————————————————–

4.1 Data Presentation —————————————————-

4.2. Analysis of Data ——————————————————

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.1. Recommendation ——————————————————-

5.2. Conclusion —————————————————————

References—————————————————————

Bibliography ———————————————————-

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Over some year’s age, psychologist, mangers and students of management have given increased attention to the need for human motivation at the place of work. They found this concept useful to both explaining human behaviour, particularly workers.

The purpose of motivation is to optimize one’s performance and to attain a standard of excellence in any endeavor.

Managers in all types of organization are continually faced with the problem of vast differences that exist in the performance or output of individual workers. Some employees often perform at high level and need little or no supervision and appear to enjoy what they are doing. Other employees perform only marginal levels and require constant attention and direction and are often absent from their duty posts. The reasons for these differences in performance are varied and complex, involving the nature of the jobs, the behavior of the manager and the characteristics of workers. The big question is, how can the manager maintain the high performance of the first group and also increase that those producing marginally, when it comes to being highly productive on the job, to performing with little or direction and to being a real contributor to the organization. What can one usually say is the cause?

Does money count first i.e. the desire to draw bigger pay pocket? Is threat the principal factor? Or is it the sheer enjoyment of being part o a busy co-operative professional team that makes some employees perform high?

It has been recently shown that this variation is caused by the motives of workers, whether the employees or mangers are high or low in achievement motivation makes a real difference in the effectiveness of financial incentives.

Several studies have shown that offering additional financial reward for doing a task does not make a strongly achievement oriented person to work harder or better. A group of aggressive achievement mmaled sales men would certainly be angry of their extra efforts were not recognized with much greater financial reward. Yet offering them bonus is not what products the extra effort. This may seem lice a psychological distinction without a difference, but the interpretation of the meaning of the bonus plans genuinely effects performance.

People with relevantly low achievement motivation, on the other hand, will work harder for increased financial rewards. However, does the money got by doing it interest them primarily as a measure of accomplishment? Rather, it has other value for them.

This work therefore will attempt to problem into the motivational tools employed by the management of Emenite Nigeria Ltd to motivate its employees.

The findings will help to evaluate the problems and prospects of the organization in the area of motivation and to suggest way for improvement.

Emenite Nigeria Ltd is a big company and also a strategic one because of the place of works and housing in any economy.

The owners invested a large amount of money to set up Emenite Nig Ltd and therefore, expect returns from the investment. That is why it is a profit-oriented organization. It is only through the effective performance of the employees that returns from investment can be achieved. This is why it is necessary to know how they are being motivated to work and achieve their organization’s objectives.

1.2 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORGANIZATION

Emenite Nigeria Limited, which is located at No 7 Old Abakaliki Road, Emene, Enugu State came into existence to alleviate the problems, which builders and landlords (Estate owners) encounter in the process of roofing and ceiling their houses in Enugu in particular and Nigeria in general.

The attempts, which the owners of the company make in order to tackle the situation are what gave birth to the Emenite Nigeria Ltd Bund, was lounched in.

This was with the motivation to provide cheap, reliable and non-rusting roofing sheet and good quality asbestos and ceiling board. As time passes, the company has been encountered some differences which varies from location of market for its products, sourcing of right quality and qualities of raw materials need by the company for their products and etc. from the period, the company came to existence to now, the company has being faced with many problem which made the company to e exercising losses in some of the years which was as a result of poor economy situation of the nation. Infact, the owners has made serious plans to ensure that the company grow from strength to strength, to avoid being put out of business by it competitors.

Emenite Limited now has some branches or sale outlets located in different states of the federation with its Head Office located at No 7 Old Abakiki Road, Emene, and Enugu East Enugu State.

It major branches or sale outlets are located at Onitsha, Abuja, Lagos, Port Harcourt, etc.

1.3 PROBLEMS STUDY WILL BE CONCERNED WITH/STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

In a workplace, individual employees have different aims and aspirations, for instance, some would prefer to work very hard and yet be satisfied at least for working hard, some employees aim might be just to contribute to the job, others might have aims of showing appearance in the office and would not like to be useful engaged, still some would prefer working for short periods hence their aim would be to reduce the time they spend in the workplace to a minimum level.

When duties and authority of jobs and offices are carefully described, then it would appear that accountability and responsibility could be determine easily. In many great cases, this is true. However, in an organization, bureaucratic techniques originally designed to produce efficiency.

Similarly, when a departmental conflict creates the need for co-coordinating, decision, a non-responsible member/worker can avoid responsibility by basing a decision on the existing power structure, using history as the justification.

1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE AREA

This exercise is an investigation research work specially directed toward finding out how managers motivate their workers. Using of the Emenite Nigeria Limited as my case study.

This research therefore limits itself to only investigating into the motivational tools the company uses in the management of its human resources. Some of the ways in which they motivate their workers include.

v Wages and Salaries: Employees consider wages as the most important way of motivating workers. It can provide a source of motivation for employees to work effectively

v Training and Development: The importance of staff development in any organization cannot be over- emphasized. A training scheme teaches the relevance of jobs and motivations are the necessary skills to apply.

v Promotion: This is the advancement to a higher rank. A high level job demands a lot of responsibilities and it may be tasking on the individuals.

Other ways, which are also important, includes: Job security, job eargemen, appraisal, fringe benefit, insurance etc.

1.5 DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

There are some unique and difficult words used in this project. However, they are carefully explained for easy comprehension of their meanings and the context on which they are applied.

Motivation: This is simply means ensuring appropriate behaviour of workers I an organization by providing an environment in which people can satisfy their human needs through both their work and work environment. Motivation can be inform of promotion, bonus, performance appraisal, salary increasement, provision of fringe benefit etc.

Hulzynski and Bucheanam (1985): defined motivation as “ a decision-making process through which the individual chooses desired outcomes and set in motion the behaviour appropriate to acquiring them”

Management: This is the co-ordination of human and material resources in an organization to achieve management goals. Umoh (1996): defined management as “a process by which people (managers) create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organization through systematic. Co-operate human effort” it is also the process of getting things done by using other people to achieve a set of objectives.
tools: This means any item article used to achieve an objective in an organization. It is also an investment or measure employed by management to achieve set of objective in an organization. Tools also mean, the existence of infrastrutural support. These things and more should be made available in the working place so that productivity could be increased.

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Tags: MOTIVATION AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WORKER (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE NIGERIA PLC)

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