EVALUATION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AND IMPACT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OWAN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

EVALUATION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AND IMPACT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OWAN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                              1

1.1    Background of the Study                                                                1

1.2    Statement of Problems                                                                  3

1.3    Objective of the Study                                                          4

1.4    Research Questions

1.5    Research Hypothesis                                                             5

1.6    Significance of the Study                                                                6

1.7    Scope of the Study                                                      8

1.8    Definition of Terms

9

CHAPTER TWO

Review of Related Literature                                                                   12

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology and Research Design                                                        28

3.1    Research Design                                                                    28

3.2    Area of Study                                                                         29

3.3    Population of the Study                                                                 29

3.4    Sample & Sampling Procedure/Technique                                   29

3.5    Instrument of Data Collection                                                       30

3.6    Method of Data Collection                                                   32

3.7    Method of Data Analysis                                                                33

References                                                                              34

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis                                                              35

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings, Conclusion & Recommendations                                            48

5.1    Findings                                                                                  48

OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE IN ANIGERIA (199AA

PROJECT PROPOSAA

ABSTRACT:

This research is on the evaluation of government expenditureon education and impact in public secondary schools in Owan East local government area.

The first chapter dealt on the background of the concept. It went further to state the problems of the research. It stated the objective of the study. The instrument of the research was based on primary sources

The second chapter dealt on the literature review

The research ends with findings after the data analysis, recommendations, summary and conclusion

PROJECT TOPIC:

EVALUATION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITUREON EDUCATION AND IMPACT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OWAN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In Nigeria today today,  formal education is in a state of crisis. While curricular reform continues to serve as an ongoing source of public policy debate, Nigerian  leaders are confronting increasing difficulty in allocating educational resources to meet present and future levels of demand. The paralysis that has been unfolding is one characterized basically by education’s rising claim on public sector resources against a backdrop of widespread poor economic growth, mounting international debt, and rapidly growing populations whose demand for education can not be met readily by traditional means. There has been a positive relationship between per capita GDP and education’s share of GDP. Wide disparities suggest that since education must compete against other claims for investment resources, how efficiently education is delivered may be as important as the level of resources. Within this context, we ask what options are available to respond to Nigeria’s growing educational demand, how can they be managed, and what role can these options play in promoting accelerated economic growth and development?

Education is both a private and social investment that is shared by individual students, their families, employers, government and other groups including international agencies. The sharing arrangement varies considerably from country to country both in the proportion of public and private funds allocated to education and in the mechanism by which the cost of education is funded. It thus yields direct and indirect benefits both to individuals and to the society. The most obvious direct benefit of education to individuals is higher lifetime earning and for the society; is higher productivity of educated workers and the additional contribution to national income over their entire working lives (Psacharopoulos, 1994).

A major controversy among analysts and policy makers concerns the objectives of educational development. Some have suggested that education should be provided for its own sake, as a means of enriching individuals knowledge and developing their full personality. This concept of education has continually influenced policies in some advanced countries of the world. Others hold that education should seek to prepare people to perform functions that are essential for the transformation of their environment.

The two points of view can be considered in terms of regarding education as a consumer good or as a capital good. The notion of education as a capital good is rooted in the concept of human capital, which attaches high premium to human skills as a factor of production in the development process. A corollary of this is that human skill or productivity is just as important input in the process of development as finance, natural wealth and physical plant. Because education plays a most important role in the creation and improvement of human capital, its relevance and importance to economic growth and development are now well recognized in development planning. Experiences of developing countries during the past decades have indicated that shortage of talents and skills needed for development can decisively retard economic progress.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The rapid expansion of education system over the last three decades, compounded by the more recent global economic crisis and fiscal stringency due to over dependent on oil has left both the lower and higher education institutions in Nigeria short of funds for their operations in relation to the demand imposed on them.

The idea that education is a form of investment in human capital is one of the most important developments in economics in recent decades and it has had considerable impact on educational planning both in developed and developing countries. For both governments and individuals, the choice between different ways of investing resources rests to a large extent on an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with the investments.

In Nigeria, the decline in the quality of education at all levels has become a fact of national life. Indeed, the most significant event in the sector in the recent past has been the continuing crisis besetting the educational system. This crisis is rooted in the deteriorating conditions within the citadels of learning, in respect to teaching facilities and other infrastructural facilities, the welfare of those engaged in the teaching profession and the ever increasing cost of education. This has culminated in student unrest and industrial actions by lecturers and teachers through their respective umbrella associations such as Academic Staff of Nigerian universities (ASUU), Nigeria Union of Teachers (NUT) etc at the different levels of the educational system.

Owing to the failure of the state and local government to fund primary and secondary education appropriately, the Federal Government moved to take over the affairs of these tiers of the system at the expense of the higher education. Due to this shift in the government policy, the crisis in the Nigerian educational system, and their fundamental causes i.e the gross under funding of the institutions, poor conditions of service for teachers among other issues have continued unabated. The study seeks to evaluate the efficiency of government expenditure on the educational sector in terms of its impact on Public secondary schools in owan local government area.

.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of education expenditure, identifying the various alternative policy options available with a view to offer the best policy recommendation. Specifically, the study intends to:

(1) determine the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth.

(2) investigate the impact of education expenditure on Public secondary schools in owan local government area

(3) assess the effect of education expenditure on the level of literacy.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In an attempt to achieve the stated objectives, the study addresses the following research questions:

1. What is the relationship between education expenditure and growth of Public secondary schools in owan local government area

of Nigeria?

2. Does expenditure education contribute to human capital development in Nigeria?

3. Does government expenditure on education impacts on the level of literacy in Nigeria?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The hypotheses testing focus on the following research hypotheses:

Hypothesis I

H0: There is no significant positive relationship between education expenditure and growth of Public secondary schools in owan local government area

of Nigeria.

H1: There is significant positive relationship between education expenditure and educational

growth of Nigeria.

Hypothesis II

H0: There is no significant positive relationship between education expenditure and Human Development in Nigeria.

H1: There is significant positive relationship between education expenditure and Human Development in Nigeria.

Hypothesis III

H0: There is no significant positive relationship between education expenditure and literacy rate in Nigeria.

H1: There is significant positive relationship between education expenditure and literacy rate in Nigeria.

Where H0 = Hull Hypothesis and Ha = Alternative Hypothesis

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Despite the importance of and need for education, many low-income countries still give it less attention and lack appropriate policies to promote educational investment. Studies are very scarce on efficiency of education investment in Nigeria. What could perhaps be regarded as the pioneer study in this area is the work of Psacharopolous (1985), which uses data obtained from a 1966 survey to estimate both social and private returns for primary, secondary and higher education using the full method analysis. Briggs (1973), also uses cost-benefit analysis to consider the investment in secondary education while Aromolaran (2002) calculates the private wage return to school using human capital approach, his finding shows a lower percentage for both primary and secondary compared with higher level of education.

This study intends to improve on previous studies by looking at the role of government expenditure on education in achieving three of its fundamental objectives (1) economic growth and development, (2) human capital development, and (3) literacy. The findings of this study would serve as a yardstick for appraising the policy shift of the government away from educational funding. The findings of this study would be useful to policy-makers, practitioners in the educational sector and other interested individuals and organizations in Nigerian education sector.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

It is being argued that the increased quantity has led to a drop in quality. Besides, the dwindling funding of education by the government has also been identified as a major cause of  Poor levels of education in the country

. Therefore, the scope of this study is limited to the evaluation of the efficiency of education expenditure in terms of its fundamental role.

The empirical analysis is being restricted to the period between 1990 and 2010 due to non-availability of needed data. Most of the information and data needed for the study would be gathered from existing literature and from relevant government agencies such as the Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), National Universities Commission (NUC) as well as international organizations such as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

(i) School Enrolment: This is the rate at which students are admitted into primary schools, secondary schools or tertiary institutions.

(ii) Human Capital: This can be defined as the stock of capital embodied in people. It is the investment that human beings make in themselves to improve their quality.

(iii) Labour Force: This is the total number of people whose age falls within the working age whether they are employed or not. This is also known as the working population.

(iv) Economic Development: Generally defined as the improvement in material welfare (poor) eradication of illiteracy, diseases and early death, changes in the composition of inputs and outputs that generally includes shifts in the underlying structure of production away from agriculture towards industrial activities. Thus, the concept of economic development implies the entire transformation of the economy, from an undesirable state, to a desirable state.

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP EFFECTIVENESS IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The roles played by small scale industries in the growth of any economy cannot be over emphasized. This has been the singular reason why both government groups and individuals in business always place greater emphasis. on the unique human activity. This also accounts for its dominating prominence in government policy statement. Much multinational or even supranational business today stated as small scale business. This therefore implies that small scale is the beginning of every big business.

The present day America is the richest country in the world judging by the economy. The history of industrialization in this God’s own country has shown the absolute importance of small scale industries in the economy and scheme of things. careful study and investigation has released that in America, only 1/10 of 10% of the total number of firms in the economy employ more than 2,500 workers. It is also further show that 89% of the total firms in the economy employ less than 100 employees, and 65% having less than 20 employees in their payroll.

As a standard of judgment using number of employees, this has a least proved that in spite of here economic glory, America is not land of giant corporations. Many countries of today like, South Korea, Taiwan, Honkong and Singapore are making enormous successes in the world export industrial market as a result of emphasis on small scale industries.

As a way out, the efforts of every segment of Nigerian government for small scale industries enhancement cannot therefore be surprising thus, our part administrators, national planners and development project imitators cannot excuse their lack of careful planning in this regard, therefore, following the result of these falterers in our national development economy and planning strategy, the continue ineffectiveness of our small scale industries have promote the reason for this work. The research work therefore is an attempt to looking into a key and embodying factor in small scale industrial effectiveness.

Entrepreneurship effectiveness in small scale industries the scope of the project would be limited to a case study of Macon’s Bakery industry in Enugu state capital. The general opinion reveled that in spite of its key roles and functions in the success of any ventures or business adequate entrepreneurial impact has neither been felt nor matched the search for small-scale industries enhancement and growth.

