NEWSPAPER AND TELEVISION AS ADVERTISING AGENTS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ADABA COMMUNITY

ABSTRACT

This work is designed to study how dwellers use Newspaper and Television messages to effect social change.

It is pertinent to note that Newspapers, though rarely find their  way into Adaba Community, only those who work in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Headquarter and those who are opportune to visit Urban areas, such as Enugu, Onitsha, Nsukka town, but a few, some times come home with few copies of these Newspapers on an irregular basis. Moreover, even the readership of these Newspapers is strongly affected by the high illiterate rate of the in of this Community.

Television sets, on the other hand, are owned only by wealthy individuals that can afford both television sets and the Electric generating plants which are required to operate the sets, or the chargeable motor batteries which are sometimes needed in place of generating plants. Therefore, to this community, television ownership is not confined to the literate class as many illiterate but well-to-do villagers own television as luxury goods capable of providing relaxation from the stresses of daily life. In this mass media organization and management lecture, Okenwa maintains that:

Most Yoruba people purchase television sets not just for luxury of it, but for the sake of Babasala’s drama which provides an excellent comic relief to the Yoruba man after his activities during this study shows the pattern of interaction between Newspaper and Television massages as agent of social development of Adaba Community.

Previous researchers in this field confirmed themselves to the study of the relationship between Urban and Rural areas in terms of media exposure. But this study distinguishes itself by studying a completely rural community such as Adaba Community.

Writers in this field, such as Everett Roger emphasize: that interpersonal communication channels are inadequate for reaching the huge peasant audiences of the less developed countries even when these channels are provided at the village level by government change agents.

CHAPTER ONE

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION:

In the few decades scientific and technological progress has imparted a truly mass character to information. Suffice it to say that in 1950 only five counties broadcast television programmes in the world, today 120 do so. Over the same period, the number of television sets reaching 700 million, wile the number of television viewers rose to 2,500 millions.³

Also the 1960s are marked by a rapid emergence of the latest sophisticated mass medium video technology. It has been estimated that there are 30 – 40 million video tape recorders and hundreds of millions of recorded video cassettes in homes all over the world, and these numbers are rapidly growing.⁴

In short, the rapid scientific and technological progress in communication has created new situation, that for the first time in history the vast majority of the countries of the world have become the object of information and propaganda.⁵ One night even say that today information has penetrated  all spheres of social and even private life with the need to be informed having become one of man’s basic needs.\

It is in recognition of the importance of mass information for mankind’s progress that the United Nations proclaimed the year 1983 the “international year of communication”. The main purpose of this move was to draw the attention of the international community to the needs of the developing countries which suffer from an acute shortage of information for accelerating their social progress⁶.

As this study revalues around “development|” One can view the concept of development to mean different things to different people.

To the first world, development suggests a process of improving structures, or creating new structures. It is in line with this thinking that the United State government started the development of nations abroad.

To them (U.S), it means Using Organizations to develop other nations. In developing countries such as Nigeria, the United State for information Agency (USIA), is used in development communication.

The second world (maxist) see development as a means of ideological or geopolitical expectation for the third world countries, whose characteristics include, relatively low per capital income a high rate of illiteracy, agriculturally based economy, short life expectancy, low degree of social mobility, a strong attachment to traditions, and a history of colonization.

Some writers see development as most important in the sphere of international communication. They pass this judgment because almost all activities of the third world governments are attached to development in a manner. They also see the mass media as an instrument for development, no matter who owns the media (private of government).

It is pertinent to note that development depends on the political framework of a generation. The degree of freedom enjoyed by the mass media is related to the political structure of a generation⁸. Because these writers see the mass media as an instrument of development, they try to use the mass media to achieve the national developmental goal.

International bodies like UNESCO, look at development as helping the third world nation to develop.

An organization like UNESCO seems to be supporting the third world demand for the New World information and communication order (NWICO), parthy as its perception of the conception of communication. In other worlds, UNESCO seems to accept the view that communication as well as other things forms part of development in the third world.

Despite this absence of a consensual definition of development, few contemporary writers fail to recognize that development is not synonymous with economic growth. “Starting an under is no longer considered the only way to effect the development of underdeveloped countries. The frequent occurrence of growth without development in the past and present of the now undeveloped countries is a fact while has led critical writers to urge that development be not confused, as it often is, with economic growth¹⁰. Poverty, inequality, unemployment, redistribution of income, along with other factors, now enjoy pride of place alongside economic growth. Thus such definitions as a process of structural change, change in the technical, economic, political and social arrangements by which resources distributed in a society, towards the end of providing the mass of the secure, healthy and satisfying life,¹¹ would appear to be much more acceptable because taken by some writers and researchers in the development field towards extricating development studies from the clutches of conventionalism, and apparent short-sightedness.

Whichever way development is defined, there existing remarkable agreement on the view that certain countries of the world desperately need to acquire all or at least most of the attributes of development in virtually every aspect of the lives of their peoples.

On this note, when one utilizes the Newspaper and television to effect social changes or creating high responses to economic development, one socio-economic group must be identified and treated. This group are the rural dwellers, predominantly illiterates.

It is in consideration of his socio-economic group that his study intends, though a systematic and quantitative method to show how rural dwellers responds to Uzo-Uwani local government area of Enugu State has been chosen as a rural town, based on Renald Frankenberg’s criteria for classifying communities. According to him; community implies having something in common. In the early use of the world, it meant having goods in common. Those who live in a community have overriding economic interests which are the same or complementary. They work together and also play and pray together. Their common interest in things gives them a common interest in each other.

