TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Research problem
1.5 Research hypothesis
1.6 Limitation of study
1.7 Distinguishing features
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Source of literature review
2.2 Summary review
CHAPTER THREE
3..1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
4.1 Data presentation and analysis
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summaries
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education in Nigeria today has assumed a very important position in the country’s development programme.
This accounts for the introduction of the universal free primary education (UPE) in 1976 and the establishment of new primary education secondary and post secondary schools al over the country.
The word education could be defined in various ways in a very board sense education could be defined at include every agency which enable an individual to master his physical and social environment of which he is a member. It could be defined as an act of teaching. It could be defined as an act of teaching bringing up, instructing or enlightening.
But for the purpose of this study ,education will be defined as study of an organized and formed formal instruction which is given in education establishment such as schools, colleges, and universities.
Education has an important role to play in the economy function is that of ensuring that the nation’s need for a labour force is satisfied. Nigeria, a modern industrializing society needs not just a great deal of manpower but good quality manpower and both the quantity and quality of this manpower are to a large extent controlled by the educational system.
Education also has a political role to play in the Nigeria society. The stability of nay autonomous unit depends upon two criteria, consensus of opinion about the assumptions underlying the system and the ability of the system to provide leaders from within it .in both cases, education has an essential role to play.
However formal education in Nigeria is no longer confined to educational establishment only. The mass media have in recent time taken a bold and positive step toward enhancing educational development in the country. An example is the Enugu broadcasting service (ESBS) the university of air.
Mass media communication comprise the institutions and techniques by which specialized group employed technological devices that is the press television radio, films etc to disseminate inform, tin to large heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience.
This study is concerned with television,radio and other mass media and their contributions to educational advancement in the country.For the TV,educational broad casting started with Western Nigeria broadcasting co-operation/television WNBCI/TV Ibadan in the year 1964, later in the same year, educational broadcasting spread to Kaduna then, east of the northern steps,
In 1965, the Eastern Nigeria broadcasting service/ television ENBC/TV started what looked like educational broadcasting with the help of the eastern Nigeria ministry of education but the programming then was mainly informal comprising what Elihu Katz and Gorge Wdell might described as extensive education. A typical ENBC/TV programme in this category was the “tortoise club – a programme for every young child.
This type of programming continued until the outbreak if the Nigeria civil war in 1966 at the restoration peace in 1970, television stations did not function until 1972, and later in 1973, NTA Lagos revived its educational programmes by introducing some foreign films on science. This progammes was meant for children between the ages of ten and fifteen and it was at this point that the idea of school broadcasting in science came up and was introduced in many of the Nigeria television stations in the country.
NTA channel 8 Enugu was the one among other television stations that introduced school broadcasting in science in its programme schedule so, in 1976 the station started a formal educational programme, which they called “science for schools”. This programme was then jointly produced by the station and he ministry of education headquarters Enugu later, the cooperation shifted from the ministry to the modern aids to education center under the principal education officer Mrs. F. Nwakorby
The format for the production of the programme was mainly provided by the center but in the early part of 1977 the educational department of NTA channel 8 became autonomous with a graduate in science heading it. And from then, the format for he production of the programme became the responsibility of the department.
The programme is made up of lectures in chemistry ad biology. It is broadcasting by weekly on Monday’s at 5.30pm and last for thirty minutes. The production is serial to some subject matter leading to the development of another. The scheme is drawn along Oide the school certificate syllabus in the chemistry and biology. It has as its target audience student in class as there, four and five in secondary school who are offering chemistry and biology in the school certificate examination.
According to the programme producers, the programme “science for schools is designed.
- to enrich the teaching of science in secondary schools, the students through this formal educational programme are encouraged to develop gateway interest in science subject which constitute a greater to higher hopes towards technological advancement in Nigeria
- To compliment and supplement classroom education
- To broaden and do open knowledge in science
- To encourage intellectual development
- To provide tutorial on curriculum subject
- To improve the higher intellectuality of the students in their filed of study.
It is noteworthy that apart from “science for schools” there age other formal education programmes. These include “parlon fancies produced for lower secondary school students, it is broadcasting on Tuesday as 5.00pm and last for thirty minutes. Teaching Igbo for primary school pupils this is aimed at every Tuesday by 5,30pm and last for thirty minutes “ school debate last for thirty minutes school challenge for secondary school student broadcast on Wednesday at 5.30pm it also last for thirty minutes.
But this concentration “science for schools ad is designed to determine whether this programme has achieved the aims and objectives of which it was established. It is aimed at finding out whether the television is playing an effective role in formal education. In studying “science for schools” the researcher intends to find out scientifically note whiter the students who are the progrmmes target audience get conversant with the programme and they are gaining anything from it to know how it helps in eying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means. That is going into details of television will help clear in co-ordaining educational programme in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Really it is believed that the medium is owed by government which is capable of keeping it good state, but it could be scale that the reverse is almost the case because of television and radio stations owed by state and local governments where equipment of these station are old, and dilapidated.
Television and radio stations nationwide have been in sustenance irrespective of the problem o\it encountered economically although with some difficulties, these problems are lack of finance for the payment of workers salaries maintaining the transmitter and other equipments so astoesure adequate transmission and miscellaneous expenses that help to make life with living such as payment of electric bill, telephone bills, provision of chair ad air conditions etc.
Due to the huge amount of money needed for establishing a television and radio stations, the government rather than individuals was seen as the only entity having such money for the venture recently, private individuals were allowed to open radio and television stations such as many broadcasting international a (MBI) African independent television (AIT),Ray Power,Rhythm,Brilla fm, etc. but with strict control from the government with these, the danger is that television in Nigeria has gradually abandoned the element of autonomy from government control and is now in the indirect or direct service of he government.
Despite this fact, the television has been able to help in development programme of the government, which gave rise to this research work so as to unveil television as a channel.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Research is not a casual affair, research has an aim this study does not only seek to prescribe television,radio and other mass media as a channel for mobilizing educational programmes in Nigeria, it also try:
- To know what mass media is all about in bringing the knowledge of television and other mass media to the people and help them know what television entails therefore knowing that it is one means of establishing educational programmes in the country.
- To know how it helps in carrying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means, that is going into details of television will help clear how it helps in co-ordination educational programms in Nigeria.
- To convince people that are ignorant of the impact television can have on them and their community by this research wile help to check pessimistic views some people hold against television as a means of communication and to huge them to take television beyond just entertainment.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study attempts to explain how the mass media is an instrument for educational development in Nigeria. It also tries to examine the benefit of mass media to educational development and the medium managers who are directly or indirectly affected.
It should serve as a document for those with powers strong enough to influence the broadcast industry with the aim of community development. The mean objective gives the aim chair reader of educational programmes especially NTA Enugu true picture of his society with respect to the rest of country.
To future research students this work provided a solid foundation on which further research can be based.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study the researchers tried to answer the following question as they affect mass media as an instrument for educational develop mention Nigeria.
- What are the impact of mass media our society?
- Is it good for students living inside the school premises to have television in their hostel?
- What has the mass media done in the life of our children
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In effect, this study will investigate whether conducting classroom education through the television,or radio is either profitable or a waste. To this effect, the following hypotheses have been formulated.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
Television can prove to work in encouraging educational development although, it is the youngest of all the media of communication, it is the fastest growing media, it distinct itself with other media .
With the growth of television and radio, many homes are bond to be educated which is a plus to the government development programmes, the development media which is operation in Nigeria theory accept economic development and national building as overbidding objective be is a tool (instrument) the television and radio depend on to be a dependent means for the dissemination of development programmes of he government.