Investors have not shown commendable interest to accept entrepreneurial role, and this has led to a low venturing rate in spite of all this, there are still multifarious prospective areas in the manufacturing, merchandising and service sectors of the economy that exist, this was actualized through the various efforts made by the government, private individuals, industrial and financial institutions and others commercial agencies towards including small scale enterprise. For effectiveness, there is need to make adequate appraisal of entrepreneurial role towards funding of the enterprises to actual managing. These measures will ensure that the entrepreneurs achieve the reward profits.

As we said earlier, small is the beginning of large scale, the effort on small scale enterprises were stepping-stones to large-scale corporation.

Prosperous individual like Ekenedirichukwu, Ifesinachi, Dantal, Hamza Adebowale, Samusie and a host of others started as a small scale business. It is a waste of time for one to keep waiting for large capital to accumulate before establishment thus the statement “from grass to grace”.

Taking the manpower and development needs of this country into consideration, any capital savings must be reinvested for further capital formation in the best way for multiplier effect on the economy towards. Small-scale enterprises promotion. In effect, our dreams will come true and fruitful if the necessary linkage between small-scale enterprise and small- scale entrepreneurship is created.

       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The idea has been that the glory of any economy, whether industrialized or underdeveloped depend very much on how well organized and managed the small scale industries are given. This fact, most of the developed countries of the world are champions of small-scale industries.

In the real sense, the central objectives of the small-scale enterprise are to make profits for the owner or manager/entrepreneur for expansion purpose. As a result, there should be equilibrium between the goals of the managers and those of the worker to achieve desired psychological, economy and entrepreneurial effectiveness. Therefore, profit is a reward for an effective entrepreneurship. It is a foundation to small- scale industrial  development, which is consequently and acid text for entrepreneurship effectiveness.

Therefore, government being very keen, has to establish the peace of industrial funding and management to attain the much needed entrepreneur effectiveness. Other programmes aimed  at promoting entrepreneurial development and enterprises in small- scale should be considered by the government.

Furthermore, entrepreneurship effectiveness is a primary function of ventural personal evaluation to determine entrepreneurial qualities, taking decision creativeness ingenuity, innovative mind and skill minimizes the risk and optimizes reward.        It is there based on the above establishment facts of entrepreneurial and small business circumstances that the project writers intend to build some of the assumption underlying the project topic.

The Historical Background of Down Function Group of Company Nigeria Limited

Down function which was sited at 8 Nza street Independence layout Enugu established in 1970 for the purpose of public relation services. This involves such things as advertising and promotional services, that is they help firms and organizations. They were into consultation with people who could represent what they actually want to portray as per calendar advertisement and business advice and services. Through the years it becomes important and necessary that they should engage into management consultancy, which deals with fundamentals management concerns as business policy and management of organizations. The reasons for diversion is to enable graduates of management who needs some years of practical training and managerial leadership to properly mature and graduates into management consulting profession.   When it became known of their consulting services that is towards management upliftment, they now started practicing as management consultants tendering independent advice and existence to their clients. But them, there was no code of conduct bye-lack to regulate the moral and ethical standard of individual consultants.

In view of this, the firm continued on consultancy services till date at list to make sure that management in their management problems could reach out for their services. once they play the role of improving the quality and enhancing the duty of the management consulting, research and training and also for the performance of this duty providing management advices and consultancy services to organization both large, medium and small as well as achieve their objectives.              

       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

       Despite all efforts made by individuals, groups and government to ensuring greater effectiveness in the operation, funding and management of small scale business, the overall successes recorded by some of these small scale business operators are still nothing to write home about on the average, only very few usually see the light of the day soon after coming on streams.

This proper performance has been attributed to a lot of problems encountered by small-scale business such as problems include:

1.  Inadequate funding: this refers to the degree of sponsorship, funding and support which the prospective or financially buoyant businessmen renders to willing young graduates who which to go on their own if adequate fund is rendered to an individual who is willing The venture rate on small scale industries will be determined.

2.  Inadequate managerial ability: this involves lack of management planning i.e improper planning carried out by the entrepreneurs. This examines all the major causes of success and failures of most small-scale entrepreneurs. It also determines the level of educational and business awareness of prospective entrepreneurs and also the degree of feasibility studies carried out.

3.  Liquidation is a stated problem: it is true that the establishment is easy to operate, so it is easy to go out of operation small scale business is often operated with limited capital that is why in most of our various industries liquidation is certain to occur.

4.  The inappropriate technology: the technical know how applied by small-scale business operators is antiquated. There is no adequate control technique. like in accounting, organizational performance review and functional feed-back mechanisms they the focus of this write up therefore is to asses the degree of sponsorship or availability of funds for small business units and to ascertain the pilot role of government and its numerous agencies towards development of small scale business. And to evolve and recommend measures aimed at ensuring effective entrepreneurship in small-scale industries.

PURPOSE OF THE Study

1.    To identify means of acquiring metal capital for the business.

2.    To examine the major factors militating against small business.

3.    To know the sources of government findings available to the organization.

4.    To investigate the financial benefits from any organization financial institutions.

       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.    How do you help to acquire initial capital?

2.    what are the major factors for the incessant failure of small business.

3.    What are the sources of government funding available to the organization?

4.    Have you benefited from any organization or private financial institution?

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

       Entrepreneurship effectiveness in small-scale industries is not merely a matter of enterprises underlying interest is to improve industries performances and the role of small-scale industries. It cannot be argued that the significance of this study is for academic requirements, But must be borne in mind that learning institution are established to produce capable entrepreneurs for the efficiency of small scale industries.

At the end of this work a significant effort will be highlight the ideal circumstance for entrepreneurial effectiveness. The organizational risk bearest as well as risqué management would be opportune to avoid themselves of such the prospective enterprises could make themselves available with materials that could broaden enlightens on entrepreneurial risk path.

Truly the awareness this work is bond to create would no doubt stimulate self employment among our young and potential graduates, induce small scale entrepreneurial growth as well as promote the productive capacity of our economy.

Therefore, this study the economic and business of our people, it is significantly an enlightenment  into a small business and potentials of entrepreneurial personality for effectiveness

       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

While writing the project efforts are being make to ensure that all necessary material will be used for successful research task.

Again struck care will be taken, based on the limited information and available data to this discourse entrepreneurship effectiveness in small scale industries a case study of Macon’s Bakery Industry Enugu.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

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THE EMPLOYMENT CREATION POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN ANOCHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE

THE EMPLOYMENT CREATION POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN ANOCHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE

ABSTRACT

Unemployment situation in Nigeria has regarded economic development and growth ever since 1981  after the declaration of Austeinsy measure. The evil effects of unemployment is a visions circle that cripples and economy.

It is against this background that I was motivated to choose this topic to identify how small scale business can provide the necessary solution with particular reference to Aniocha geo political territory.

I believe that unemployment is a major problem in Nigeria especially in Aniocha local government area and that this problem can only be solved by the establishment of small scale business. This study is embarked upon with qualitatively that employment potentials of small scale business is the necessary solution to our employment and economic malaise.

The researcher while embarking on this study intends to make use of primary data through the use of questionnaire to be distributed to some selected small business operating in Aniocha.

This data had been analysed using Test Hypothesis  to show  whether a relationship exist between increase in small scale business and employment in Aniocha local government area.

Also secondary method of data collection through the use of information from small scale business in Aniocha area; and federal office of statistics would be employed with a view of showing the number of and increase in small scale industry and increase or decrease in unemployment in Aniocha. Besides, there are journals news papers and delivered papers would be examined as they relate to this topic.

The analysis and testing of the data would suggest whether the null or alternative hypothesis would be accepted. The writer intend to draw an inference from the conclusion given by the result and on that basis recommend to the government, especially  Aniocha local government area, on what direction she is expected to follow and direct her policies, this is because this study is particularly significant to the locality.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Abstract

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            Introduction

1.2            Statement of problem k

1.3            Scope of the study

1.4            Objective of the study

1.5            Statement of hypothesis

1.6            Significant of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

1.8            Definition of terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            Review of related literature

2.1     The role of business in society

2.2     The important of employment to national economic well being

2.3     The classification of employment into self employment and paid employment

2.4     Small scale business as a source of self employment and paid employment

2.5     Aniocha L.G.A and employment in Nigeria

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Research Methodology

3.1     Research design

3.2     Population of study

3.3     Sampling sign and design

3.4     Method of analysis

Reference

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Data Presentation

4.1     Data analysis

4.2     Test of hypothesis

Reference

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Conclusion

5.1     Summary of findings

5.2     Recommendations

5.3     References

5.4     Bibliography

5.5     Appendix A

5.6     Appendix B

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

There is no doubt whatever that small scale and medium scale enterprises constitute the real public of a nations economy. And to say that the present and future economic advancement of this our great country (Nigeria) and Aniocha local government area (which is the topic of this study). Lies in the dynamism and growth of small scale business is not an overstatement. At least this is the unanimous is opinion of an economic conference at the instance of two bodies.

A       –        The Nigeria institute of social and economic research

(NISER)

B       –        The National Association of small scale industries     (NASSI) and Riedrich Allber foundation held in Lagos in 1989.

In other words, small scale business constitute a vital engine to economic growth   and development. Hwoever, the environment in which this sector operates in Nigeria is both challenging and rewarding it is challenging because it is fraught with the dangers of risks ensuring from having in the first place to invest money in small-scale business  in Nigeria and the problems of managing it in the country recessed economy. Nevertheless, this study shows that, there is, the smiling countenance of success should the small scale business be given dynamic leadership and be properly managed in the present economically recessive climate in the country.

This introductory chapter will attempt to highlight the basic facts the reader should know about small scale business in Nigeria and Aniocha local government Area in general.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

At this time and age, being a paid employee is a very risky business, because the state of economic well being of the Nigeria economy is in the least stable. This has motivated both the government and individuals, to focus their interest on small scale industrial development etc. least to solve the problems of unemployments for owners and create some employment opportunities for others.

This enthusiasm not withstanding only very few individuals in the final analysis succeed in establishing their own small scale business. This further delays our desire t attain to great economic heights. The dynamic role of small scale business in our national economic progress and the motivation of entrepreneurs are into being realized to the great disadvantages of the whole economy.