They quarrel with each other but are never indifferent to each other. They form a group of people who meet frequently face-to-face, although this may mean they are up back-to-back. That people in such an area of social life turn their backs on each other is not a matter of chance. In a community even conflict may be a form of co-operative¹².

On this note, Adaba with an estimated 4,585 registered voters in 1979, is a typical rural community. It comprises 12 villagers out of which 4  villages are considered. They are Umuezeakwu, Aniocha, Amaetiti, and Amokwe. Adaba is 2^1/2  kilometers from the Local Government Headquarters – Umulokpa. The inhabitants of Adaba are mainly farmers and petty traders. The “ADABA” and “DUU” River and other seasonal streams provide them with fertile banks for farming.

Although the inhabitants have exceeded the UNESCO mark of  a radio set per 100 persons, the traditional mode of communication is still in force in the community. In other words, the community still relies on the town and village criers fro information.

Furthermore, Newspapers, though very chap, rarely and their way into this county. Only those who work in the Local Government Headquarters sometimes come home with few copies of these newspaper on an irregular basis. Television sets on the overhand are owned only by rich families that can afford both television sets and the electric generating plant which are required to operate the sets. This study considers Adaba as a replica of a rural setting for substantiating the assumption about media messages.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The study tries to find out whether the assumptions (hypotheses) could be supported through the available data, and possibly give recommendations to government so as to raise the rural area to an urban status.

In other words, various governments have been neglecting rural communities in the country. As a result, rural dwellers find life very difficult to contain. The effect of this is that, there is “urban pull” and “rural puss” – inhabitants of the rural area migrate to the urban towns, thereby increasing the urban population. With regard to this trend, there are lots of social evil such as multiple maladjustment in the rural areas.

Also to be examined in this study is the role played by these media (Newspaper and television) in raising the rural community awareness of development projects.

The importance of this present study will be to show the pattern of inter-connection between Newspaper and television message as agent of social development of Adaba community.

For instance, agriculture is mostly practiced in the rural areas of Nigeria. These rural areas lack electricity and are therefore seemingly denied the use of some media like cinema and television.

With regard to this, farmers apparently find it difficult to be exposed to new farming techniques and newly advertised farm products in the newspapers and televisions.

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES

This study is expected to examine in detail the socio-economic ways of life of the Adaba Community. It is also expected to find out how the level of education, standard of living, culture of the community, interpersonal relationship, leisure fine and other factors contribute to newspaper and television exposure.

Previous researchers in this field confined themselves to the study of media effect on both urban and rural areas together, but this study will distinguish itself by standing a completely traditional community such as Adaba Community.

This study clearly distinguishes itself from UNESCO mass media availability studies carried out in the less development nation (Columbia) in 1973. in other words, UNESCO estimates that more of the less developed nations have come up to the minimum standard of mass media availability of 10 copies of daily newspapers, 5 radio receivers, 2 movie seats and 2 television receivers per 100 inhabitants.

It is also pertinent to note that other researchers in this field had been studying the effect of newspaper and radio on rural dwellers, but this study in tends to find out the impact of television and newspapers in a rural setting such as Adaba.

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Tags: NEWSPAPER AND TELEVISION AS ADVERTISING AGENTS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ADABA COMMUNITY

NEWSPAPER READERSHIP PATTERN AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTHS.(A CASE STUDY OF IMT STUDENTS)

 ABSTRACT

          This study was carried out to determine the newspaper readership pattern among youths.  This arose because it was thought that the youth did not read newspapers and their use of other media was minimal.

Against the background of seemingly lack of readership among the youth.  Questionnaires draw administered to ascertain the extent of reading habit formed by this group.

The student of the Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu were used as a focus.  This  was a good sample as the they represent the youth found all over the country.

They  all experience similar socio-economic dilemma.  They also face similar financial as well as education problems experienced in the nation.  250  respondents were sampled randomly and data analyzed and presented as percentages in frequency distribution tables.  The work traced the reading habit found among the youth.  Researcher questions and hypothesis were used a guide for analysis and conclusion respecting.

The work reviewed other literature on the topic and found out what their results were the conclusions down were based both on other related work of literature and the results gathered from the  questionnaire.  The result showed that there were indeed readership patterns among the youth

The showed that students read newspaper and they also bought majority of respondents bought or read.  Result also showed that students who bought were both more financially and academically favoured than others that had lower reading habit.  It was also  found out that sex was no barrier to who read and what was read.  The female students read more than the male student  but they both read the same content in their favorite newspapers.  Male youths read entertainment news in equal proportion with the female youth.  There was also equal reading proportion in contents that have to do end at the study, recommendations were made about activities that will help the youth develop readership and use pattern for the newspaper and other media.