Finally the audience no longer see television and radio as a means through which information that can greatly affect them including development programmes comes from these facts can serve as outstanding facts that radio,television and educational development gives hand in hand because radio,televisions are instruments for educational development
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This is an uphill task and it is conducted in order to ascertain how mass media can be used to prepare some programmes which will bring development to educational standards in Nigeria limiting it to okirika local govt.
Time limitation given by the department handicapped us in gathering secondary data inform of people’s view more so we are handicapped financially due to the economic state of the country and as such we were unable to get in touch with all the areas in okirika local govt.
In the same vein, we limit the page this project so that the cost of production will be bearable.
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Tags: THE IMPACT OF THE MASS MEDIA ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU)
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the influence of western television programs on the cultural values of Nigerian youths. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst youths from selected states and of different academic levels in Nigeria
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that western television programs have a significant negative effect on the cultural values of Nigerian youths. Also, there was a negative relationship between western television programs and cultural values of Nigerian youths.
It is recommended that the media regulatory authorities in Nigeria do well to regulate the content of television programs to be consistent with the cultural values of the Nation.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Tags: THE INFLUENCE OF WESTERN TELEVISION PROGRAMS ON THE CULTURAL VALUES OF NIGERIAN YOUTHS
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ABSTRACT
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| Tourism Boards are established by various government to accrue revenue. And the tourism Boards cannot have the revenue without letting the general populace know what they have to offer. And this can be done through any of the promotional mix variables.
This research work is aimed at finding out the role advertising plays in tourism development. Chapter one contains a general discussion of the role advertising plays in tourism development. It went further to state the problem to be studied and why this study was carried out the scope, limitation of the study and finally the significance of the study and the definition of term.
A number of post – related literatures examined by other studies as it relates to the role of advertising in tourism. Development were highlighted in chapter two. Chapter three deals with the design of the study, the method used in collecting relevant data. It also deals with the way the questionnaires were distributed and the treatment of data. The data got from the research survey were analyzed and interpreted.
Finally, the summary of findings, conclusion on the research and recommendations made by the researcher are all in chapter five. If tourism boards put the recommendation made in the study to use, they will satisfy their customers and also increase in profit level. Thereby making the problems of tourism a thing of the past. |
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Advertising is one phrase that has been given different definitions by authors and these definitions in various ways portray what advertising is all about.
According to Tother (1988) advertising refers to any non personal or one – way form of communication conducted through paid media under dear sponsorship.
Stanton W.J (1983) says that advertising consist of all the activity involved in presenting to a group, a non – personal, oral or usual, openly sponsored message regarding a product, service or idea.
According to American marketing association (1960) “advertising can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor”.
In (2002) Rotler defined, advertising as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor.
From the above definitions, it is obvious that advertising is a paid communication undertaken by an identified sponsor and governing all business activities. These activities may include placement of announcement and messages of products and services on the television, radio, magazines, newspaper, outdoor leaflets etc. with the aim of creation awareness.
Advertising is important at the introductory stage because when a company introduces a new product or services, it has to inform its potential customers of the existence of such product or services. The need for it, where it can be found, how it can be used and in some cases the price at which it can be obtained. It is also very important in sustaining already existing product or services in the market. This is because one cannot take up an airplane and cut often the engine. Advertising is the force that elevate the products or services high and if it is suddenly cut off there will be a downward phase of the product and services.
Moreover, advertising has proved to be more efficient and less costly source of information than any other sources (Wright et al 1983). Another important aspect of advertising is that it creates or stimulates demand for a product or service through persuasion.
Advertising creates demand for a product or services where such a demand did not previously exist and even where there is such demand for such products or services. Thus, government, social organization have all used advertising and even religious organizations use advertising, so, advertising is not for only business firms but also for other organization. Advertisements are cost effective way to disseminalte messages, where to build brand preference for a product and / service or to educate people to avoid hard drugs.
Organizations handle their advertising in different ways. In small companies, advertising is handled by someone in the sales or marketing department, who works with an advertising agency. A large company will often set up its own advertising department, whose manager reports to the vice president of marketing. The advertising departments job is to propose a budge and handle direct mail advertising, dealer displays and other forms of advertising, most companies use an outside agency to help create advertising campaign and to select and purchase media.
Advertising has a carnjorer affect that lasts beyond the current period. Although advertising is treated as a current expense, part of it is really an investment that builds up an intangible asset called brand equity. When N5m is spent on capital equipment, the equipment may be treated as a five year depreciable asset and only one fifth of the cost is written off in the first year. When N5m is spent on advertising to launch a new product, the entire cost must be written off in the first year.
Thus treatment of advertising reduces the company’s reported profit and therefore limits the number of new products launches a company can undertake in any one year.
This study however is not aimed at all aspects of advertising, in tourism development in Enugu state. And the study is to bring into limehgut how advertising has played a major role in the states tourism bard, Enugu has been selected as the case organization.
Decree 54 of 1976 established a body known as the Nigeria tourism board. The same decree 54 gave rise to tourism committees at the state level and at the local government level, within of the sort was in existence – but on the 31st of Dec. 1997 the decree was charged by decree 81, which changed the name of the body from Nigeria tourism board to Nigeria tourism development cooperation which has its head office at Abuja. The same decree 81 created 36 state tourism boards. And at the local government level 774 tourism committees were created by decree 81 of 1992. Enugu state tourism board is the charge of all tourism attractions in the stage like business tourism, educations tourism etc.
And due to the hospitability of the people of the state and peaceful atmosphere, the state tourism board advertises to the general public the tourism attractions in the state by the publication, tourism today and through electronic media.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Enugu state have for sometime been experiencing immense improvement in tourism. The state s one of the few states in the country that is being patronized in terms of tourism and Enugu state tourism board Enugu is the body behind the development of tourism in the state. And the state tourism board has many tourism attractions like arts etc. in tourism, Enugu state is not the only state that has tourism board but its services is always being sought by tourists in the country and foreign tourists.
And in study the researcher intends to find out: why Enugu state tourism board is a success in tourism? Is the success as a result of the role advertising play? Why do people prefer the state tourism centers to other states tourism centers? Is advertising hereasing the demand for tourism in the state?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very timely because many company executives are still not sure of how much attention and money that will be accrued to advertising. Marketing managers stand to benefit tremendously by this study because the study will make clearer the role of advertising in business, which cannot be replaced by any other promotion. Marketing will be complete without advertising because it stands out in the crowd. This study will help to correct the impression in some marketing managers that advertising is mearnt to generate as much sales as possible not minding the means. They will lean through this study that advertising must not over step social and legal norms.
This study will be of immense benefit to all state governments in Nigeria, also to the organized private sector. The study will make known the important role of advertising in both tangible products and / services. And the study will enable the federal, state and local governments to stop wasting huge sums of money, which are not being channeled well. And the study will make the country’s aspiration of high economic growth and development in this democratic dispensation attainable.
The marketing students are not least out of the benefits. The study is educational and exposition in the sense that students will be exposed more to the exciting part of advertising. The role advertising plays in business may have abscured to the student but through this study the researcher intends to shed more light on it.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
To find out the role advertising plays in the development of tourism the researcher intends looking at these objectives in the cause of the study:
i. To find out how advertising stimulate demand in tourism
ii. To find out the role advertising plays in the development of tourism
iii. To appraise whether advertising has really contributed favourably to tourism development in Enugu state
iv. Determine the extent advertising have gone in increase of tourism development in Enugu state
v. To find out how advertising contribute to the dissemination of product or service to target markets.
vi. To appraise the contribution of advertising to profitability in tourism development
vii. And to make recommendations as to how to make advertising more effective and efficient in tourism development.