The problem that now arises are if encouragement of small scale business has the potential of solving the nations unemployment problems. This major problems crops up a number of question as follows:

(a)              Does small scale business have enough employment potentials for the over growing Nigeria.

(b)             What favour constraints the growth of small scale business

(c)              How significant are lack of capital and infrastructure in the establishment of small scale business as it relates to Aniocha Local government area

(d)             What role does government policy play to encourage small scale business in Aniocha local government area.

With all these challenges, this study intends to reveal how the low productivity of small scale business in Aniocha Local government area  caused by the prevailing economic recession has affected their performance.

1.3     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study’s area of coverage is Aniocha local government area but due to some other limiting factors small scale how to be shortened to some selected small scale business firms in Aniocha. Also this study will show how small scale business help to build up management  skills in the local populace. The study will also show the basic characteristics of small scale business in the country.

1.4     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Realizing the employment and other prospects of small scale industrial development in any up and coming economy such as ours, the fundamental question that arise is, how can the dynamic role of this sub-sector be more effective and economically enhanced.

Infact, there are  two ways about it other than, by creating serious awareness among be people emphasizing more on small scale Monday as best  alternative to our more towards industrialization and all talk about technology transfer.

Most importantly, if we believers economists that then half of our total economic problems area over when we have full employment  than there is need to see if small scale business among all sectors can help us attain full employment of human and material resources. Thus, the reed for this study,

Consequently, upon the above, this research is armed at identifying the core problems that hinder people from establishing and operating their own small scale business, find out what remedial actions that have taken to ameliorate the problems it is also  armed at finding possible suggestions as to show the problem can be solved.

1.5            STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Ho:    Small business holds no employment creation potentials in Aniocha

H_I:     Small business holds no employment creation potentials in Aniocha

Ho:    There is no relationship between the establishment of small scale business and increased employment opportunities in Aniocha.

H_I:     There is no relationship between the establishment of small scale business and increased employment opportunities in Aniocha

Ho:    Besides other problems lack of capital and infraturctural facilities do hinder the establishment  of small scale business in Aniocha.

H_I.     Besides other problems lack of capital and infrasturctural facilities do hinder the establishment  of small scale business in Aniocha.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Small scale industry ownership is the route to the ownership of capital and of course participation or contribution towards, the economic and industrial growth of the nation. Therefore, “people are beginning to see a blind alley in purely distributed trade and are exploiting possibilities in the small scale sector”.

Based on the problems and objective of this research the following questions have to asked: –

(a)              Does small scale business hold any employment potential in Aniocha?

(b)             Is there any relationship between the establishment of small scale business and increase in employment in Aniocha?

(c)              Besides other problems, are lack of capital and infrastructure hinder the establishment and growth of small scale business in Aniocha?

All these questions are very important as it provides an opportunity to person who may read it to appreciate what constitute a small scale business expected problems to be encountered by new entrants. This  study is particularly significant to the Nigeria government as it afford the government an opportunity to appreciate the problems facing the establishment of small scale business in Aniocha.

However, only very few have actually realized their aspirations in this direction thereby cutting short too soon their enthusiasm and aspirations. On the other hand there has been a negative perception on the part of most indigenous citizens for having business their own. The practice for themselves is to work for others for payment. It then becomes apparent to note that existing business and up and coming ones are owned and  operated  by setters.

This research is particularly of importance to this group of people as it provides an opportunity to person who may read it to appreciate what constitute  a small scale business and the expected problems to be encountered by new entrants, their profit and employment potentials among others.

1.7     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

There was numerous problems and limitations faced by the researcher, but out of all, time and finance imposed great limitation to the work as enough time and money had to be made available to travel to Aniocha as often as necessary in order to successfully accomplish the set goals. And as a poor students still striving to find a career, these are what I do not have.

Again the unco-operative attitude of the owners and makers of small scale business who despite the researchers elaborate explanation will believe that the study in are way or the other will jeopardize their business and therefore with holding information imposed another constraint to this work. There was even the year that they would be unwilling to fill the questionnaires when given. Given the use of the questionnaire was discouraging because may only of the respondents are either illiterates or semi literates, so the researcher was forced to adopt empirical observation interview and documentation to obtain the necessary and available data for the study.

1.8     DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

1)      WHAT IS BUSINESS: For the purpose of this study, business is taken to mean an organized efforts of individuals to produce and sell goods and services geared at profit oriented.  .

2)                ENTREPRENUERS: They are the risk take, who create business, the people who assemble all the other factors of production  in an effort to start and operate a business and to make profit.

3)                PRODUCTIVITY:    This is the measurement of efficiency by company how much is produced with the resources used.

4)                WHAT IS SMALL BUSINESS:   A small business is one that is independently owned and operated for a profit and is not dominant in its filed.

5)                MANAGEMENT: Working with and through people and other organizational resources to achieve the organizational goals and objectives.

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Tags: ANAMBRA STATE, THE EMPLOYMENT CREATION POTENTIALS OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN ANOCHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

Employee relationships and organizational performance.A case study of tororo cement factory

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the study

Employee relationship refers to the relationship between employees and management as a framework of organizational justice consisting of organizational culture and management style as well as rules and procedural sequence for grievances and conflict management indeed, the objective of employee relationship is to achieve harmonious employee relations and minimize conflict practices in employment. Torrington and Hall (1998).

Organizational performance is a function of employee performance .Organization effectiveness depend on constantly improving the performance of organization members and maintaining the human potential that serves as the backbone of the organization Kerning and Jaeger (1990)

Most organizations in an attempt to increase productivity have come up with motivation of employees aimed at improving on the organization performance and condition of job, hence proper performance, Organizations should induce their employees to work hard towards achieving the business set objectives. This can be done through provision of incentives Peter Drucker (1999)

Organization renewal is increasingly perceived to depend not only on management skills in areas such as finance, production and marketing, but also critically in the intertwined fields of people management. Armstrong M (1987)

The values, beliefs, altitudes and behavior of the enterprises employees are held to occupy strategic roles in corporate success. All organizations which aim at high performance need to have policy agenda to create relationship with the employees or working people, which support their business objectives what this calls for, is to have an employee management relations Sultan Kermally (1997)

Tororo cement factory was incorporated in December 1952; it was taken over by the Uganda Development Corporation (UDC) in 1953. The ownership of Tororo cement changed hands at the end of 1995 to the present owners under the government privatization scheme; it is well served with infrastructure such as roads, railway and power. www.Tororocement.co.ug

It’s a leading cement manufacturing company in Uganda located in the eastern  part of Uganda  its an operating company that deals in several products such as cement products which includes  Portland cement, Portland pozolana , steel products such as barbed wire . Nails, Nyumba brand chain link. Other products include roofing nails, twisted round bars and construction steels.

Among the objectives of Tororo Cement Company is the focus on people. The company seeks to have well motivated, trained and professional people will contribute fully towards achieving successful results. In support of this, the company has a fully fledge human resource department that is charged with the responsibility of supporting organizational and human resources development policies and maintain a fit for purpose employee relation climate.

In support of the employee management relation the company has provided benefit to employees satisfaction such as operating and maintaining the health center drugs where trained staffs distributes treated mosquito nets to all employees. The company imports some of the raw materials such as coal gypsum and iron ore, other raw materials are available locally.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Employee relationships are known to play significant roles in fostering organizational performance. Tororo cement factory is perceived as successful organization within the cement industry because of the market share its commands. Tororo cement industry is being characterized by increased cases of staff complains. As it was reported by the New vision of ( 12 June 2010) over 1000 workers of Tororo cement went on strike accusing management of failing to implement the mandatory salary wage review policy agreed with the workers union representatives. The nature of work in cement manufacture is quite hazardous the process produces dusts, unfavorable operating temperatures and harsh work and environment conditions, in addition caused by loud noise emanating from machines used, the employees are exposed to fine, soft and heavy dust pollution due to complain and it has resulted into frustration amongst the employees which is affecting the overall performance of the organization. But management seem not to be bothered by this and hence a research to find out the impact of employee relation on performance.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The study was conducted to establish the relationship between employee relation and organizational performance in Tororo cement factory.

1.4 0bjective of the study

• To examine the roles of employees in Tororo cement factory.
• To establish the level of organizational performance in Tororo cement.
• To find out the relationship between employee relation and organizational performance of Tororo cement industry.

1.5 Research questions

1) What are the roles of employees in Tororo cement factory?

2) What was the level of performance for the years 2005−2010?

3) What is the relationship between employee relation and organizational performance of Tororo cement?

1.6 The scope of the study

1.6.1 Time scope

The study covered years between 2005−2010 that gave the researcher a true picture and drew up the rightful conclusion about the topic in question and took place between February− June 2011.

1.6.2 Geographical scope

The researcher was intending to focus his finding s on the relationship of employees and organizational performance in Tororo cement factory which is located in Tororo district in eastern Uganda.

1.6.3 Subject of scope

The study focused on determining how employee relationship as the independent variable affects organizational performance which is the dependent variable.

1.6.4 Significant of the study

1) The significance of the study was the provision of knowledge and skills to me a researcher and gained skills of doing research and came to know the relationship between variables which was under study

2) Others researchers and scholars will also use the study as literature review to investigate other parameters within the same or similar organization.

3) The study will help the general public to know how the organization relates with its employees in order to improve their performance.

4) The study was intended to help the organization understudy to improve performance through good employee relationship.

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Bank: UBA.

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Tags: Employee relationships and organizational performance.A case study of tororo cement factory

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY. (A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIG. LTD. NGWO)

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY.

(A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIG. LTD. NGWO)

ABSTRACT

Business organization in Nigeria have failed to realize the role a good corporate image policy has in business dealings.  This is probably because they do not understand the concept of corporate image and necessary toold for promoting them.

Corporate image, in fact goes beyond attractive products or reminding quality service, advertising paying good salary and so on.  It pervades every aspect of a business concern from the least workers personality to the dialing within the organization and with larger society.

In the fact of the dynamics of our society, especially in the business world, brought about by technology, companies are faced with stiff competition that maintaining a competitive edge requires aggressive strategies.  One of such strategies is efficient corporate image management and promotion.