TABLES OF CONTENT

Title Page                                                                               i

Approval Page                                                                       ii

Dedication                                                                             iii

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content                                                                             vii

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION                                            1

1.1 Background of Study                                                     1

1.2 Problem Statement                                                                   9

1.3 Objective of study                                                          10

1.4 Significance of Study                                                     11

1.5 Research questions                                                                   12

1.6 Research Hypothesis                                                      13

1.7 Definition of Terms                                                        14

1.8 Assumptions                                                                             16

1.9 Limitation of study                                                                  17

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Sources of literature Review                                          18

2.2 Literature Review                                                           18

2.3 Summary of Literature Review                                               28

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY                                                30

3.1 Research Method                                                            30

3.2 Research Design                                                              30

3.3 Research sample                                                              32

3.4 Measuring Instrument                                                    34

3.5 Data Collection                                                               35

3.6 Data Analysis                                                                            36

3.7 Expected Results                                                            37

CHAPTER FOUR- DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS                   37

4.1 Data Analysis                                                                            37

4.2 Results                                                                             61

4.3 Discussion                                                                       67

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS                                        76

5.1 Summary                                                                         76

5.2 Recommendation                                                            77

5.3 Bibliography                                                                             78

5.4 Questionnaire                                                                 80

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1           BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The population explosion of youth in Nigeria generally has

been a cause of interest to economists as they study consumerism.

This branch of economics helps in understanding consumer patters.

Communication, as old as man, being what it is, is very vital to the growth and development of the psych0-social make-up of man.  This in turn equips man in fitting into healthy patterns, modeled for definite objectives in national polity.

The background against which thus study  is being get up include; issues like literacy level, interest in role of newspapers (Newspaper Consciousness) for the development of man, factors that  influence choice/preference of man,  factors that influence choice/preference of news contents, sex dependent variables among the study of age brackets etc.  it is in view of this that a remote understanding of the history and principles of communication is vital to this study.

Since the existence of man varying forms of communication have been invented or rediscovered.  These include interpersonal, group public and mass communication, each characterized by peculiar and channels of information dissemination.  The channel have further been modified and divided inter radio, books etc.

The Newspaper being one modified channel of information dissemination present the element of research for this study.  Newspaper with its vital role to the development of man has undergone changes in both content and form as to satisfy man’s consciousness in search of information.  It is worthy to mention that information massages in newspaper are structural to the readership pattern of the cross section of the society.

The mechanics of communication which include picture, cartoons and literate information become a remote but powerful factor  in creating on interesting pool from which a  semi-pattern consequently emerges.

The principle of communication applied in this work emphasizes only on the laws of efficient communication, some of which are good grammer and syntax, appropriate use of literary devices that are not etc.

The above subject quickly recommends themselves to the intelligence quittance of any readership.  This  form the determinant in newspaper consciousness as it is well understood that over and above poriny at payees of contents is fundamental to habit forming.  A highly literate  as well as versed section of the society can literally was the seemingly meaningless black print into a fabric of pleasure b because of level of exposure to the element of literary appreciation.

In the present work, the word readership-pattern in understood as the cross section of the society  that find time out of interest and habits to indulge in the act of gathering information from newspapers.  This understanding is only elementary as further into the work readership assumes a wider scope.  The present study will seek to comparatively the subject matter from the background of more complex definition. In view of this, readership among the youth in general and students of Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu  in particular, presents a particular, phenomenon that arouses interest.

More serious emphasis is laid on habit orientated readership pattern- a pattern which is sustaining.  This is not to say that this readership pattern influence positively than this demand and supply curve.  In fact both readership patterns confine with a complex.  And this is what actually influences the demand and supply.

An easily recognizable or predictable trend creates comparisons which are made to create a model hypothesis that will help in decision making.  Last but not the least, comparative are here refere to relationship existing between under studied elements from the background of stocktaking.

In comparative presented in this work, comparison model have been created are got.

The following are the comparison models employed in this work:

(a)             Sex oriented comparison model.

(b)            Age oriented comparison model

(c)             Finance oriented comparison model

(d)            Education oriented comparison model

(e)             Popular trend oriented comparison model

(f)              Political oriented comparison model

(g)            Religious conviction oriented comparison model

A.      SEX ORINTED COMPARISON MODEL

There is no point in doubting the fact the, gender goes a long way to determine emotional responses to news content.  It is in view of this that study seeks to investigate the determining factors that make a particular sex to be more or less responsive to male-female ration among the students readership will be determine and critically studied.

B.      AGE ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL:

From an earlier assertion, the age brackets have been defined

among which this study is to be undertaken namely.

16 to 26 years to discover the more responsive age group among these brackets.  A bird view of the problem anticipated under this model is that hypothetically, the upper age bracket appears to be more responsive for seasons that may be stated from the questionnaire whereas lower group for other peculiar reasons hypothetically may be less responsive to reading of newspapers.

C.      FINANCE ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL

It is no secret in economics that as people’s spending powers grow with their standard at living; they can more easily afford to indulge in less “necessaries”.  If will not be out place for a hungry man to spend his last Nzo for a lunch than by buy a newspaper and go hungry.  This becomes more acute with students who always run budget-line.

D.      EDUCATION ORIENTED COMPARISM MODLE.

All things  being equal, the more educated one is, the easier it is

for him to appreciate as well as extracting information from the newspaper

hence one’s level of education, in this case, the student goes a long way to determine and habit in newspaper indulgence.

E.      POPULAR TREND ORIENTED COMARISON MODEL

This is a less serious model as it is not sustaining.  Nevertheless, when its cycle come up, it can be quite impressive.

By trend, we mean a particular response due to a bias in society.  An example of trend could be seen in old early country Newspaper pictures of the English gentry where it is fashionable and popular to take snapshots with newspaper or folding.