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothetical statement are designed to help the researcher in his analysis. They are represented both in null and alternative hypothesis. Ho is used for null hypothesis while Hi for alternative hypothesis.
HYPOTHESIS I
Ho: Advertising does not favour tourism development
Hi: Advertising affects tourism development favourally.
HYPOTHESIS II
Ho: Advertising has not enhanced operational efficiency and effectiveness in Enugu state tourism board Enugu
Hi: Advertising has enhanced operational efficiency and effectiveness in Enugu state tourism board Enugu.
HYPOTHESIS III
Ho: The use of advertising has not been of help to Enugu tourism board, Enugu
Hi: The use of advertising has been of immense help to Enugu state tourism board, Enugu.
HYPOTHESIS IV
Ho: Advertising does not effectively inform the consumers of the services rendered by Enugu state tourism board, Enugu
Hi: Advertising informs the consumers effectively of the services that Enugu state tourism board can render.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will be on the role of advertising in tourism development. And the study will be carried out in Enugu metropolis. It is a case study of Enugu state tourism board, Enugu.
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Tags: A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF ADVERTISING IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Research problem
1.5 Research hypothesis
1.6 Limitation of study
1.7 Distinguishing features
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Source of literature review
2.2 Summary review
CHAPTER THREE
3..1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
4.1 Data presentation and analysis
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summaries
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education in Nigeria today has assumed a very important position in the country’s development programme.
This accounts for the introduction of the universal free primary education (UPE) in 1976 and the establishment of new primary education secondary and post secondary schools al over the country.
The word education could be defined in various ways in a very board sense education could be defined at include every agency which enable an individual to master his physical and social environment of which he is a member. It could be defined as an act of teaching. It could be defined as an act of teaching bringing up, instructing or enlightening.
But for the purpose of this study ,education will be defined as study of an organized and formed formal instruction which is given in education establishment such as schools, colleges, and universities.
Education has an important role to play in the economy function is that of ensuring that the nation’s need for a labour force is satisfied. Nigeria, a modern industrializing society needs not just a great deal of manpower but good quality manpower and both the quantity and quality of this manpower are to a large extent controlled by the educational system.
Education also has a political role to play in the Nigeria society. The stability of nay autonomous unit depends upon two criteria, consensus of opinion about the assumptions underlying the system and the ability of the system to provide leaders from within it .in both cases, education has an essential role to play.
However formal education in Nigeria is no longer confined to educational establishment only. The mass media have in recent time taken a bold and positive step toward enhancing educational development in the country. An example is the Enugu broadcasting service (ESBS) the university of air.
Mass media communication comprise the institutions and techniques by which specialized group employed technological devices that is the press television radio, films etc to disseminate inform, tin to large heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience.
This study is concerned with television,radio and other mass media and their contributions to educational advancement in the country.For the TV,educational broad casting started with Western Nigeria broadcasting co-operation/television WNBCI/TV Ibadan in the year 1964, later in the same year, educational broadcasting spread to Kaduna then, east of the northern steps,
In 1965, the Eastern Nigeria broadcasting service/ television ENBC/TV started what looked like educational broadcasting with the help of the eastern Nigeria ministry of education but the programming then was mainly informal comprising what Elihu Katz and Gorge Wdell might described as extensive education. A typical ENBC/TV programme in this category was the “tortoise club – a programme for every young child.
This type of programming continued until the outbreak if the Nigeria civil war in 1966 at the restoration peace in 1970, television stations did not function until 1972, and later in 1973, NTA Lagos revived its educational programmes by introducing some foreign films on science. This progammes was meant for children between the ages of ten and fifteen and it was at this point that the idea of school broadcasting in science came up and was introduced in many of the Nigeria television stations in the country.
NTA channel 8 Enugu was the one among other television stations that introduced school broadcasting in science in its programme schedule so, in 1976 the station started a formal educational programme, which they called “science for schools”. This programme was then jointly produced by the station and he ministry of education headquarters Enugu later, the cooperation shifted from the ministry to the modern aids to education center under the principal education officer Mrs. F. Nwakorby
The format for the production of the programme was mainly provided by the center but in the early part of 1977 the educational department of NTA channel 8 became autonomous with a graduate in science heading it. And from then, the format for he production of the programme became the responsibility of the department.
The programme is made up of lectures in chemistry ad biology. It is broadcasting by weekly on Monday’s at 5.30pm and last for thirty minutes. The production is serial to some subject matter leading to the development of another. The scheme is drawn along Oide the school certificate syllabus in the chemistry and biology. It has as its target audience student in class as there, four and five in secondary school who are offering chemistry and biology in the school certificate examination.
According to the programme producers, the programme “science for schools is designed.
- to enrich the teaching of science in secondary schools, the students through this formal educational programme are encouraged to develop gateway interest in science subject which constitute a greater to higher hopes towards technological advancement in Nigeria
- To compliment and supplement classroom education
- To broaden and do open knowledge in science
- To encourage intellectual development
- To provide tutorial on curriculum subject
- To improve the higher intellectuality of the students in their filed of study.
It is noteworthy that apart from “science for schools” there age other formal education programmes. These include “parlon fancies produced for lower secondary school students, it is broadcasting on Tuesday as 5.00pm and last for thirty minutes. Teaching Igbo for primary school pupils this is aimed at every Tuesday by 5,30pm and last for thirty minutes “ school debate last for thirty minutes school challenge for secondary school student broadcast on Wednesday at 5.30pm it also last for thirty minutes.
But this concentration “science for schools ad is designed to determine whether this programme has achieved the aims and objectives of which it was established. It is aimed at finding out whether the television is playing an effective role in formal education. In studying “science for schools” the researcher intends to find out scientifically note whiter the students who are the progrmmes target audience get conversant with the programme and they are gaining anything from it to know how it helps in eying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means. That is going into details of television will help clear in co-ordaining educational programme in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Really it is believed that the medium is owed by government which is capable of keeping it good state, but it could be scale that the reverse is almost the case because of television and radio stations owed by state and local governments where equipment of these station are old, and dilapidated.
Television and radio stations nationwide have been in sustenance irrespective of the problem o\it encountered economically although with some difficulties, these problems are lack of finance for the payment of workers salaries maintaining the transmitter and other equipments so astoesure adequate transmission and miscellaneous expenses that help to make life with living such as payment of electric bill, telephone bills, provision of chair ad air conditions etc.
Due to the huge amount of money needed for establishing a television and radio stations, the government rather than individuals was seen as the only entity having such money for the venture recently, private individuals were allowed to open radio and television stations such as many broadcasting international a (MBI) African independent television (AIT),Ray Power,Rhythm,Brilla fm, etc. but with strict control from the government with these, the danger is that television in Nigeria has gradually abandoned the element of autonomy from government control and is now in the indirect or direct service of he government.
Despite this fact, the television has been able to help in development programme of the government, which gave rise to this research work so as to unveil television as a channel.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Research is not a casual affair, research has an aim this study does not only seek to prescribe television,radio and other mass media as a channel for mobilizing educational programmes in Nigeria, it also try:
- To know what mass media is all about in bringing the knowledge of television and other mass media to the people and help them know what television entails therefore knowing that it is one means of establishing educational programmes in the country.
- To know how it helps in carrying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means, that is going into details of television will help clear how it helps in co-ordination educational programms in Nigeria.