The focus on this research work was to determine the strategies that could be employed to build and promote corporate image efficiently and enhance profit margins of an organization.  A case study of Phinomar Nigeria Limited, Ngwo was therefore undertaken.

The finding revealed that:

1. Phinomar Nigeria Limited has a lay down corporate image policy though not effectively managed.
2. Strategies employed to promote corporate image are limited.
3. Response to Phinomar products is fairly high, hence it can be said to be profitable.
4. Employee welfare and work environment need improvement.
5. Phinomar needs to increase the scope of its social responsibility.
6. Phinomar need a well managed corporate image which should be reviewed periodically for improvement.
7. Customers’ response to Phinomar product is high.
8. Communication among workers in Phinomar Nigeria Limited is not adequate.
9. Phinomar Nigeria Limited lays emphasis on public relations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        I

Title page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Approval page     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Dedication  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Acknowledgment –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Abstract      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

List of tables        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Table of contents  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

CHAPTER ONE –        INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study         –        –        –        –        –        –

1.2     Statement of the study   –        –        –        –        –        –

1.3     Purpose of the study      –        –        –        –        –        –

1.4     Scope of the study         –        –        –        –        –        –        –

1.5     Significance of the study         –        –        –        –        –        –

1.6     Limitations of the study –        –        –        –        –        –

1.7     Research question          –        –        –        –        –        –        –

1.8     Research hypothesis      –        –        –        –        –        –

1.9     Definition of terms         –        –        –        –        –        –        –

Reference    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Meaning and history of corporate image management  –

2.2     Different views and opinions about corporate image management

and organization profitability  –        –        –        –        –

2.3     Different approach to corporate image management     –

2.4     Corporate image management at Phinomar Nigeria ltd –

References  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research design    –        –        –        –        –        –        –

3.2     Area of the study –        –        –        –        –        –        –

3.3     Population of the study –        –        –        –        –        –

3.4     Sample and sampling procedures / techniques     –        –

3.5     Instrument for data collection –        –        –        –        –

3.6     Validation of the instrument   –        –        –        –        –

3.7     Reliability of the instrument    –        –        –        –        –

3.8     Methods of data collection      –        –        –        –        –

3.9     Methods of data analysis        –        –        –        –        –        –

Reference    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATINO AND ANALYSIS

4.1     Presentation and analysis of data     –        –        –        –

4.2     Testing of hypothesis    –        –        –        –        –        –

4.3     Summary of results       –        –        –        –        –        –

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1     Discussion of result findings   –        –        –        –        –

5.2     Conclusions         –        –        –        –        –        –        –

5.3     Implication of the research findings  –        –        –        –

5.4     Recommendations         –        –        –        –        –        –        –

5.5     Suggestions for further research       –        –        –        –

BIBLIOGRAPHY          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

LIST OF TABLES

4.1            Whether importance is attached to corporate image      –        –

4.2            Contribution of image to the organisational profitability        –

4.3            Method used in maintaining goods corporate image      –

4.4            Whether there are departments responsible for creation of image

4.5            Measures used in customers satisfaction    –        –        –

4.6            Observed frequency       –        –        –        –        –        –

4.7            Observed and expected frequency     –        –        –        –

4.8            Observed frequency       –        –        –        –        –        –

4.9            Observed and expected frequency     –        –        –        –

4.10       Observed frequency       –        –        –        –        –        –

4.11       Observed and expected frequency     –        –        –        –

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A company’s product as such is no longer the chief media projecting its image.  Count more today is the public posture of management, its concern for consumer welfare and its visible response to imperative social and economic needs.  In short, management must concern itself as much with protection as it does with profit (Harold H. Margins: 1970).

Every aspect of business and industry is undergoing rapid change in terms of philosophy and technology and there is more rapidly changing function of corporate management to public attitudes and reaction.  In the same vein, the corporate image of any organisation has to be steer to change to correspond in response to the demands of its ever changing business public, marketing them aggressively, paying fair wages to the employees, and even paying taxes, etc.  is not just enough to maintain to competitive edge.  There is now economic and social responsibility that faces every business.

Perhaps it would be necessary to ask; is there any need to engage in corporate image promotion?  Does promotion have effect on the returns of an organisation?  Are there right and wrong ways to project a corporate image?  What is the place of employee motivation, communication, customer relations, social responsibility etc. in the whole role of image promotion programme?

Margins, H. Harold (1979.7) stated, “Mass merchandising, new method of advertising, increased competition, and government regulation have brought corporate reputations into public view and cause executive to seek more favourable reactions”.  However, many hard headed business men do have an uneasy feeling that promoting the corporate image is little more than a perceived gesture of public good will.  The critical importance of corporate image becomes apparent when consumers protest provokes, from large organization series of explanations and apologies for the faults they are accused companies must therefore give to finance.  Marketing and research in the table of rapid, social and technological change.  Other wise, it cannot expect the command public respect and support in the market place.

To live and grow, the command respect and regard, the corporate image must be more than a product of public relations.  Therefore, corporate image promotion should not be left in the hands of the public relations men, but should be the responsibility of top management and every member of staff.  This implies that the image programme should be part of the over all planning for the company’s future.  No matter how impressive a firm’s achievements are, they must be properly presented in the public, for them to be acknowledged.  Thus corporate planning is an integral part of policy decisions.  For some companies, image programmes is part of board planning for greater sales and profits.  This is one of the fundamental objectives of management and all its activities will be programmed to that end.

Staged that, “It is not an exaggeration to say that a good image is fundamental to the existence of any business enterprise.  The concept of image is often considered to be an important determination of long term sales and profits.  Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the use of image as an objective not only for an advertising programme but for marketing programme and an organization as a whole”.  When a new product is introduced in the market, a respected corporate name often benefits from the unknown product.  People are more likely to buy a new product if they know and like its manufacturer.  Furthermore, the quality image of a company’s product may have considerable influence on the kind of new product the company can market successfully.  They identified four types of resources available to companies, system resources and intangible resources.

Explaining the intangibles, Scholes and Klem observed that “many organization have significant strength in intangible assets such as, image or brand name.  The value of intangible resources should not be under rated.  Infact, in many service companies, these intangible can be the key asset of the company.  Potential purchase of money for this “goodwill” underlying their real value.  Finally, order to gain the support of its publics, the corporate image must show that management is progressing, mobile, open to innovation, fair to all and free of dogma and convention.  Creating and promoting corporate personality efficiently is mainly communicating company’s objectives, beliefs, reputation and achievements to its public in order to gain their goodwill.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Adequate emphasis have not been laid by firms in terms of promoting a favourable corporate image and this attitude has affected their performance in the market.  More so, in the face of the prevailing stiff competition among firms.

The environment in which business operate is in constant change and it constitutes an important factor in that, it affects management decisions and actions.  For any business, two types of environment exist.  The operating environment, which may be classified with comprises economic, social, political cultural, government, technological, while internal forces comprises the top management employee, task forces and public environment which is made up of the firms several public.

For an organization to remain in business, it has to help to shape its environment because of the rapid change that the organisation’s operating environment undergoes.

Apart from the influence of the environment, the image of the firm is another factor that requires consideration.  The type of image, which an organization projects is an important determinant of its long run existence and performance.  There are strategies that have to be developed and adapted creatively to achieve organizational goals.  From management’s point of view.  Without a good image, an organization is not guaranteed of long life, the profit objective of the organization will not be achieved, the market share will be affected resulting to decreased sales volume, there will be employee dissatisfaction; co-ordination of work will be un-impressible and there by the organization will collapse.

The correction of the above management problems requires the application of the management’s functions of planning which involves selecting objectives and formulating strategies, policies programmes and procedures to achieve organization goals.

1.3            PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Owing to the fact that every aspect of business is undergoing accelerating change, and no function of management is changing more rapidly than public attitude and reactions, the corporate image itself should be constantly and efficiently promoted.

Most times, the consumers cannot differentiate between similar products manufactured by different companies.  But the quality of one’s company’s image may suppress other brand in the market to make it distinctively different and much more desirable. For company to stay in business and command respect and regard, its corporate image must be more than a product of public relations.  It must be an accurate practice and an accurate picture of what the company is and what it does.  The corporate image of an organization must show that the management is progressive, innovative and fair to all their public customers.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the problems of building and efficiently projecting favourable image of all organizations, but with particular reference to Phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo sequel to the above, the following objectives have been carefully deliveated by the researcher for achievement.

i.        To find out if Phinomar Nigeria Limited attaches importance to corporate image promotion.

1. To identify the strategies they adopt to promote corporate image.
2. To ascertain if the company has department responsible for creating image for the company.
3. To determine to what extent has the image of the company contributed to the profitability of the firm.
4. To find out the method used in maintaining good corporate image.

The survey would sample the views and opinions of both management and employees of company on the above – mentioned problems and with information gathered.  Suggest solutions to the problems, which would lead to efficient corporate image promotion in Phinomar.

1.4            SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In this case, the study focuses on efficient corporate image management as a strategy for enhancing profitability in Phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo, tends look at an organization and its environment, its position in the mind of the public, consumers and the industry at large.  The success or failure of an organization depends how its products and service are patronized, and any organization whose image have been soiled or smeared with mould can hardly make it in the business world which is dynamic in nature.  Change have posed a great danger to organization that are statioc its changing environment, instead of readjusting itself to conform with the trend or events in the minds of the people.

Furthermore, this is not only the task of the public relations department, but it pervades all sections of the organization, comprising the management and the staff of the organization, whose assistance in the research work will make it a huge success.

1.5            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will enable managers to realize that corporate image promotions is one of the management responsibilities and is necessary to command the support of the public and to increase performance at the market.  Places the bane of organization is the inefficient and ineffective application of management principles leading to poor management.  Principles leading to poor management.  The issue here is that the managerial function are not being properly performed.  Planning, for instance, which contains the image programme is taken for granted in many Nigeria business enterprises.

This has been responsible for the poor performance in the Nigeria public and private sectors.  In profit oriented organization, emphasis is placed more on profit objectives.  Ignoring modern philosophies in management.