E.      POLITICS ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL

Nationalism and patriotism can compel ardent readership from patriots as they prefer their own local newspaper to better produced but foreign newspapers.

It is under such a model that we see customer ship done to certain newspaper that advance the cause of independence.

G.      RELIGIOUS CONVICTION ORIENTED MODEL

Under this model, we find people who for one religious conviction or the other prefers some kind of news content in a newspaper.  Which presence may persuade or dissuade them from doing custom to newspaper publishers.

1.2           STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Researcher is done to identify a problem.  Hence the identification these problems gives direction to research works in this case the problems that led us into research are media

1. Media illiteracy as an impediment to Newspaper consumption among Nigerian youths.
2. financial difficulty that are facing Nigerian youth which in turn stand as an obstacle to Newspaper consumption.
3. the problem associated with the reading habit among Nigeria youths.

1.3           OBJECTIVE OF STUDY.

The aim embarking on this study was promoted by an observation made by earlier researchers that the youths are generally not information conscious and it is only the males among the youths, that try at all to obtain information, specifically through the print media like newspapers.

This study wants to know if summaries and conclusions of other works are also applicable to youths with lugh level at educational exposure.  The work wants to find out if the new socio-economic status of the females, their new political awareness orientations has affected their readership pattern.

It also aims at finding out if it only the female youths that still read entertainment and family based materials in newspaper or if the males have been affected by changes in the society and why their sudden interest.

1.4           SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The result of this study will help editors editor of different

newspapers to know the demography of their audience.  With the results obtained, they will know what material to retain or remove from their news content.

The study will help to find out the problems they youth grapple with, that have made them lose interest in bunny and reading newspaper.  It will also help editors know how to reach out the young generation so as to create good reading habit in them.  The project will help editors know how to reach out the young generation so as to create good reading habit in them.  The project will help editors and publishers know the psychological disposition information dissemination.

1.5           RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

1.                Do educational and financial positions affect newspaper readership among youth/

2.                Do male youth read more newspapers than female youths?

3.                Do female youths and more of entertainment news than male youths?

4.                Does age affect newspaper readership among Nigerian youth?

1.6           RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1.                Hi Educational and Financial positions affect newspaper readership among youths.

Ho: Education and financial position do not effect newspaper readership among youths.

2.                H₂:         Male youths are more newspaper readers than male youths.

H_o:         Female youths are more newspaper readers than male youths.

H₃:         Female youths read entertainment material than female youths.

H_o:         Male youths read entrainment material than female youths.

H₄:         Age as a factor affect newspaper readership among the youths.

H_o:         Age as a factor is not affecting newspaper readership among the youths.

Does age  affect newspaper readership among the youths?

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL

1.7    DEFINITION CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF TERMS:

PATTERN:         A way, in which something happens, moves, develops, or is arranged.

NEWSPAPER:  A part printed daily or weekly containing news material.

READERSHIP:  the number or type of readers of a Newspaper, magazine, etc or of a  particular writer

YOUTH:   The time when a person is young, especial the time before the child becomes an adult.

SEX: This means being male or female.

NEWSPAPER CONTENT: subject matter in Newspaper.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Newspaper:         The printed dailies e.g punch, daily champion, vanguard,

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Tags: NEWSPAPER READERSHIP PATTERN AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTHS (A CASE STUDY OF IMT STUDENTS)

MASS MEDIA AND COVERAGE OF HEALTH AWARENESS SYSTEM IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU AND HEALTH CARE MAGAZINE)

ABSTRACT

          There is a general feeling that rural urban health programme cannot be engineered by Mass media.  But thanks for media pluralson.  This term which refers to an increase in the number and variety of media structures and organizations has improved the variety of functions to which the media put in the society.

The aim of this study is to access the extent at which mass media propagates health messages in the society to minimize death and ensure better health condition.

In order to arrive at an objective conclusion, of the mass media and the coverage of health awareness system, I gave units on what health is all about and its relationship with mass media in the introductory chapter.  In the literature review, I expressed the related review on the topic, which made me to understand that there would hardly be an absolve health improvement with out the motivation, sensitization, education and information function of mass media, in analysis from the respondent, it was fanned that “Health” is essentials in every society and must be followed up to ensure that members of the society is relieved from its treats.  More so, I observed that mass media plays an indomitable role in controlling diseases.  This is to say that through the involvement of the mass media in controlling disease, the society also has been more sensitized.  However, the methodology that we used by the researchers was the simple survey method because of  its ability to generate quantifiable data coupled with its being realistic method of extracting information from the people their feelings and opinions on the phenomenon which this study needed some at involves attitudes.

Actually the mass media played a unique role in combating the dispersal of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the researchers still recommend that the role hold more benefits:

The mass media:

Regularly conduct and provided to its specific audient with useful

information.

properly conduct and well organize more of health programmes to

depict its purpose.

Finally, put on their whole armor fasten their girdle and be ready to

take greater responsibility, challenges and demands, which would

enable them attain the heights required from the spread of diseases

and encouraging health development programmes.

Nevertheless

mass media has entered in to its development stage and it is non-

stopping since the masses rely adversely on media to shape their

behaviour and belief toward certain health condition.