- To convince people that are ignorant of the impact television can have on them and their community by this research wile help to check pessimistic views some people hold against television as a means of communication and to huge them to take television beyond just entertainment.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study attempts to explain how the mass media is an instrument for educational development in Nigeria. It also tries to examine the benefit of mass media to educational development and the medium managers who are directly or indirectly affected.
It should serve as a document for those with powers strong enough to influence the broadcast industry with the aim of community development. The mean objective gives the aim chair reader of educational programmes especially NTA Enugu true picture of his society with respect to the rest of country.
To future research students this work provided a solid foundation on which further research can be based.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study the researchers tried to answer the following question as they affect mass media as an instrument for educational develop mention Nigeria.
- What are the impact of mass media our society?
- Is it good for students living inside the school premises to have television in their hostel?
- What has the mass media done in the life of our children
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In effect, this study will investigate whether conducting classroom education through the television,or radio is either profitable or a waste. To this effect, the following hypotheses have been formulated.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
Television can prove to work in encouraging educational development although, it is the youngest of all the media of communication, it is the fastest growing media, it distinct itself with other media .
With the growth of television and radio, many homes are bond to be educated which is a plus to the government development programmes, the development media which is operation in Nigeria theory accept economic development and national building as overbidding objective be is a tool (instrument) the television and radio depend on to be a dependent means for the dissemination of development programmes of he government.
Finally the audience no longer see television and radio as a means through which information that can greatly affect them including development programmes comes from these facts can serve as outstanding facts that radio,television and educational development gives hand in hand because radio,televisions are instruments for educational development
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This is an uphill task and it is conducted in order to ascertain how mass media can be used to prepare some programmes which will bring development to educational standards in Nigeria limiting it to okirika local govt.
Time limitation given by the department handicapped us in gathering secondary data inform of people’s view more so we are handicapped financially due to the economic state of the country and as such we were unable to get in touch with all the areas in okirika local govt.
In the same vein, we limit the page this project so that the cost of production will be bearable.
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Tags: THE IMPACT OF THE MASS MEDIA ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU)
ABSTRACT
The insidious evolution of the internet into the socio cultural setting of any modern society has become something to look into. It is not however the first time scholars would take a microscopically scientific purview into the emerging phenomenon. Different scholars, theorists and researchers have dwelled into various issues appertaining to the new media. Apart from this, the act of mobilization has being a topical issue especially in the area political mobilization and synergy. Thus, it is suffice to look into how the social media can be used in the mass mobilization of people for political mobilization. This paper looks into the influence of social media on the for mass mobilization of people using the just concluded strike action in Nigeria as a case study
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUNGD OF THE STUDY:
Globally,1.5 billion people have access to televisions, 1 billion people have access to the internet. Yet the mostly used communication technology is the mobile phone. Reaching the 4billion mark in 2008,there was approximately a mobile phone for every two humans on earth.
Despite the major economic crisis, mobilepenetration continued to expand globally. In 2010, mobile penetration hitthe two-thirds mark signifying a massive shift in the global digitalcommons (ITU, 2010). The mobile phone may reach near-universalpenetration levels by 2020, accounting for the majority of internetconnections (Banjanovic, 2009). The countries with the highest mobilephone growth rates and penetration are now in developing nations.
According to the International Telecommunications Union(Corbett,2008:1), “80 percent of the world population lives in cellular network-range, which is double the level in 2000; and 68 percent of the world’smobile subscriptions by the end of 2006 were in developing countries. Many who live in remote regions do not have access to regular home-phone services, however access to mobile phones is an option requiringminimal infrastructure. The technological trend of increasing use of mobilephones is not reserved for those with higher economic resources. Pricesare dropping on handsets, and the availability of second-hand mobilephones at minimal cost means even cheaper options.
Mobile phones arenot just used for voice calling and text messaging, software developersare finding ways to extend their capacities and create cross platformsolutions that provide meaningful services for everyday users. Director ofIBM India Research laboratory Dr. Daniel Dias reinforces the socio-economic potential of this new technology:The world is entering the Era of the Mobile Web. In many countries,the mobile phone has become an electronic wallet, the window to the World Wide Web, an education device, and more, and globally, mobile devices outnumber PCs, credit cards, and TVs.” (IBM, 2008)
Economists around the world are hailing mobile phones as a low-tech solution for bridging the digital divide (Lane et al., 2006). At theLondon Business School, it was found that “for every additional 10 mobilephones per 100 people, a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) rises0.5 percent” (Waverman et al., 2005). Technologies such as 3Gbroadband mobile internet are sweeping the globe, providing citizens withincreasing access to information. As feature-rich smart phones have hitthe market, users also have increasing ability to create and broadcastmedia. While the majority of phones globally are not “smart,” thecapabilities of text messaging (SMS) and the mobile web create highpotential for the spread of information that is essential in social changeand media democracy. Soon there will be more mobile phone users thanliterate people on the planet (Chipchase, 2005). This signifies a shift intoa new age of digital literacy, where avatars, emoticons, pictures, soundsand videos can hold more power than the bygone era of telephoneswhere only names and numbers mattered.
Furthermore growth inelectronic communication through the internet and mobile phones isoutpacing communication through newspapers, radio or television.When looking at new media communication, it is clear that acrossclass, race, and gender, there are inequalities in terms of access,influence and control. However, youth are working to bridge these gapsthrough the creation of innovative alternative networks for social change.Mobile phones are used by youth around the world as a tool for politicalmobilization – from getting youth out to vote, to organizing proteststhrough social networks, micro-blogging and text messaging. Much likethe internet, mobile phones have the potential to remove barriers to both
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
Nigeria, as a nation, has not been shielded in this global phenomenon of technology revolution in the usage of mobile phones for social transformation. The increase in the use of mobile phones in Nigeria has affected positively the level of information dissemination, and bridge the gap of lacuna filtered news.
As it has become a common phenomenon with the rest of the world, the government of Nigeria seems to be in quandary about what to do with this technology revolution. Apart from this, with a country that just granted freedom of information, it would be logically sarcastic to restrict the use of social media.
Thus, this research tends to look at the efficacy of mobile phone for the mobilization of Ibedeni youth for social transformation.Hence, the research looks into
1.3. REASEARCH QUESTIONS:
- What is the level of level of phone usage of the youth at this time?
- What is the level of the use of phone by the youth for social media communication and information dissemination?
- Is the mobile phone an effective and efficient tool for the mobilization of youths for social transformation
- Are there negative impacts of the use of the mobile phone for the mobilization of youths for social transformation
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
- To know the conscious level of phone usage by Ibedeni youths
- To know how effectively Ibedeni youths are embracing the use of phone for communication and information dissemination.
- To know how the mobile phone is used as a youth mobilization tool.
- To know how the use of phones is changing the social behavior of the youths.
.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The reaching hand of the mobile phone technology purview, within the concept of global village, has given some restrictive measures to the government of any nation. This is now an open secret that any anti-people policies will not be condoned by the people and within a split of minute the world would learn about it.
The increase in the activities of the mobile phone technologies,especially smart and internet enabled and dynamic phones for internet tools-social networks, emails, and websites and blog sites-are becoming tools for acerbic criticism as harangue of comments would take no minute in raining on the faulting government.
Different governments of the world are becoming conscious of these information communication technologies to be potent tools that can be explored in gaining the support and ways of bridging the chasm between the governed and government
According to Dr. Ajibade, he said “ there is a solution to any problem through communication” Thus, the significance of this study is that it would help the government and the governed to see a new perspective to the usage of mobile phone; as a tool of national integration, cohesion unity and communal affiliation.