1.6            LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Conducting a research of this nature is not without some constraints.  Among the constraints is the fact that scanty work has been done on the subject under study.  As a result, it affects the volume of information obtained from the secondary data.  Other constraints include, time, finance, bias, and un-corporative attitude of some staff members.  These factors largely limited the amount of information at the disposal of the research.  Time and finance constraints, for instance made it difficult for the research to reach other audience intended such as the company’s shareholders, and customers.

1.7     RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions would be necessary to make this research a success.

1. Do Phinomar Nigeria Limited attach importance to corporate image promotion?
2. Has the image of Phinomar Nigeria Limited contributed to the organization profitability?
3. Do they have department responsible for creating image for the organization?
4. Does corporate image of Phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo more than a product of public relations?
5. Does their corporate image show them their management is progressive?

1.8            RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis for this research work is formulated after thorough and careful review of works that are directly or indirectly related to the subject matter.  The hypothesis for this research work are therefore as follows:

Ho:    Customers response to Phinomar products is not high.

HI:     Customers response to Phinomar products is high.

Ho:    Corporate image of Phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo is not

more than a product of public relation.

Ho:    Corporate image of Phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo is more than a product of public relation.

1.9            DEFINITION OF TERMS

Corporate Image: This is the sum total of all impression of the firm in the public.

Profitability: This is the ability of a business enterprise to make profit, revenue or surpluses at the end of the financial year.

Efficient: This is doing something well and thorough with no wast of time, money or energy.

Stereotype: A fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing but which is not true in reality.

Strategy: The process of planning something or carrying out a plan in a skillful way that is intended to achieve a particular purpose.

Management: this is the act of running and controlling a business or similar organization.  It is also the skill of dealing with people or situation in a successful way.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to 08139462710 or 08137701720

(1) Your project topics

(2)  Email Address

(3)  Payment Name

(4) Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

Tags: EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY. (A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIG. LTD. NGWO)

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

                                                 ABSTRACT

No man is an island; collectively we have been able to make a thorough research on how effective pension scheme in both the civil and public sectors of the nigerian economy has been beneficial or just a mirage to the nigerian workers; thus a case study of enugu state.

In the first case, the purpose of the stuffy shall be looked at. as an overview, the aim of this study as to look at the impact of pension schemes on a sector of nigerian workers of this public servants and how effectively this pension arrangement would be made so as to cover every sphere of there problem in relation to this. so, the purpose stretches from the important of a proper pension arrangement and how best it shall be implemented to affect a proper working of the plan.

The method of study is purely on both qualitative and quantitative basis. but in particularity, the table analysis was used for the analysis of the data collection.

The third part of the project, death on method of data collection which was purely on interview; so the response from the interview as used a data per analysis for the research work.

The last part deals with basically the major pounding. this shall be merit viewed as follows the factors which militate against the effective administration of pension scheme in the country which may include: irregular payment of benefits lack of enlightment programme etc. in our findings, the following recommendation could ensure a need for regular review of prisoners the manpower needed making the scheme to be contributory etc.

table of content

title page

approval page

dedication

acknowledgement

abstract

table of contents

chapter one

introduction

1.1background of study

1.2statement of problem

1.3objectives of problem

1.4significance of study

1.5scope and study limitation

1.6research questions

1.7definitions of terms

reference

chapter two

literature review

2.1concept of retirement

2.2retirement benefits

2.3methods of providing benefits

2.4establishing retirement benefit scheme

2.4.1creation of the legal frame work

2.4.2informing the employees

2.5qualifications for membership

2.51circumstance in which gratuity and pension may be granted

2.5.2computation of pension and gratuity

2.5.3 non-reckonable services

2.6types of benefits

2.7problems associated with scheme administration

2.7.1public/ civil service scheme

2.7.2self administration scheme

2.7.3insured scheme

references

chapter three

research methodology

3.1sources of data

3.2research instrument used

3.2research population

3.4data analysis technique

references

chapter four

presentation and analysis of data

4.1analysis of data collected from employees in active service

4.2analyses of data collected from retired employees

4.3analysis of data interview conducted.

chapter five

finding, conclusion and recommendations

5.1findings

5.2recommendations

5.3conclusion

bibliography

appendix

appendix

appendix

questionnaire

Background Of The Study:

1. In the traditional Nigerian society, aged parents look up to their children for support and this is one reason that the average numbers of children in Nigeria home are usually more than those of their counterparts in more developed countries. The home is therefore the bedrock of provision for the old. This arrangement therefore instates the role of a pension scheme on a less final setting.

It would be appropriate at this junctures to briefly give the meaning of a pension.

A pension can be defined as a series of regular payments provided by government or former employer for a person who has come to the end of his normal working life. It is an income during retirement at it’s most basic level. Such an income will assist the retired person to survive and depending on the amount and on any other means he may have, it may also enable him continue to enjoy some of the luxuries which he could afford during his working life. As earlier indicated, it is evident now that the Nigerian traditional society simply substitutes the large extended family as a pension scheme. Members of the family collectively make every provision required by the retired for his/her upkeep until death.

This method of course is crude and not very effective one which can be illustrated as thus: Assuming the retired has an infirmity this would mean double trouble for the supporting family and where the loss by accidental means one can retire only imagine the plight of such a retiree and dependents.

In order not to dabble much into that aspect, we will now examine the background of the pension scheme itself. Accordingly, pension dates back to the twelfth century and in those time, it was only through local manors or boroughs that protection was obtained from hardship and also within the confines of the community that guilds distributed relief. At that time though it was only regarded as relief for the old and poor and not necessary as a benefit for service rendered during one’s working days. These guilds were founded on religious or charitable basis and as time want on, merchants and craft guild were also founded. Gradually as strong central government emerged, caring of the poor because a national issue rather than a local responsibility so legislature concerning the poor because common.

As time wants on, the occupational pension scheme which established a right to a pension as a result of previous employment was also introduced and this is where, we are most concerned with in this research work.

In Nigeria generally, pension scheme does not import much meaning to the workers, not to mention it’s usefulness. It still has not rested it’s full weight on the Nigerian populace because all they see and know about is that it is some sort of income which one is supposed to be entitled to after retirement but never gets.

This is the present position of what the average Nigerian worker feels and knows of pension, which is pathetic.

What is the cause of this situation? How do we go about correcting the system? All these and other questions will enable us straighten out the present position of pension schemes in Nigeria using Enugu state as a case study.

Many Nigerian workers after retirement from active service whether voluntary or otherwise are not aware of what entitlements they are entitled to as pension or where there is awareness, those in authority seen to be up to one thing or the other in order to delay the commencement and safe of the retiring employee’s pension.

Experts in Nigeria agree that due to the fact that most workers become dejected and worn-out after retirement, not a few of them (workers) look up to their retirement period with optimism.

While the retired civil servants could be slightly better if as they are entitled to monthly stipends in the firm of pensions their counterparts in the private sector are not so lucky. They receive theirs en-bulk at the initial time of retirement and no more. Therefore it becomes difficult for them to plan and carry out their obligations which they still carry along with them regardless of their fresh status, as retried workers.

Another area where this research would tend to examine are the reasons being given for the delay in payments of gratuities and pensions which range from structural defects in payment arrangement in relation to bureaucracy, fraud and mismanagement of pension funds, though the Nigerian constitution on the protection of pensioners safe “The right of a pension in all the public service of the federation to receive pension or gratuity shall be regulated by law. Any benefit to which a person is entitled shall not be withheld to his disadvantage it however, is salient on when payments should be made and penalties for delay.

It is against this background that this research work will be established and recommendation made curb the present disheartening situation as regards pension schemes in Nigeria.

 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          This study will aim at examining the problems associated with pension scheme effectiveness and efficiency, the administration of pension funds and criteria for setting up such schemes in Nigeria. It intends to finds out why it is near impossible for retirees to receive their pensions, the employees’ role in pension’s arrangement and the administration of the pension funds. Another problem that would be considered would be that of managing the retirees in such a way that they are given adequate opportunity which would enable them to prepare very well or their new lives after their disengagement from active service as well as rehabilitating them so as to prevent the social menace in the society.

  OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

          The objectives of the study are enumerated as follows:

1. Examine the effects of pension schemes on the average Nigerian workers
2. Ascertain difficulties associated with the administration of the scheme
3. Cross check methods in which schemes are run
4. Recommendation on row to solve difficulties.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          The significance or import of this study is such that would be a useful parameter in the following ways:

1.       Reward for loyal service
2.      Promote efficiency within an organization by making it possible for older employees to retiree without fear of poverty and wretchedness.
3.   Help employers attract the right types of staff and retain them
4.   Encourage good employer/employee relationship

The study will also be an invaluable contribution to the following groups:

1. Employers of labour
2. Slate and local government Authorities
3. Management and staff of the Nigerian social insurance trust fund
4. Federal government
5. Insurance and brokerage companies

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study will be limited to Enugu State and focus on two public limited companies Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) and NNPC but focusing mainly on Nigerian Nationally Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It is anticipated that the result of this research would provide valuable insight for a possible re-valuation of not only the target companies but other companies administration of pension scheme.

Time constraint was a major limitations in presenting this research work as the incessant disruption of academic would not encouraged one to carry on with school chores and finally  when academic eventually began, only a short period was set aside before examinations would commence, with the present economic for more than 5 years.