Nonetheless, it is better to prevent disease penetration in the society

than to campaign for the cume.  Mass media is out for all purpose.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1           Background of the study

1.2           Statement of research problem

1.3           Objective of the study

1.4           Significance of the study

1.5           Research question

1.6           Research hypothesis

1.7           Assumption

1.8           Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1           Sources of literature

2.2           The review

2.3           Summary of literature review

References

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1           Research method

3.2           Research design

3.3           Research sample

3.4           Measuring instrument

3.5           Data collection

3.6           Data analysis

3.7           Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

4.1           Data analysis

4.2           Results

4.3           Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

5.1           Summary

5.2           Recommendations for further study

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Health is the most essential inquedient of life, deny man of that, he remains impotent in life.  Pegte do not value their good state of health until they have experience one form of sickness or another.

However, as it is being said that health is wealth, issues of health has overwhelmed our daily comments since revolution of science.  According to records, sickness of various kinds has endangering the life of various citizens of Nigeria before, during and after the reign of colonial masters.  Even at present, people of Nigeria among other developing countries still his and sign our the detriment of sickness especially communication diseases like syphilis and AIDS, etc.

On the other hand, communication system during the era was at its least functional stage that people of the third world countries rely on local.  Communication for their exchange of ideas.  The use of graphic representation does not have powerful effect on people.  The use of metal and wooden gong gun shots and smokes do not impact much information to people and some new they are selective in nature and health messages  are retarded.

Communication came and persisted in its function to entrance philosophers and seventieths quest to standardize the health welfare of people.  Communication nature and modernized people of the third world and make them embrace changes in their health environment.  One would day that since the advent of modern communication system, health issue has embraced a new and prosperous era in the society.

Nevertheless, white men came to relief Africa from the torture terrified diseases with the aid of modern drug and communication function to educate, inform and enculturation the people on the novel medicare.  Since then the policy of health has being a dynamic ongoing process less academia’s would ask a million question on the immunization programmes since sickness has been pervasive, government, non-governmental organizations (NHO) and individuals are to fight it to a stop though the media.

1.1           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

What is responsible for human death because a centroclinal issue.  Considering the logerity of plants, early philosophers get worried on the quick passing away of animal.  At a time they referred death as a “cheat on nature that come whenever it nill” – William shakes peare, as well as mystic transformation of human life philosophers in Egypt and Melia worked towards the mystery of presenting life with roots and herbs.  As a result of this, records have Egypt as the firs place on earth to introduce medicine, which has perpetuated throughout the universe.

However, since Emerged in enthusiasm to discover and subdue human problems.  It is true that science is a discipline that is anchored in the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge in the ability to question the nature of being and critical investigation of causes and effect.

Between 1500 – 1800, there was radical scienctific renolution.  The rush and determination to discover science by man arise as a result of conflict noticed between different beliefs and attempts by man to achieve an improved environmental status.  Economic necessity and the need to wipe out ignorance, improve health conditions and the craze for knowledge propelled the growth of science through historic perspectives.

Subsequently, the invention of penicillin championed the discoverers in exploration of health: Amtione Laurent Laviisier 91743 – 1794), the French chemist made uncamtable steps in the use of chemical in the production of health prevention and curing tablets during his time.

Besides, in 1960’s and 70’s Nigerian due to the in ignorance on health issues were tortured by the epidemic of child diseases especially in early 70’s and late 60’s.  Also epidemic sexual transmitted diseases like Gonorrhea peppered the youths, married men and women.  During the period over 20,000 citizens especially the children between one to tem years lost their lives.  This is because people in the rural areas dwell more on roots and herbs with little or no precautions.  These threaten the health of the nation and then pushed the country for campaign and may be relieved in these predicaments.

Furthermore, Acquired immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a recent recognized disease throughout the world.  1^st is called by infection with the Thuman Immune Defficiency Virus (HIV) which attack selected cells in the immue system and produces defects in function.

AIDS cases were first reported in 1981 in USA. Because it was common among homo-sexual then it was originally termed “Gay related immene deficiency disease” but in defense to Gay activism, the medical community renamed.  It the Acquired immure deficiency syndrome (AIDS) This was more be as it was soon discovered that intravenous drug users, IVOUS, hemophiliac and recipients of blood transfusion were ecognized as being at increased risk of the disease as well.  The mass media, which compares channels of mass communication, has been empowered by recent technological innovations to disseminate relevant information on the hazard of this endless sickness.  Such sickness like messles, tetanus and whooping cough has reduced its victimization to the members of the society in the recent days.

Consequently the benefits of immunization programme cannot be over emphasized.  At present children youths, and even people of age are relieved from contaminating diseases.  Media participation since the initiation of modern means of communication in the 14^th century by cyutembeng is tremendous.  Bringing it closer to our geographic scope, many health campaign activities has been prosperous to prevent or minimize health problems.  The Ebonyi leprosy on guimea worm, Orji River – River blindness, malaria and typhoid campaigns as practically endowed in the health awareness system which I will see in the subsequent chapters.

1.2           STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION

The mass media as we know are grouped under print or broadcast.  In a simple way, mass media include Radio, television, newspaper, magazines, billboards, music, books, journals, home video and publicity.  On the other hand, the mass media function include surveillance on information, education, entertainment, mebilization, advertising and marketing etc.