From the happenings around the world, the mobile phone has re-engineered the thinking of the people and act as a medium of protest. This study makes a call to duty by government to explore this tool also as a medium to gain popularity on its ideological stand and policies alike.
As it has been known that every study would add to any existing knowledge on any phenomenon, this study would not cease to do the same by add to the increasing fountain of knowledge in the efficacy of mobile phone for the mobilization of Ibedeni youth for social transformation.
1.6. DELIMITATION OF STUDY:
For the simple fact that research has limitation in different realm, has contributed to the restrictive hands of this study. This research did not enjoy the luxury of time and space; it would have helped in the adequate facilitation of more data gathering for and better research that would enjoy external validity.
It is not strange that the topic understudy is an analytical study that needs diverse respondents from different locations. The demography of the respondent was however restricted.
To light another limitation, the research encountered droughty and arid ground in the area of supporting the study claim and referencing with necessary materials
1.7. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Internet– this is interconnectedness of computer all over the world via a central server
Social media– this is a new media that help in the interactivity of the people
Social network – these are the networks that allow for the interaction- facebook, twitter and yahoo
Mobilization – this is the deliberate act of conveying people to support a certain course
Influence – This is the effect of something on another
Netizens – this is term used for people on the who have virtual homes online the internet
Mobile Phone:A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area
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Tags: THE EFFICACY OF MOBILE PHONE FOR THE MOBILIZATION OF IBEDENI YOUTHS FOR SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
ABSTRACT
This project aims at the effect of violent film on Nigeria children, especially children in Enugu urban.
Chapter one is the introductory part of this project and it also dewell on the background of the study.
Chapter two reviews the literatures of other writers and elaborates more on the in.
Chapter three dwells on the methodologies used in this research work.
Chapter four is based on the data analyses and the results of the data collection and also the discussion of the result gotten.
Chapter five is the summary of the entire work and also the findings and recommendations for further study is stated there.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Research question
1.6 Hypothesis formulation
1.7 Conception and operational definitions of terms
1.8 Assumption
1.9 Limitation
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of literature
2.2 Summary of literature
CHAPTER THREE – RESEACH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analyses
3.7 Expected result
CHAPTER FOUR –DATA ANALYSES & RESULT
4.1 Data analyses
4.2 Discussion of results
CHAPTER FIVE –SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendation
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Film is a series of moving picture recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on the television or at the Cinema. As part of Mass Communication, it involves the use of vision and sound (audio-visual) in transmetting and disseminating its messages.
The messages can be used in educating, informing, entertaining and socializing its target audience.
One of the most debated aspects of film is extent to which violence of the film influences social behavior. Also there has been scant scientific evidence to prove causal relationships such as one between violence of film and increase in crime rate. However, from the earliest days of medium, adults have expressed concern about the influence of film on the children. Parent have shown anxiety about the influence of violence of film on children, since at that age, a child’s social adjustment or mental health is affected.
A cursory look shows that so many films are full of vices like shooting, killing and harassment. It was therefore, the aim of this study to show a nexus between the rising rate of crime amongst children and that of film violence viewer sly in Enugu urban.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The range of observation in this study has been systematized in such a way that every aspect of information and material concerning the effect of violent films on Enugu children is consulted.
However, one thing seems to be setting this work apart from others already down by researchers. The research data and materials for the work are very ultimate.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at the following
The objective is examine the content of film by picking a film like Sharon stone.
The study a aimed at identifying the film-type and content that have mega ture impact on the children.
To find out the rate of those children influence by violence of film more especially when they get to their youthful period.
Another objective of this study is to know the efforts of the film censorship. Commission to find a lasting solusion to the problem of film violence on the children.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very important in may aspects because the future of Nigeria has in the hands of there children who are being destroyed by the violence they are exposed to on films.
Also if there groups is protected by regulating what they view or produce, it focus the mind of children towards things that will bring peace and progress to the nation.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
- Is the children that watch violent films on television attected by the message.
- Is there any measure taken to avoid the effect of violent films on our children.
- Does parent play, any role to avoid the influence of violent films on there children.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In this study, the following hypothesis were tested.
HI: Children who watch violent films are television are affected by the messages.
HO: Children who watch violent films on television are not affected by the message .
H2: The film censorship commission of Nigeria is taken some effective measure to reduce the effect of violent films on the youth.
HO: the film censorship commission of Nigeria is not taken any effective measure to reduce the effect of violent films on the youth.
H3: Research have found out that parent play a role to avoid the influence of violent films on there children.
HO: Research have found out that parent do not play a role to avoid the influence of violent film on there children.
1.7 CONCEPTIAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terms to be defined are violence, film, effect and children.
Conceptual definition.
Violence – The use of dangerous weapon to attack, hurt or kill somebody.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION – The viewing of film that have elements of murder, shooting, assassinating, harassment and assault.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
EFFECT:- Change in attitude and behavior in individual, as a result of expert to persuasive message carried by the mass media.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
EFFECT :- The total change of persons behaviour and attitude towards something.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
FILM:- Moving picture of real event shown for example on television
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
FILM :- The method of broadcasting still or moving picture by means of electrical waves moving through the air.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
CHILDREN
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: –Children in thestudy would mean an idividual, what is between the age of 5 – 15.
OPERATIONAL DEFINTION
CHILDREN:- A young human being from the time of birth to the completion of body development.
1.8 ASSUMPTION
It is assumed that the film censorship of Nigeria is playing an effective role towards reducing the effect of violent film on the youth.
It is also assumed that by the year 2008, the effect of violent film or the rate will be minimized.
1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
In writing this project, the researcher encountered some difficulties. One of which is time factor. The time was limited and choked with other things to be executed.
The problem of insufficient materials on this study and this could be attributed to lack of sufficient material. The financial aspect of this work is not left out and also being that things are hard in the country.
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Tags: THE EFFECT OF VOILENT FILM ON NIGERIAN CHILDREN.A CASE STUDY OF CHILDREN IN ENUGU URBAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter one – Introduction 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Statement of research problems 4
1.3 Objectives of study 8
1.4 Significance of the study 9
1.5 Research Questions 10
1.6 Research Hypothesis 11
1.7 Concept ional and Operational Definition 11
1.8 Assumptions 14
1.9 Delimitation of study (sample) 15
Chapter two – Literature Review 18
2.1 Source of literature 18
2.2 The Review 19
2.3 Summary of the literature 33
Chapter three
3.1 Research method 34
3.2 Research design 34
3.3 Research sample 35
3.4 Measuring instrument 36
3.5 Data collection 36
3.6 Data analysis 37
3.7 Expected result 38
Chapter four – Data Analysis and Results 39
4.1 Data analysis 39
4.2 Results 51
4.3 Discussion 53
Chapter five – Summary, conclusion and recommendations
5.1 Summary 61
5.2 Conclusions 63
5.3 Recommendations 64
Bibliography 68
Appendix 73
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Television advertisement represents one of the several stimuli to which children are exposed, like other kinds of stimuli existing within their environment. Television advertisement has a powerful tendency to influence children’s behaviour and general way of life, thus study examines the kind of influences or effects advertising on television can have on children.
Seventy-six years ago, in 1928 to be precise, a new dimension in communication and publicity was introduced into the Nigerian commercial and social life by the United African Company [UAC]. This new dimension was advertising. Through its West African publicity, the company was able to execute and implement its advertising objectives in the whole of West Africa with Nigeria as its headquarters.
During this period however, little attention was paid to the impact which advertising had on children, instead emphasis were laid on the eradication of the monopoly posed by foreign advertisement, creation of awareness among the people of the new service and the winning and retention of clientele (Nwosu 1.1987).