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to 08139462710 or 08137701720

(1)Your project topics

(2) Email Address

(3) Payment Name

(4)Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

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But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

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Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

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Tags: EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of Study

1.2  Statement of Problem

1.3  Objectives of Problem

1.4  Significance of Study

1.5  Scope and Study Limitation

1.6  Research Questions

1.7  Definitions of Terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1  Concept of Retirement

2.2  Retirement Benefits

2.3  Methods of Providing Benefits

2.4  Establishing Retirement Benefit Scheme

2.4.1      Creation of the Legal Frame Work

2.4.2      Informing the Employees

2.5  Qualifications for Membership

2.51 Circumstance in which Gratuity and Pension may be    granted

2.5.2      Computation of Pension and Gratuity

2.5.3      Non-Reckonable Services

2.6  Types of Benefits

2.7  Problems Associated with Scheme Administration

2.7.1      Public/ Civil Service Scheme

2.7.2      Self Administration Scheme

2.7.3      Insured Scheme

References

 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1  Sources of Data

3.2  Research Instrument Used

3.2  Research Population

3.4  Data Analysis Technique

References

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1  Analysis of Data Collected from Employees in Active      Service

4.2  Analyses of Data Collected from Retired Employees

4.3  Analysis of Data Interview Conducted.

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Findings

5.2  Recommendations

5.3  Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Questionnaire

                                                        ABSTRACT

No man is an island; collectively we have been able to make a thorough research on how effective pension scheme in both the civil and public sectors of the Nigerian economy has been beneficial or just a mirage to the Nigerian workers; thus a case study of Enugu state.

In the first case, the purpose of the stuffy shall be looked at. As an overview, the aim of this study as to look at the impact of pension schemes on a sector of Nigerian workers of this public servants and how effectively this pension arrangement would be made so as to cover every sphere of there problem in relation to this. So, the purpose stretches from the important of a proper pension arrangement and how best it shall be implemented to affect a proper working of the plan.

The method of study is purely on both qualitative and quantitative basis. But in particularity, the table analysis was used for the analysis of the data collection.

The third part of the project, death on method of data collection which was purely on interview; so the response from the interview as used a data per analysis for the research work.

The last part deals with basically the major pounding. This shall be merit viewed as follows the factors which militate against the effective administration of pension scheme in the country which may include: irregular payment of benefits lack of enlightmentprogramme etc. in our findings, the following recommendation could ensure a need for regular review of prisoners the manpower needed making the scheme to be contributory etc.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

       In the traditional Nigerian society, aged parents look up to their children for support and this is one reason that the average numbers of children in Nigeria home are usually more than those of their counterparts in more developed countries. The home is therefore the bedrock of provision for the old. This arrangement therefore instates the role of a pension scheme on a less final setting.

It would be appropriate at this junctures to briefly give the meaning of a pension.

A pension can be defined as a series of regular payments provided by government or former employer for a person who has come to the end of his normal working life. It is an income during retirement at it’s most basic level. Such an income will assist the retired person to survive and depending on the amount and on any other means he may have, it may also enable him continue to enjoy some of the luxuries which he could afford during his working life. As earlier indicated, it is evident now that the Nigerian traditional society simply substitutes the large extended family as a pension scheme. Members of the family collectively make every provision required by the retired for his/her upkeep until death.

This method of course is crude and not very effective one which can be illustrated as thus: Assuming the retired has an infirmity this would mean double trouble for the supporting family and where the loss by accidental means one can retire only imagine the plight of such a retiree and dependents.

In order not to dabble much into that aspect, we will now examine the background of the pension scheme itself. Accordingly, pension dates back to the twelfth century and in those time, it was only through local manors or boroughs that protection was obtained from hardship and also within the confines of the community that guilds distributed relief. At that time though it was only regarded as relief for the old and poor and not necessary as a benefit for service rendered during one’s working days. These guilds were founded on religious or charitable basis and as time want on, merchants and craft guild were also founded. Gradually as strong central government emerged, caring of the poor because a national issue rather than a local responsibility so legislature concerning the poor because common.

As time wants on, the occupational pension scheme which established a right to a pension as a result of previous employment was also introduced and this is where, we are most concerned with in this research work.

In Nigeria generally, pension scheme does not import much meaning to the workers, not to mention it’s usefulness. It still has not rested it’s full weight on the Nigerian populace because all they see and know about is that it is some sort of income which one is supposed to be entitled to after retirement but never gets.

This is the present position of what the average Nigerian worker feels and knows of pension, which is pathetic.

What is the cause of this situation? How do we go about correcting the system? All these and other questions will enable us straighten out the present position of pension schemes in Nigeria using Enugu state as a case study.

Many Nigerian workers after retirement from active service whether voluntary or otherwise are not aware of what entitlements they are entitled to as pension or where there is awareness, those in authority seen to be up to one thing or the other in order to delay the commencement and safe of the retiring employee’s pension.

Experts in Nigeria agree that due to the fact that most workers become dejected and worn-out after retirement, not a few of them (workers) look up to their retirement period with optimism.

While the retired civil servants could be slightly better if as they are entitled to monthly stipends in the firm of pensions their counterparts in the private sector are not so lucky. They receive theirs en-bulk at the initial time of retirement and no more. Therefore it becomes difficult for them to plan and carry out their obligations which they still carry along with them regardless of their fresh status, as retried workers.

Another area where this research would tend to examine are the reasons being given for the delay in payments of gratuities and pensions which range from structural defects in payment arrangement in relation to bureaucracy, fraud and mismanagement of pension funds, though the Nigerian constitution on the protection of pensioners safe “The right of a pension in all the public service of the federation to receive pension or gratuity shall be regulated by law. Any benefit to which a person is entitled shall not be withheld to his disadvantage it however, is salient on when payments should be made and penalties for delay.

It is against this background that this research work will be established and recommendation made curb the present disheartening situation as regards pension schemes in Nigeria.

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

       This study will aim at examining the problems associated with pension scheme effectiveness and efficiency, the administration of pension funds and criteria for setting up such schemes in Nigeria. It intends to finds out why it is near impossible for retirees to receive their pensions, the employees’ role in pension’s arrangement and the administration of the pension funds. Another problem that would be considered would be that of managing the retirees in such a way that they are given adequate opportunity which would enable them to prepare very well or their new lives after their disengagement from active service as well as rehabilitating them so as to prevent the social menace in the society.

1.3  OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

       The objectives of the study are enumerated as follows:

1. Examine the effects of pension schemes on the average Nigerian workers
2. Ascertain difficulties associated with the administration of the scheme
3. Cross check methods in which schemes are run
4. Recommendation on row to solve difficulties.

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       The significance or import of this study is such that would be a useful parameter in the following ways:

1.     i.        Reward for loyal service
2.   ii.        Promote efficiency within an organization by making it possible for older employees to retiree without fear of poverty and wretchedness.
3. Help employers attract the right types of staff and retain them
4. Encourage good employer/employee relationship

The study will also be an invaluable contribution to the following groups:

1. Employers of labour
2. Slate and local government Authorities
3. Management and staff of the Nigerian social insurance trust fund
4. Federal government
5. Insurance and brokerage companies

1.5  SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this study will be limited to Enugu State and focus on two public limited companies Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) and NNPC but focusing mainly on Nigerian Nationally Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It is anticipated that the result of this research would provide valuable insight for a possible re-valuation of not only the target companies but other companies administration of pension scheme.

Time constraint was a major limitations in presenting this research work as the incessant disruption of academic would not encouraged one to carry on with school chores and finally  when academic eventually began, only a short period was set aside before examinations would commence, with the present economic for more than 5 years.

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)

After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to 08139462710 or 08137701720

(1) Your project topics

(2)  Email Address

(3)  Payment Name

(4) Teller Number

We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

Tags: EFFECTS OF PENSION SCHEMES ON THE NIGERIAN WORKERS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ANINRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)

THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF ANINRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

When the researcher chose this topic: THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT, she was inspired by the high rate of embezzlement, poor leadership, low rate of accountability, general laxity of the finance department and corruption in Nigeria Local Government, and Aninri Local Government in particular. To do this, the researcher developed four (4) Questions. This questions were administered inform of questionnaires to 195 staff who were selected as a sample of the population. Apart from this, secondary data were used. In organizing and presenting data collected, tables and percentages were used as well. The data analysis revealed that ineffective utilization of revenue in the local government had created a negative impact in Aninri Local Government Area. The researcher therefore recommended that the revenue available to local government should be handled by honest and accountable personnel, those who posses sound knowledge about revenue generation and utilization. The outcome would be an effective and efficient management and utilization of local government revenue in such a way that would deliver the needed development.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                 i

Approval Page                                                                  ii

Dedication                                                                       iii

Acknowledgment                                                             iv

Abstract                                                                           vi

Table of Content                                                              vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the Study                                                 1

1.2      Statement of the Problem                                                4

1.3      Purpose of the Study                                               6

1.4      Significance of the Study                                                 7

1.5      Delimitation/Limitation of the study                       8

1.6      Research Questions                                                 9

1.7      Definition of Terms                                                  10

References                                                               13

CHAPTER TWO

2.1      Theoretical frame work                                            15

2.2      Brief History of Aninri Local government                         17

2.3      Functions of Local Government Councils                        22

2.4      Sources of Revenue to Local Governments In Nigeria 26

2.5      Summary of Aninri Local Government recurrent revenue and expenditure                                                        29

2.6      The problem of effective utilization of Revenue of Local Government                                                               51

2.7      The impact of the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to local government             53

2.8      Solutions/way forward to the problems of effective revenue utilizations

References                                                       62

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Research Design and Methodology                  64

3.2      Sources of data                                                        65

3.3      Area/location of Study                                     67

3.4      Population of the Study                                   67

3.5      Sample and Sampling Techniques                   69

3.6      Establishing the validity of the instruments    72

3.7      Establishing the reliability of the instruments 72

3.8      Method of data analysis                                   73

References                                                               74

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1   Data presentation and analysis                       75

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations        84

5.1      Summary of Findings                                      84

5.2      Recommendations                                           87

5.3      Conclusion                                                      89

Bibliography                                                    91

Appendixes                                                      94

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria as a sovereign nation operates a federal system of government i.e the federal government, state government and the local government councils.

Onwo (1992) Observed that each level of the three tiers of government derive its powers not from the magnanimity of the central government but from the constitution; each level of government has defined responsibilities assigned to it by the constitution. The implication of this is that the three segments of governments are mutually interrelated in a unified effort to make life worth – while for the masses.

Aninri local government area was created out of Awgu local government in October 1996 by the late head of state General Sani Abacha. As one of the new local government councils, it is facing a very serious crisis of development since its creation. Some problems facing the council include: insufficient office accommodation, staff quarters and office infrastructures. These problems seem to be insurmountable.