However, these in its functions encourage the impacting or information and reaction by the audience which cannot be over-emphasized especially in a developing countries like Nigeria and others.  It is not doubtful any longer, that mass media properly operated work together with its function to the society facilitate social changes which includes the controlling and prevention of that ravages human health beyond repair Obviously, Nigerian mass media have a long and distinguished history of using can medication to

Mobilize popcorn the cause of sexual transmitted diseases AIDS.

The benefits of effective and intensive breast feeding

Encourage the support of immunization programme to enhance better health programmes.  Give people the information they need to protect them selves from infection associated with communicable disease or sexually transmitted disease.  Impact fear in people on the danger of not being health conscious.

The question is to how extent has media caryat these functions.

This study therefore is tailored to resolve of these conflicting issues and consequently, contribute to debase about the role of the Nigerian mass media in the health awareness system.

Moreover, we shall partly examine some institutional and factors which influence the mass media in Nigeria.  We shall at the time of analysis reveal, mass media that participated in the content of diseases in Nigeria especially socially transmitted diseases (STD).

1.3           OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to estimate the extent of mass media coverage on health system awareness system in Nigeria.

Also, it is to analyze their performance, in effective, in other words the most likely way they have improved in the speedy; efficient, effective and qualitative method of health awareness.

Thirdly; as pioneer – investigators accepted popular impression of the mass media as capable of being employed to inform, educate, alert as well as used to encourage people to move away from absence behaviours capable of exposing one to HIV infection far a more sanitized and health environment.

It also includes to ascertain the relationship between health institutions and the media houses as it concerns elastic health awareness to the public.

1.4           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The relevance of this study is to strengthen the strategic thinking and programmes of development to scrutinize how the Nigerian mass media towards health awareness system along side various element on national health programmes are being designed; implemented and monitored.  These will equally embrace the strategies at health information.

It is hoped that this study will give an insight into the effectiveness of the mass media and other channels of communication as to whether information sent through the mass media” can and does make a difference in promoting change” as it concerns health.  Another reason for this is to evaluate the effectiveness of public campaign though the mass media.  For instance, immunization campaign, its need and how convincing messages are to the members of the society.

1.5           RESEARCH QUESTION

We are most desired to satisfy hypothetical and imaginary questions concerning the issue of mass media and involvement in health awareness.  This is to guide our research principles so as to come up with a dependable conclusion.  The following will remain satisfied in our work.

1. Is health necessary in human life ?
2. Are diseases really a genuine threat to people?
3. Do health in any way effect the nations economy?
4. is the any need of fight sickness to a stop?
5. Should the mass media be partner or collaborators with government and health ministry in saving our nation from the grips of disease?
6. Is there any need to assess media participation in disease control?
7. How committed is media on health messages?
8. Does mass media health campaign have powerful effect on citizen?
9. Are all health campaign carried by media paid for as advert?
10. Do mass media voluntarily carryout health message messages as a service to the society?
11. Do all media participate in health campaign?
12. To what extent has media helped in health awareness?
13. Of what significant in NTA Enugu and health care magazine in health mobilization?
14. Are all health campaign carried by media paid for as advert?

1.6           RESEARCH  HYPOTHESIS

HI:    Members of the society have the time to get mass media campaigns on health awareness.

HO:  Members of the society do not have time to get mass media campaign on health awareness.

H2:   The society are influenced by the mass media campagn on health issues.

HO:  The society is not influenced by the media on health awareness issues.

H3;   Parents testraint their children against sexual transmitted diseases because of media campaign.

HO:  Parents do not restraint their children against sexually transmitted diseases because of media campaign.

H4:   Nursing mothers have improved in their response to immunization programmes.

HO:  Nursing mothers have no improve in their response to immunization programmes.

1.7           ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that, majority of the populace though has been threatened by one sickness or another have not actually adhere to instructions and warning for health victimization.  The implication of health hazards to individuals life and the society in general, considering the destructive inde it poises to plunge on our merest future with its promise and aspiration need a re-addressing to improve the living standard.  Equally, we assume that the mass media is not versatile in health campaign unless it is a pad announcement, that mass media messages on health do not create a powerful effect on the public.

1.8           LIMITATION OF STUDY

This work is expected to evaluate the health coverage system in Nigeria by the mass media, but we would not in all expectation claim hundred percent (100%) success, due to problems that cropped during our research.  However, the study as to a reasonable extent affected by unavailability of human resources, in credible return of our shared questionnaire, which jeopardize our exploration on some necessary aspect of the topic.

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Tags: MASS MEDIA AND COVERAGE OF HEALTH AWARENESS SYSTEM IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU AND HEALTH CARE MAGAZINE)

HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998)

ABSTRACT

The core theoretical framework on which this study anchors is to assess the legal problems/dangers vis a vis others that exist with the practicing of journalism in Nigeria, under the military with particular reference to General Sani Abacha’s regime.

The study revealed that journalists were arrested and detained in their thousands thereby providing little or no room for the pursuit of the TRUTH which is the hallmark of journalism profession. Sometimes they loose their lives while doing their job.

It further went down to review the related literature so as to give essence to the work.

In order to achieve the objectives of the study, content analysis was used as a research method to show clearly the manifest content of the media. It is an information technique that focuses on historical analysis of available information obtained from, newspaper, magazines, tapes or any other material that can guarantee permanence to information. With this research method, I was able to analyze things and come up with reasonable conclusion.