Nigeria was not alone in this struggle; even the United States of America has its own share of society of research in this area of study. In this regard, Brown (1976) had noted the in-availability of studies in this field when he pointed out: “surprisingly, little published research exists in this area”. Investigators in America have examined the effects of television programmes on children, but they have not been concerned with television advertisement. However, much research in the united state of America has examined the effect of television adverts, but the focus has been on adults rather than children.
Palmer (1980) remarks that the concern over the effects of television advertisement on children can be traced back at least to 1969, when the National Association of Broadcasters in Britain adopted guidelines regulating toy advertisement on television to children. However, only within the past few years has children television emerged as a major national policy issue. Today, the principle that children are a special television audience deserving special protection in terms of advertising has been widely accepted by both industry and government policy makers.
One reason why advertising aimed at children did not emerged as an issue until relatively recently is that for many years, broadcasters did not consider their audience of children viewers as a particularly valuable market for advertisers. For instance, the first major study on American children and television makes only passing mention of advertising.
Other surveys of audience attitudes about effects reported that listeners disliked commercial which used “hard sell” techniques, commercials which interrupted programmes (lazarsfeld and Kendall, 1948). The possible adverse effect of TV advertisement on children was not mentioned as an issue at all. Infact, nowhere in the surveys were children mentioned as a subject of special concern in terms TV advert.
It was only recently that concern over the effects of TV advert on children began to draw the attention of some consumer groups in America, Britain and other advanced countries. Planner (1980) acknowledges that concern over the effects of TV advert on children started as a result of effects by consumer groups, such as Action for children TV (ACT) in 1971 and the council on children, media and merchandising with assistance from the accumulated research evidence on the effects of TV adverts on children.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problem associated with the effects of TV adverts on children can be social, economic, and psychological. According to Earl and Martins (1977), the social problems associated with it includes, tendency towards drug and violence, imitation of stereotypes seen on TV and a general tendency towards crime. In terms of economic costs, it involves the more money required to deal with its undesirable effects.
Studying the “Incidence of drug abuse among Nigerian youths”, Jorgenson 1 (1988) found that other long-term problems which TV adverts might have on children and the family at large include shattered homes, wreckage on the child and increased societal lawlessness and crime. Jorgenson further pointed out that such adverts give the child the feeling that whatever is presented in a TV advert is the absolute truth.
Dr. Theophilus Okoro2 of the psychiatric hospital Enugu addressed the issue, in a paper titled “Advertising, that benefits for children”, Dr. Okoro observed that TV advert has the ability to make the child less his true sense of personal judgment. He cited the coca-cola advert as a typical example in which children that has been exposed to the advert for a long time to regard and identify every soft drink as simply coca-cola. Libert et al (1973) have linked this behaviour to the amount of time children devote to watching TV.
A study conducted in America by Wright et al (1978) has discovered that the typical child spends more of his or her time in the company of the TV set. Such children have been found to exhibit such characteristics as reciting off hand the jingles associated with the adverts and at times acting in synchronization with the actors as the advert is relayed on TV. The effects of TV commercials on children give more concern on realization that many kinds of bejaviour exhibited by children are learned by observation.
Bendura (1969) has pointes out the increasing resemblance of children’s social behaviour to that of adult models, parents and TV stars. Because the child’s age and level of reasoning cannot enable the child to efficiently evaluate information he is exposed to, he/she seems to evaluate these aspects of life that seem ideal to his own aspirations. Thus, the influences and effects are made on the aspirations. Thus, the influence and effects are made on the child unconsciously, perhaps this is why Wright et al (1978 ) have cautioned; “children being vulnerable to influence their case warrants especial consideration”.
It is based on these that the effects of TV advert on children require an independent and serious study since adverts influence on the child will affect the family and society at large. Kemiston (1974) has noted that the wish of parents that their children grow into responsible and influential members of the society is shattered when children come into direct contact with external stimuli in their environment. He has identified TV with his borage of adverts and programmes as an essential instrument in this formation, noting that the entire societal ecology-from TV to packaged foods are responsible for the child’s future personality.
Some researchers are however undecided on the actual effects of TV adverts on children. Wright et al contend that determining whether TV advert does or leads to the corruption of children by instilling values which are not acceptable in our society is a difficult assignment”. Wrights assertion further show why it has become more imperative to really establish the actual effects of TV adverts on children.
This research therefore, examines the followings:
- The extent to which children rely on stereotypes presented on TV.
- The various control measures aimed at reducing the negative effects of TV adverts.
- The role which a child’s sex, age and other independent variables play on the child’s belief and attitude towards the TV adverts.
1.3 OB JECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study will focus on selected TV adverts with a view to ascertaining the followings:
a) To find out the various reasons why children watch TV adverts.
b) To determine the extent to which the child’s response or practices behaviours acquired from viewing TV adverts.
c) The study also aims at determining the role of TV adverts in the child’s socialization.
d) To know the particular advert that interests the children most in television.
e) To know if children like other adverts apart from TV adverts.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Children constitute an essential fragment of every home, and society. Consequently, the society and the government in particular pay a lot a attention to all issues affecting the welfare of the children, the effecs, which adverts have on children, constitute one of such issues. If not checked, such effects of TV advert are likely to make the child develop along negative lines.
The significance of this study is a therefore to outline and examine these factors in a TV advert which negatively affect the child’s development so that the family, government and society at large can control and educate them. The second significance is to examine how effective the various existing machineries aimed at children have been. Hence, the likelihood is that we shall see greater control by government, the media and the advertisers of TV adverts, (Wright et al, 1978). To contribute to the knowledge already existing in this area of study can be said to be another significance or importance of the study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i) Are children portraying positively in TV adverts?
ii) Do children behave positively towards TV adverts?
iii) Are children portrayed as special television advert viewers?
iv) DO female perform more in TV adverts than male?
v) Do TV advert inspire children after watching?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: Children are generally portrayed positively in TV adverts.
H0: Children are not portrayed positively in TV adverts.
H2: Children behave positively towards TV adverts.
H0: Children do not behave positively towards TV adverts.
H3: Children are portrayed as special TV adverts viewers.
H0: Children are not portrayed as special TV advert viewers.
H4: Female performs more in TV advert than male.
H0: Female do not perform more in TV adverts than men.
H5: TV adverts inspire children after watching.
H0: TV advert do not inspire children after watching.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS/VARIABLES CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL
The variable for this study: “The effects of television advert on children” are conception ally and operationally defined as follows:
Effects
In this study, effects refer to the results or consequences of one thing or the other.
1. Effects can be operationalised as follows:
i) Positive effects
ii) Negative effects or side effects
iii) Neutral effects
Positive effects refer to those effects, which are in line with the accepted, societal standards and values or which tend to encourage the development of the child along this line.
Negative or side effects refers to those effects which tend to discourage the child from developing along accepted societal standards and values.
Several types of behavioural and emotional responses of a negative or antisocial nature may be associated with TV adverts. Among the undesirable outcome that have been studied are – parent – child conflict and child unhappiness: (Palmer 1980).
Neutral effects are those effects, which are neither positive nor negative; it refers to a situation whereby the advert makes no impact on the child.
2 Television Adverts: TV adverts refers to a marketing tool or communication whose aim is to build preferences for advertised brands and services are transmitted through a visual and audio medium. This can be operationally defined as:
Adverts that are paid for by the advertiser and aired through the television.