Indigenes of the local government are desirous of enjoying modern facilities, improved means of transportation, such as good road network and mass transit transport services. These desires are in line with stated objectives of the local government  such as construction and  maintenance of roads, provision of health services such as maternity homes, health centers, sanitization, provision of primary education and many others – as sponsored by the federal military government. The federation (Nigeria) years book of 1983, outlined the aims of the local government system in the country. According to that document, one of the cardinal aims of the local government system is to make appropriate services and development activities, responses to local wishes and needs by delegating authority to local representative bodies.

The citizens expect the council to excel in developmental activities. They would like to please the community or communities in the local government area through the provision of   functional feeder roads and public utilizations.

The council administration in the other hand complains of inadequate finance to meet up with the numerous responsibilities yearning for attention. According to the guidelines for local government reforms or 1976, “it must be recognized that if meaningful local government is to be expected in Nigeria, much larger financial resources are needed” they also complain that staff salaries alone drain a high percentage of the monthly allocation. Financial experts postulates that money is at the center of developmental projects. Acquisition and proper accountability of funs are the pivot upon revolves. Adedeji (1979) capped it all when he declared that the success or failure and the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of local government depend on the financial resources available to the individual local government and the way these resources are utilized.

From the foregoing, it seems that an empirical study into the revenue base of the local government system at this harsh economic period is not only useful but very vital.

It is therefore against this background that this project work is being undertaken with a view to discovering the problems of Effective Utilization of Revenue Available to Local Governments with particular reference to Aninri local government area of Enugu state.

1 .2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The relevance of the local government councils as the government at the grassroot level is measured by the quality and quantity services rendered to the rural dwellers.

For the council to render meaningful services, in form of provision of basic amenities, construction and maintenance of roads, creation of employment opportunities for the citizens and pay staff salaries as and when due, money is undoubtedly required.

Without the availability of revenue, a local government council will not only be incapable of serving the people but will undoubtedly crumble. It therefore, follows that for the local government to discharge its statutory functions effectively, it should not only be adequately funded but such fund should be efficiently applied.

1. One of the fundamental problems in local government financial administration is the issue of Effective Utilization of Revenue Available to the Local Government. Aninri local government council may have tits unique problems that militate against its financial administration.
2. The problem of delay in payment of federal/state government grants to the local authorities.
3. The problems of accountability in the local government council.
4. Another problem is that of ineffective financial control and management both internally and externally.
5. Fifthly, the problem of financial mismanagement and embezzlement of available funds in local government council.

Finally, the problem of corruption as stated by Oluwale (2000) militate against the utilization of local government revenue.

1.3      PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The central focus of the study is to critically analyze the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to Aninri local government area as a case study.

1. The study is meant to identity the major revenue sources available to local government .
2. To ascertain the problems that confront the council’s administration in utilizing revenue for their services.
3. To find out whether or not the revenue is adequate for the council’s expenditure.
4. To investigate the system of financial control in the local government council.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of any human endeavour is measured by its relevance to solving human problems. Therefore, the significance of the study is measure by its relevance to solving the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to local governments in Nigeria.

The project will be of benefit, first and foremost to the Aninri Local Government administration, as it will expose to them potential sources of generating of revenue internally.

Secondarily, it will help the council to strengthen its financial bases as this study would highlight some identified problem hampering the utilization of revenue in the council.

Thirdly, it will also be useful to the indigenes of Aninri local government to co-operate with local council administrators to  enable them build a viable local government by paying their taxes and rates promptly.

Fourthly, the project will be useful to various institutions especially Caritas University, for gaining greater knowledge and understanding of the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to local government.

Finally, the project will be useful to the general public, organizations, companies etc that may have interest in the project.

1.5   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

i.      Delimitations (scope) of the study: This is centered on the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to local government in Nigeria but due to the wide or vast nature of Nigeria, the researcher now chose Aninri local government as a case study to deal with this particular problems in other local government in Nigeria.

The study is also centered on the sources of revenue available to local government both the internal and external sources of revenue.

ii.     Limitations (constraints) of the study:  In the effort of carrying out this research bathe researcher was faced with the problem of time, finance and visitation of Aninri Local Government, the case study of the research work.

The researcher being a student, found it difficult to get exeat out of the school premises and the time frame given was so limited in carrying out the research work. Also, the distribution and collection of the questionnaire to the staff of Aninri Local Government was not easy for the researcher as the respondents were not always available.

The study was carried out under a lot of constraints. The class work and financial constraints were other limitations which made it uneasy for the materials to be ready available at the appropriate time.

1.6   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In the effort of carrying out this research, the following questions were formulated:

1. Are you aware of the constitutional provision of revenue sources to the tiers of government in Nigeria?
2. By what means has Aninri Local government planned the expenditure of available revenue?
3. What systems of financial control measures are used by council administrators?
4. Has the utilization of the Revenue Available to Aninri Local Government produced positive or negative effects?

1.7   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Some concepts and terms required proper explanation or definition to enhance our understanding of the theme where necessary opinions of scholars will be cited to illustrate the terms.

Democracy

The Ancient Greeks defined democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people. This political arrangement allowed every adult male citizen to participate in government activities.

Dare (1981) Postulated that modern democracy is a system of government which gives to individual maximum freedom and periodical opportunities to choose their leader and programmes. Multiple party-systems are a vital characteristic of a democratic government.

Pragmatism

The term pragmatism is derived from the Greek from which practical action arise. It could simply be referred to as philosophy or practical consequences or result orientedness. In our context, it is used to describe political programmes aimed at betternece living standard of the masses.

Rural Development

Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the socio-economic life of the rural dwellers. It involves extending the benefits of development to the less privileged in the society. When applied to local government councils as a third tier of government, in the county, it means conscious efforts by the government, to carry government programmes to the village level. In so doing, deliberate actions are initiated to improve the rural population.

Accountability

Owing to the fact that local government provides local services like sanitation, education, transportation etc to the people of the area, it is logical that it is accountable to the local people within its area of jurisdiction.

This principle of accountability is better ensured by making local government or local government bodies elective institutions. If they function below expectation, they may be criticized by the people or voted out during the next elections.

Absence of local accountability may make them indifferent and insensitive to the need, feelings and aspirations of the local people.

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Tags: THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ANINRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND POLICIES (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA)

THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND POLICIES (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA)

Abstract:

The study investigated the role of strategic management in an organization’s growth. The study used descriptive statistics (frequencies, mean, and percentages) to answer the four research questions posed for the study.

The Chi-Square was used to test the three hypotheses that guided the study. Results from the analysis indicated that strategic management is not common among the manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State; that the

adoption of strategic management has significant effect on competitiveness and also influences manufacturing

firms; that strategic management has effect on employee’s performance and that its adoption has significantly increased organizational productivity of manufacturing firms; also, it enhances structural development of manufacturing firms.

The study thus concluded that though strategic management is not yet a common business practice among manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State, it has been identified as veritable tool for improving the

competitiveness, performance levels, and structural development of manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State in particular and Nigeria in general.

The researcher recommended that entrepreneurial centre and business

schools in Nigeria should incorporate strategic management principles into their curricula. This will engender sound managerial know-how and boost the performance and competiveness of firms in Nigeria. Also, further studies should be carried out in Nigeria to investigate the causes of non-adoption of strategic management in Nasarawa State in particular and Nigeria in general. The causes of this when known and curbed, will enable small and medium scale industries in Nigerian to become more competitive in boosting the development of Nigerian economy.

I. Introduction

Background to the study

Economic environment is changing rapidly and this change is characterized by such phenomena as the globalization, changing customer and investor demands, ever-increasing product-market competition. To compete successfully in this environment, organizations continually need to improve their performance by reducing cost, innovating products and processes and improving quality, productivity and speed to market.

“Strategic management is an ongoing process that evaluates and controls the business and the industries in which the company is involved, assesses its competitors and set goals and strategies to meet all existing and potential competitors, and then reassess each strategy annually or quarterly (ie regularly) to determine how it has been implemented and whether it has succeeded or needs replacement by a new strategy to meet charged circumstances, new technology, new competitors, a new economic environment, or a new social, financial or political environment” (Lamb, 1984).

Achieving a competitive advantage position and enhancing firm

performance relative to their competitors are the main objectives that business organizations in particular should strive to attain. (Raduan, Jegak, Haslinda and Alimin, 2009).

Strategic management can depend upon the size of an organization, and the proclivity to change of its business environment. Therefore, a global trans-national organization may employ a more structured strategic

management model, due to its size, scope of operations, and need to encompass stakeholder views and requirement.

Major management theories such as those of Chandler (1962) and Child (1972), both cited in Meier, O’Toole, Boyne and Walker (2012) emphasized that private firm can exercise strategic choice, even in the face of external constraints. The way and manner they face strategic issues can affect the overall growth and development of the organization. It goes without saying that the strategic framework must also address fundamental issues such as resource base, infrastructure constrains, appropriate level of technology and raw materials input.

1.1 Statement of problem

The performance of organizations has been the focus of intensive research efforts in recent times. How well an organization implements its policies and programs and accomplishes its strategic intent in terms of its mission and vision is of paramount concern. Managers in both private and public organizations are becoming increasingly aware that a critical source of competitive advantage often come from indigenous product and services, best public relations strategy state-of-the-art technology and having an appropriate system of attracting

and managing the organizations human resources.

From the foregoing, and looking at today’s trend, it is evident that the space of change in our business environment presents fresh challenges daily. Therefore, a panacea must be found for the manufacturing subsector, if it must adequately meet its challenges. Various firms, therefore, need to come up with the applications of innovative ideas to create unique brands, customers-friendly products/services that will bring about competitive advantages in terms of brand preference and customer confidence. Despite these, no research work has targeted to investigate the impact of the broad subject of strategic management on organizational growth and development in Nigeria. Existing studies in Nigeria, aimed at human resource development (eg Oladipo and Abdulkadir, 2010; Oladipo and Abdulkadir, 2011; Abdulkadir, 2012).

Related studies on this study were on strategic planning (an off shoot of strategic management) (see Ilesanmi, 2011 and Akinyele & Fasogbo, 2007).