It was found that there couldn’t be meaningful interaction between the government and the citizenry, if the journalists were not allowed to operate freely. When the journalists were intimidated, they will be inhibited from faithfully reflecting the society to those in government and from letting the public know what those in power think or do.

ABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page                                                                  I

Title page                                                                     II

Approval page                                                            III

Dedication                                                                   IV

Acknowledgement                                                     V

Abstract                                                                       VII

Table of content                                                         IX

CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION

Background of the study                                            1

Statement of research problem                                   4

Objectives of the study                                                         5

Significance of the study                                            6

Research questions                                                      6

Research hypothesis                                                    6

Conceptual and operational definition                      9

Assumption                                                                           11

Limitation of study                                                      12

Reference                                                                      13

CHAPTER TWO- REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Sources of literature                                                    15

The review                                                                             16

Summary of review                                                     30

Reference                                                                      31

CHAPTER THREE- METHODOLOGY

Research method                                                                   33

Method of data collection                                           34

Method of data analysis                                              35

Reference                                                                      36

CHAPTER FOUR- DATA ANALYSIS

Results/findings of the study                                               37

Reference                                                                      44

CHAPTER FIVE- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Summary                                                                      45

Recommendation                                                                  46

Bibliography                                                                49

Questionnaire                                                               53

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Journalism profession in Nigeria encounters a catalogue of problems especially under the military regime. There has been no smooth romance between the journalists and the government in power, rather what was seen then was harassment, detention without trial, of the journalist involved. These hazards/dangers that face the profession were caused by the incessant enactment of repressive press laws by the government.

The masses depend on the journalists for information on what is happening in their immediate environment, therefore, the journalists is the link between the rulers and ruled. So any negative treatment on the journalists affects not only the people in the profession, but also the attitude and behaviour of the Nigerian populace in general.

Therefore, the hazardous nature of journalism profession under the military era should be looked into so as to discourage the populace not to admit anything like military rule again in the Nigerian society. It was said that the worst administration in a democratic dispensation is far much better than the best administration under military regime.

Nat withstanding the fact that certain legal/professional techniques were employed to check and curtail the excesses of journalists, the military, when in power, were known for chaining the journalists with draconian laws, obnoxious decrees, sack threats, elimination and constant proscription of media houses. Journalists may see and hear evil and such will be sealed to make sure that they don’t loose their lives or jobs.

News watch magazines which was the toast of Nigerians because of fearlessness, independent views and radical approaches to issues was put to stop when its editor-in-chief was exterminated through a letter bomb blast, followed up six months later by a proscription.

When the provision for freedom of expression is guaranteed, some stings are being attached to it, which made the journalist not to be free. In some government media houses, the noble profession is forced to dance to the tune of their ‘lords’. While trying to tell unto the ethics of their profession, they are meant to endanger their lives.

A time, it became a sort of worry on how the journalists are being intimidated and the clever manner, which the government officials take in denying their own statement in the face of naked truth. At first, the government in power tries to embrace the profession just to get it established and thereafter turns against it. Because the journalists are ready to face their unravel their injustices, they (the military) turns to scrutinize and cripple the press unnecessarily with accumulation of obnoxious laws.

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Usually under military regime, more government owned media were meant to be than private owned. As at the time of Abacha, about six schools of journalism as well as many mass communication departments were in existence. Also, over sixty and fifty radio/television stations respectively and over 157 for newspaper and magazine were in existence as at the time under review.

With all these, there supposed to be existence of perfect journalism profession due to the fact that they are being trained properly with polished languages, balanced and fair reporting etc. However, it was still noticed that cases of arrest of journalists by security agents, loss of job under written and unwritten obnoxious laws, were still the hallmark of any military regime, even when the constitutions made provisions for such basic human rights and freedom by the government. The evidence was seen in the pronouncement by the Abacha regime of establishing special court to try indicted journalists sometimes in 1997. The journalist, seeing all the hazards, resorts to dance to the whims of the government or writes himself to jail.

With these, questions arise on if the journalism profession still worth its meaning with all these dangers posed to it, if the journalists were really free and if there was neglect of ethics and principles of journalism on the part of journalists.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the research should be to find out:

1.        i.            The dangers, which confront journalism profession within the period under review.
2.     ii.            If it is unethical to criticize government policies/actions or public figures.
3.  iii.            The implication of such extra-journalistic laws in the profession of journalism in Nigeria.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.        i.            To make the journalists, the potential journalists as well as the entire society, not to admit anything like military administration in Nigerian society.
2.      ii.            The study will also broaden the views of mass communication students, especially those whose intentions are to get into the profession on their rights and responsibilities as journalists.

RESEARCH QUESTION

This study shall provide answers to the following questions about the dangers posed to journalism profession especially when the military men are in power.

1.        i.            Does the military government follow the constitution whenever they are in power?
2.     ii.            Do journalists in Nigeria enjoy free assess to information source?
3.  iii.            Are Nigerians satisfied with the kind of treatment the journalists pass through in the course of their duty?
4.  iv.            Do the controversial press laws violate freedom of the press in Nigeria?
5.     v.            Do the Nigerian journalists abide by the imagination of such codes and practices?
6.  vi.            Does freedom of expression and freedom of the press exist during the Abcha regime?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

In evaluating the hazards of journalism profession in Nigeria under Abcha’s regime, the following hypothesis shall be tested.

H1:        The promulgation of repressive laws is an impediment to professional growth of the journalists.