3. Children: Conceptionally children cab be defined as persons that have not attained the age of puberty.
Operationally-children can be defined or classified: Biological and socially.
Biologically, any one under the age of 13 is a child; this is the age at which a child reaches puberty and thence forth regarded as an adolescent. Other texts maintain that childhood ends at 12. In his book, children and television, Brown (1976) divided his studies into those concerning young children (ages 5-12) and those concerning adolescents (age 13 – 18).
Socially, most people are regarded as children until they reach their mid teens, especially the age 16. This explains why some social events and activities such as admission into Nigerian Universities are restricted to those who are socially developed at least up to the age of 16.Most nations of the world also do not give children under the 18 years of age the right to vote at elections.
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions were made in order to give direction and strength to the study.
These includes:
a) That the children in question are normal and are not mentally retarded and can also reason properly.
b) That children are exposed to and do watch TV adverts.
c) That adverts relayed on TV and to which the children are exposed together directly or indirectly affect them.
d) Those children are not isolated; In that they live in any environment where they can interact with others and at the same time be exposed to other stimuli that can affect them.
1.9 DELIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Limitations (Osuala 1982) refer to those factors inherent in the research situation that might affect the results, which the investigator must recognize and acknowledge.
In defiance, to this assertion then and it is common with all behavioural studies that deals with opinions and attitudes, the researcher cannot but depend on the cooperation and truthfulness or respondents.
DELIMINATION (SAMPLE)
Osuala (1982) exposes that delimitations are those factors deliberately removed from a study by a researcher in reaction to problems of finance, time, and other logistics essential to the study. In this case, only adverts carried out in television stations in Enugu Urban will be assessed.
Exposure: This research cannot decide whether it is a good or bad thing for children to be exposed to various selling techniques or for children to persuade or for them to want various advertised products. This limitation becomes apparent when the allegation cannot be tied to any advert when the allegation cannot be tied to any advert or unfair consequences.
Scope: This research does not study the effect of children television programmes on children, from the research as far done, it was discovered that unlike programmes which make a clear distinction between “children’s programmes” and other kinds of programmes, no such clear distinction has been made between adverts which deal with children’s products and services and adverts dealing on goods and services required by older people.
Advert, as it concerns children and adults products and services are therefore generally examined in this research. This is more so when children tend to be influenced by adverts, which deal with their products as well jas that which deals with the products and services, needed by older people (Palmer 1980).
What actually looks a distinction is the examination of the types of products advertised to children which some researchers have been able to do.
In general, most researchers agreed that the staples of children advert consist of four product categories: toys, cereals, candies and fast food restaurants (Kenniston 1977). Robert C heats (1972) admits that half of all children’s adverts in the united States of America sells food, another 30% toys and 10% vitamins .
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Tags: THE EFFECTS OF TV ADVERTS ON CHILDREN (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU URBAN)
ABSTRACT
The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism. The title of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.
It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the early men, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual immovations of the old and the invention of better communication gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.
Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.
Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.
Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.
Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.
Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.
Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.
It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human Endeavour.
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER FOUR
PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER
TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE
THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS
THE RADIO
TELEVISION
HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS
INTERVIEWS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an orgnised, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development. All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.
Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.
This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices. Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.
The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world. It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience. It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience. Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect). The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.
Mass communication gadgets is as old as mass communication itself because the nation of getting people involved in communication in mass would have remained in the background if the gadgets were not modern minced or advanced technological. Mass communication started with Johannes Gutenberg invention of the printing press.
This invention led to prolofication of the print materials such as books, newspapers and magazines, through these media more people were reached as it concerns communication. The electronics media communication came on the scene with the invention of such gadgets as radio and television.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the mass media and communication devices in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study. Being a kind of historical study, it would lead to the integrated narration or description of past ovents or facts concerning all technological devices fashioned to aid communication.
This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course (advent of modern communication gadgets, and its implications for Nigerian Journalism. Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful. This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and modernization of communication gadgets.
Generally the study can be assimilated by all lovers of history with scientific mind of discovery and understanding situations, cases and implications. At the end of this study; the background growth and modifications of the modern communication gadgets would be carefully treated.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The past findings on this issue by various groups have given us greater misprisions and has called to challenge our curious minds. We have therefore taken up the challenge to share in the glory contributing towards thronging more light on the advent of modern communication gadgets with the following objectives.
- To gain a clear understanding and accurate accounts of the past as it concern communication gadgets.
- To gain clearer perspective of the present as it concern communication gadgets.
- To be able to give adequate companism between the abetment mean of communication (gadgets) and the modern ones.
- The implication of modern communication gadgets for Nigerian journalism.
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Tags: THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS:IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM
ABSTRACTS
Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.
If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.
The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.
This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.
Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.
Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.
In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.
In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.
Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page II
Approval page III
Acknowledgement page IV
Abstract V
Table of contents VIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Objective 8
1.3 Research question 10
1.4 Hypothesis 11
1.5 Conceptual and Operational Definition 13
1.6 Assumption 14
1.7 Limitation of the study 15
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Education 19
2.2 Information 21
2.3 Cultural promotion 22
2.4 Motivation and Mobilization 23
2.5 Factors that make mass communication
role realizable 25
2.6 Problems and limitations 28
2.7 Mass communication problem and its effect on development in Nigeria. 29
2.8 Mass communication in Nigeria 29
2.9 Channel: related communication problems. 35
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 42
3.1 Research design 44
3.2 Research sample 45
3.3 Measuring instrument 46
3.4 Data collection 48
3.5 Data analysis 50
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data analysis 53
4.1 Results 59
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary 68
5.2 Recommendation for further study 69
Questionnaire 76
Bibliography 74
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.
Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.
Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!
More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.
In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.
Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.
John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”3
According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include
1) Reference to the activities to mass media as a group
2) The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and
3) The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.
For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.
Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.
Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.
From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.
Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.
Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are
1) Servicing the political system by providing information
2) Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
3) Providing entertainment.
4) Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.
Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.
Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.
It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.
1) First to identify the possible roles or mass communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.
2) The second objective is to know how effective these roles are towards development of the developing countries.
3) Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.
4) We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.
5) Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1) Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?
2) Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?
3) If yes in question above then in what ways
4) What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?
5) Has mass communication failed in its development roles?
6) Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.
7) What aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles?
8) Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?
9) What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
H1: The mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria
H0: The mass communication has not been playing their role in Nigeria.
H2: The mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H0: The mass communication do not helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H3: The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?
H0: Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.
H4: Mass communication failed in its development roles.
H0: Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.
H5: Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.
H0: Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.
H6: The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.
H0: The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.
H7: Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.
H0: Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.
H8: The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.
1.5 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
ü Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.
ü Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.
ü Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.
ü Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.
ü Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.
ü Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.
ü Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.
ü By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.
ü Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.
ü Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.
It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.
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Tags: ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Statement of problem
1.4 Research problem
1.5 Research hypothesis
1.6 Limitation of study
1.7 Distinguishing features
1.8 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Source of literature review
2.2 Summary review
CHAPTER THREE
3..1 Research method
3.2 Research design
3.3 Research sample
3.4 Measuring instrument
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
4.1 Data presentation and analysis
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summaries
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education in Nigeria today has assumed a very important position in the country’s development programme.
This accounts for the introduction of the universal free primary education (UPE) in 1976 and the establishment of new primary education secondary and post secondary schools al over the country.
The word education could be defined in various ways in a very board sense education could be defined at include every agency which enable an individual to master his physical and social environment of which he is a member. It could be defined as an act of teaching. It could be defined as an act of teaching bringing up, instructing or enlightening.
But for the purpose of this study ,education will be defined as study of an organized and formed formal instruction which is given in education establishment such as schools, colleges, and universities.