Of these studies in Nigeria, none accessed the role of strategic

management in an organization’s growth. To this effect, this study attempts to empirically analyze how strategic management can be used by manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State to effectively derive plans for growth and development.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The general objective of the study is to investigate the place of strategic management in improving corporative performances among the manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State of Nigeria. The specific objectives are to:

1. Determine the extent to which strategic management is practice by manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State of Nigeria.

2. Determine the relationship between the level of competition and adoption of strategic management.

3. Assessed the relationship adoption of strategic management and organizational performance.

1.3 Research question

1. Is strategic management practiced by manufacturing firms in Nasarawa State of Nigeria?

2. What is the effect of strategic management on level of competition?

3. What is the effect of strategic management on organizational performance?

1.4 Hypothesis

The following null hypotheses guided the study:

1. Adoption of strategic management does not have effect on the level of competition of manufacturing firms.

2. Adoption of strategic management does not have significant effect on organizational performance.

3. Adoption of strategic management does not have significant effect on structural development of an organization.

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Research Problem

1.3     Objectives of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Research Questions

1.6     Research Hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Sources of Literature

2.2     The Review

2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Results

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography

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Bank: UBA.

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Tags: THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND POLICIES (A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA)

EFFECT OF STAFF WELFARE AND MOTIVATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A SECRETARY (A CASE STUDY OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA, ENUGU ZONAL OFFICE)

EFFECT OF STAFF WELFARE AND MOTIVATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A SECRETARY (A CASE STUDY OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA, ENUGU ZONAL OFFICE)
 

ABSTRACT

          The topic of this study is – Effect of Staff Welfare and Motivation on the Productivity of the Secretarial Staff – A case study of Central Bank of Nigeria, Enugu zonal office.

Primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather facts. The questionnaire which was structured as the major source of data collection. For research questions which were formulated were duly analyzed. The population of the study was 12. 12 were secretaries while 10 were management staff and managers. Frequencies and percentages formula were used to analyze the data.

It was discovered that to a large extent, the secretarial staff were provided with staff welfare facilities and motivation and that some of the tools the bank used were medical facilities, lunch allowances, funeral training of secretarial staff, retirement benefits etc.

However, while staff welfare and motivation increases the productivity of the secretarial staff, it was observed that there was need for the bank to work on improving on regular trainijng of secretaries, attractive retirement benefits etc. consequently with regard to the above, it was recommended that the bank review areas such as providing good working environment, improve on their work of providing staff welfare facilities and motivation, take adequate care of their secretarial staff for increase productivity.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES     LIST OF TABLES

1                   Return rate of instrument

2                   Staff welfare/motivation necessary for secretaries

3                   Existence of staff welfare and motivation

4                   Extent of staff welfare and motivation

5                   Tools of staff welfare and motivation

6                   Tools for motivation

7                   Effects of staff welfare and motivation

8                   Satisfaction with level of staff welfare and motivation

9                   Improvement on staff welfare provisions and motivation

10              Staff welfare and motivation as a tool used by the bank

11              Staff welfare and motivation necessary for secretaries

12              Extent of provisions for staff welfare and motivation for secretaries

13              The bank flourishing in the area of staff welfare and motivation

14              Secretaries satisfaction with level of staff welfare and motivation

15              Effects of staff welfare and motivation on secretaries productivity

16              Enhancing of staff welfare and provision for secretaries.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of the problem

1.3            Purpose of the study

1.4            Significance of the study

1.5            Research questions

1.6            Scope and limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Brief History of the secretarial profession

2.2            Who is a secretary

2.3            What is motivation

2.4            What is staff welfare

2.5            Importance of staff welfare and motivation

2.6            Areas of staff welfare and motivation

2.7            Effects of staff welfare and motivation

2.8            Problems of staff welfare and motivation in the central Bank of Nigeria, Enugu Zonal office

2.9            Summary of review of related literature

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1            Design of the study

3.2            Are of study

3.3            Population of the study

3.4            Instrument for data collection

3.5            Method of data collection

3.6            Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Recommendations

5.3            Conclusion

References

Appendixes 1,2,3

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most organizations achieve remarkable success in their operations not only because they operate in good environments, or because they are capable of competing favorably with other organizations but most because the management (or those at the helm of affairs) of such organizations provide them with the incentives that make their work worth enjoying.

They appreciate the fact that no organization perform efficiently and effectively if the human elements are not adequately motivated. The provision of those things (incentives) that ginger workers to work in an organizations have helped organizations to create the enabling environment for better performance among the workforce.

As noted in Koontz (1982), managing involves the creation and maintenance of an environment for the performance  of individuals working together in groups towards the accomplishment of a common objective, it is obvious that the manager cannot do this job without knowing what motivates people.

Koontz explained further that the necessity of building motivating factors into organizational roles, the staffing of those roles, and the entire process of directing and leading people must be built on knowledge of motivation so it is through adequate motivation of employees which in this study is the secretarial staff that organizations will enjoy increased productivity.

At this point however, it is necessary to find out exactly what is motivation.

According to Chruden and Sherman (1984), motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of driver needs, wishes and similar forces

Also Agbo (2003) sees motivation as a kind of incentives which is aimed at getting the best of an individual or group of workers.

It is imperative that secretaries be motivated so that they can be geared into discharging their duties confidently and the output of their productivity becomes high. They can be motivated in ways such as promotion, salary increment, transport allowances, medical services. When these thing are put in place the resultant effect of nit is positive in that recantation on the part of the secretaries is high output, which is a result of willingness to work, using their mental ability, they make sure that they put in their very best to the achievement of the aims and objectives of their employers.

Consequently, a public organization such as Central Bank of Nigeria, which in contemporary times provides for its secretaries those incentives that make them enjoy their work has been in the position to experience increased productivity when compared with their contemporaries. However, the question still remains to what extent does a public organization such as Central Bank of Nigeria, Enugu Branch office motivates for and provides staff welfare to its secretaries and what effect has this had on the productivity level in the organization? This in response to the these that this study examines the issue – Effect of staff welfare and motivation on the productivity of secretarial staff in the Banking Industry with particular reference to the Central Bank of Nigeria – Enugu Zonal office. At this juncture, it is imperative to talk about the establishment of the Central Bank of Nigeria and its core functions.

The earliest support for the establishment of a Central Bank of Nigeria goes back to the period of the banking failures of the early 1950’s following which the power of control of banking was vested in the financial secretary.

Many nationalists leaders at that time urged for the creation of a central bank to perform this and other traditional functions of a central bank. In April 1952, a private member propose a motion that as a practical means of consolidating the financial resources (including regulations of geld and currency) of the country for the purpose of rapid economic development in all its phrases as well as strengthening the existing African banks, that the government should initiate, organize and establish a central bank of the nation within to years from the panage of the motion.

In support of this motion, the honorable minister Honorable K.O Mbadiwe urged the creation of a central bank which principally would perform the following functions.

1. Undertake currency productions
2. Act as a leader of ‘idle resources’ to banks for whom the bank would also maintain reserves and undertake clearing.
3. Act as a monetary authority to determine economic stability
4. Float, buy and sell government bonds and also commercial paper and
5. Act as financial agent for the government .

To actualize this noble dream, the ordinance was passed by the house on 17^th march 1958 and was brought partially into force on 15^th September 1958 when those sections necessary for carrying out the initial functions became law.

The act was fully implemented on 1^st July 1959 when the Central Bank of Nigeria came into full operation.

THE MAIN PROVISION OF CENTRAL BANK ACT

The principal objective of the Central Bank of Nigeria remain as stated in the original Act.

1. Issuance of legal tender currency in Nigeria
2. Maintenance of external reserves in order to safeguard the international value of the currency
3. Promotion of monetary stability and sound financial structure
4. Banker and financial adviser to the federal government
5. Banker to other banks in Nigeria and abroad.

Broadly, those functions may be classified into

1. Those relating to the domestic economy
2. Those affecting external economic and monetary relations.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

In any establishment the secretary plays a vital role in the affairs of the establishment he or she works in. the secretary is the pivotal point on which all activities revolve upon. In most cases secretaries are the first to report to work and the last to leave the office. Sad to say, the secretary may be regarded as a functional entity in some establishments and as a result may not be well motivated or not motivated at all.

In the course of this study the following will be looked into.

1. Inadequate provision of resources due to secretaries
2. Lack of motivating factors such as delegation of authority, adequate recognition, training programme, good working environment
3. Inconsistency in application of policies made by the organization.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out the effect of staff welfare and motivation on the productivity of secretarial staff in the banking industry.

Specifically the study is aimed at

1. Ascertaining if the secretarial staff are really motivated
2. Identify ways through which the Central Bank Nigeria Enugu Zonal office motivates its secretarial staff
3. Determine the effect of staff welfare and motivation on the productivity of the secretarial staff
4. Find out if the secretarial staff are satisfied with the level of motivation in the bank.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance or importance of this study is to highlight the need for secretaries to be motivated alongside with provision of staff welfare which will affect the level of their output.

Therefore, this study will benefit the Central Bank of Nigeria Enugu zonal office as this study would help in updating their knowledge on the issue of staff welfare and motivation and effect change in its attitude towards its secretarial staff.

Still to benefit will be administrators in public organizations because the study would provide an in-depth knowledge of how to overcome present and future problems associated with the motivation and provision of staff welfare of its secretarial staff.

It would be significant to students in the secretarial profession as the study would indicate areas covered and areas not covered so that they can undertake further researches on those area not covered.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the provisions for staff welfare provided by the Bank for the secretaries?
2. What tools are used in motivating the secretaries.
3. To what extent does motivation of secretaries increase job productivity.
4. What can be done to enhance motivation and staff welfare for the secretarial staff.

1.6     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study covers only the Enugu zonal office of the Central Bank of Nigeria because of constraints such as lack of time, inadequate funds and the expected incorporative attitude of the respondents.

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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 0046579864

Bank: GTBank.

OR

Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI

Account Number: 2023350498

Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD

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No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING

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Tags: EFFECT OF STAFF WELFARE AND MOTIVATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A SECRETARY (A CASE STUDY OF THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA, ENUGU ZONAL OFFICE)