Education has an important role to play in the economy function is that of ensuring that the nation’s need for a labour force is satisfied. Nigeria, a modern industrializing society needs not just a great deal of manpower but good quality manpower and both the quantity and quality of this manpower are to a large extent controlled by the educational system.
Education also has a political role to play in the Nigeria society. The stability of nay autonomous unit depends upon two criteria, consensus of opinion about the assumptions underlying the system and the ability of the system to provide leaders from within it .in both cases, education has an essential role to play.
However formal education in Nigeria is no longer confined to educational establishment only. The mass media have in recent time taken a bold and positive step toward enhancing educational development in the country. An example is the Enugu broadcasting service (ESBS) the university of air.
Mass media communication comprise the institutions and techniques by which specialized group employed technological devices that is the press television radio, films etc to disseminate inform, tin to large heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience.
This study is particularly concerned with television admits contributions to educational advancement in the country, educational broad casting started with Western Nigeria broadcasting co-operation/television WNBCI/TV Ibadan in the year 1964, later in the same year, educational broadcasting spread to Kaduna then, east of the northern steps,
In 1965, the Eastern Nigeria broadcasting service/ television ENBC/TV started what looked like educational broadcasting with the help of the eastern Nigeria ministry of education but the programming then was mainly informal comprising what Elihu Katz and Gorge Wdell might described as extensive education. A typical ENBC/TV programme in this category was the “tortoise club – a programme for every young child.
This type of programming continued until the outbreak if the Nigeria civil war in 1966 at the restoration peace in 1970, television stations did not function until 1972, and later in 1973, NTA Lagos revived its educational programmes by introducing some foreign films on science. This progammes was meant for children between the ages of ten and fifteen and it was at this point that the idea of school broadcasting in science came up and was introduced in many of the Nigeria television stations in the country.
NTA channel 8 Enugu was the one among other television stations that introduced school broadcasting in science in its programme schedule so, in 1976 the station started a formal educational programme, which they called “science for schools”. This programme was then jointly produced by the station and he ministry of education headquarters Enugu later, the cooperation shifted from the ministry to the modern aids to education center under the principal education officer Mrs. F. Nwakorby
The format for the production of the programme was mainly provided by the center but in the early part of 1977 the educational department of NTA channel 8 became autonomous with a graduate in science heading it. And from then, the format for he production of the programme became the responsibility of the department.
The programme is made up of lectures in chemistry ad biology. It is broadcasting by weekly on Monday’s at 5.30pm and last for thirty minutes. The production is serial to some subject matter leading to the development of another. The scheme is drawn along Oide the school certificate syllabus in the chemistry and biology. It has as its target audience student in class as there, four and five in secondary school who are offering chemistry and biology in the school certificate examination.
According to the programme producers, the programme “science for schools is designed.
- to enrich the teaching of science in secondary schools, the students through this formal educational programme are encouraged to develop gateway interest in science subject which constitute a greater to higher hopes towards technological advancement in Nigeria
- To compliment and supplement classroom education
- To broaden and do open knowledge in science
- To encourage intellectual development
- To provide tutorial on curriculum subject
- To improve the higher intellectuality of the students in their filed of study.
It is noteworthy that apart from “science for schools” there age other formal education programmes. These include “parlon fancies produced for lower secondary school students, it is broadcasting on Tuesday as 5.00pm and last for thirty minutes. Teaching Igbo for primary school pupils this is aimed at every Tuesday by 5,30pm and last for thirty minutes “ school debate last for thirty minutes school challenge for secondary school student broadcast on Wednesday at 5.30pm it also last for thirty minutes.
But this concentration “science for schools ad is designed to determine whether this programme has achieved the aims and objectives of which it was established. It is aimed at finding out whether the television is playing an effective role in formal education. In studying “science for schools” the researcher intends to find out scientifically note whiter the students who are the progrmmes target audience get conversant with the programme and they are gaining anything from it to know how it helps in eying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means. That is going into details of television will help clear in co-ordaining educational programme in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Really it is believed that the medium is owed by government which is capable of keeping it good state, but it could be scale that the reverse is almost the case because of television station owed by state government where equipment of these station are old, and dilapidated example Enugu television station (ETV).
Television stations nationwide have been in sustenance irrespective of the problem o\it encountered economically although with some difficulties, these problems are lack of finance for the payment of workers salaries maintaining the transmitter and other equipments so astoesure adequate transmission and miscellaneous expenses that help to make life with living such as payment of electric bill, telephone bills, provision of chair ad air conditions etc.
Due to the huge amount of money needed for establishing a television station, the governing rather than individuals was seen as the only entity having such money for the venture recently, private individuals were allowed open television stations such as many broadcasting international a (MBI) African independent television (AIT) etc but t\will strict control from the government with these, the danger is that television in Nigeria has gradually abandoned the element of autonomy from government control and is now in the indirect or direct service of he government.
Despite this fact, the television has been able to help in development programme of the government, which gave rise to this research work so as to unveil television as a channel.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Research is not a casual affair very research has an aim this study does not only seek to prescribe television as a channel for mobilizing educational programmes in Nigeria, it also try:
- To know what television is all about bringing the knowledge of television to the people will help them know what television entails therefore knowing that it is one means of establishing educational programmes in the country.
- To know how it helps in carrying out educational development with the knowledge of what television means, that is going into details of television will help clear how it helps in co-ordination educational programms in Nigeria.
- To convince people that are ignorant of the impact television can have on them and their community by this research wile help to check pessimistic views some people hold against television as a means of communication and to huge them to take television beyond just entertainment.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study attempts to explain how television is an instrument for educational development in Nigeria. It also tries to examine the benefit of television to educational development and the medium managers who are directly or indirectly affected.
It should serve as a document for those with powers strong enough to influence the broadcast industry with the aim of community development. The mean objective gives the aim chair reader of educational programmes especially NTA Enugu true picture of his society with respect to the rest of country.
To future research students this work provided a solid foundation on which further research can be based.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study the researchers tried to answer the following question as they affect television as an instrument for educational develop mention Nigeria.
- What are the impact of television our society?
- Is it good for students living inside the school premises to have television in their hostel?
- What his television done in the life of our children
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In effect, this study will investigate whether conducting classroom education through the television is either profitable or a waste. To this effect, the following hypotheses have been formulated.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
Television can prove to work in encouraging educational development although, it is the youngest of all the media of communication, it is the fastest growing media, it distinct itself with other media .
With the growth of television many homes are bond to be educated which is a plus to the government development programmes, the development media which is operation inn Nigeria theory accept economic development and national building as overbidding objective be is a tool (instrument) the television depend on to be a dependent means for the dissemination of development programmes of he government.
Finally the audience no longer see television as a means through which information that can greatly affect them including development programmes comes from these facts can serve as outstanding facts that television and educational development gives hand in hand because televisions an instrument for educational development
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This is an uphill task and it is conducted in order to ascertain how television can be used to prepare some programmes which will bring development to educational standards in Nigeria limiting it to only Nigeria television authority (NTA) Enugu station.
Time limitation given by he department handicapped us in gathering secondary data inform of people’s view more so we are handicapped financially due to the economic state of the country and as such we were unable to et in touch with all the department in NTA Enugu’s station concerning the topic.
In the same vein, we limit the page this project so that the cost of production will be bearable.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK
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HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
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We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.
But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.
Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.
No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner
CAUTION/WARNING
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Tags: THE ROLE TELEVISION AS AN ADVERT INSTRUMENT FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU)