Ho:        The promulgation of repressive laws is not an impediment to professional growth of the journalists.

H2:        Repressive press laws constitute the major obstacle to the objectivity of journalism profession.

H0         Repressive press laws do not constitute the major obstacle to the objectivity journalism profession.

H3:        Press laws affect the freedom of journalists.

H0:        Press laws do not affect the freedom of journalists.

H4:        The effects of press laws on the performance of journalists under Abacha regime depended on the ownership and type of press.

H0:        The effects of press laws on the performance of journalists under Abacha regime do not depend on the ownership and type of press.

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

For the purpose of this study, the following terms shall be defined both conceptually and operationally for clarity.

1.        i.            Journalism profession
2.     ii.            Journalist
3.  iii.            Press
4.  iv.            Press freedom
5.     v.            Extra legal constraints

JOURNALISM PROFESSION

Conceptual: A specialized duty that aims at informing, educating, entertain and mobilizing the people through writing or publishing a newspaper, magazine or periodicals.

Operational: A profession, which is all about informing the people about the happenings around them and expectations in various part of their society as well as bringing the people’s problem to the knowledge to the government.

JOURNALIST

Conceptual: Person engaged in the work of writing, editing or publishing a newspaper, magazine or periodicals.

Operational: Person engaged in the business of reporting, writing and editing of newspaper and magazine contents only.

PRESS

Conceptual: Printed periodicals including magazines, newspapers, books, leaflets etc.

Operational: Newspapers and magazines published excluding books, leaflets etc.

PRESS FREEDOM

Conceptual: To act (journalists), write, without prior constraints, fearing nothing in a proposed action or issue. Freedom to pursue the truth and the publics right to know.

Operational: To act without any form of restriction by the government of the day through the use of legal and extra legal methods. It means in this context, the right of the press government that are not within the limits of law of the land.

EXTRA LEGAL CONTRIANTS

Conceptual: Going out of way of established to impede the work of the person or persons targeted.

Operational: The use of harassments, lobbying, force and brown-envelopes to waken the performance of the press in Nigeria within the period under review.

ASSUMPTION

The study hinged on the assumption that:

1. Certain instruments of the government, which is known as press laws, are suppressing journalism.
2. Ownership of the media under the military affects journalism profession in terms of repressive press laws.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

The study is such that should have attracted a very wide scope, but because of time and financial constraints, the study is limited to the period between 1993-1998.

It has not been easy shuttling between offices for the gathering of facts, visiting bigger libraries going through text books, newspapers and magazines articles and related subjects and also studying project works of other scholars within the given time schedule.

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Tags: HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998)

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF NEWSPAPER IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST TERRORISM IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND PUNCH NEWSPAPERS)

ABSTRACT

Terrorism is a tactic or a method, terrorism principally seeks to drive a message from its perpetrators home through fear. It is mostly ideologically or politically motivated, and its high lethality impact makes it attractive to those who feel they have no voice or hope. The recent and known forms of terrorism in Nigeria are  those perpetrated by the sect called Bokoharam

This work makes an assessment of the role of Newspaper in the crusade against terrorism in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst among people in terrorism prone areas of Nigeria.

Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.

It was observed therefore that the effect of Newspaper in the crusade against terrorism in Nigeria was very significant.. Also, there was a strong relationship between Newspaper readership and the awareness of Nigerian about terrorism in Nigeria.

The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references

TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition

1.8 Assumptions

1.9 Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Sources of Literature

2.2 The Review

2.3 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

3.2 Research Design

3.3 Research Sample

3.4 Measuring Instrument

3.5 Data Collection

3.6 Data Analysis

3.7 Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Data Analysis

4.2 Results

4.3 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

5.2 Recommendations for Further Study

Bibliography.

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Tags: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF NEWSPAPER IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST TERRORISM IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND PUNCH NEWSPAPERS)

IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF NNPC – PORT HARCOURT.)

 ABSTRACT

 This study was an assessment of the impact of public relations on crisis management.

Two instruments were used to collect data for this study. These were scheduled interview of the key administrators of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. The public relations officer, the chief security officer, the union consultative committee were all interviewed. Opinion survey of the corporation was done using questionnaires.

The findings revealed that formal channels of public relations with the accompanied oral, written and mediated modes of public relations play a major role in crisis management. Mediation was also found to be an effective public relations approach in crisis resolution. It was found that informal channels of public relations are also important.

To create a cordial public relations climate in NNPC, the NNPC administration should practice human relations. This calls for community participation in decision making especially those that concern the community, through regular consultation with union consultative committee.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1           Background of the study

1.2           Statement of the research

1.3           Objective of the study

1.4           Significance of the study

1.5           Research questions

1.6           Research hypothesis

1.7           Conceptual and operational definition

1.8           Assumptions

1.9           Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1           Source of literature

2.2           The review

2.3           The concept of PR

2.4           What is crisis

2.5           The theoretical frame work

2.6           Theoretical background

CHAPTER THREE

3.1           Research methodology

3.2           Research design

3.3           Research sample

3.4           Measuring instrument

3.5           Data collection

3.6           Data analysis

3.7           Expected results.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1           Content analysis and data presentation

4.2           Test of hypothesis

4.3           Discussion of findings.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1           Summary

5.2           Conclusion

5.3           Recommendation

5.4           References

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The assumption that crisis is inevitable in any human organization has gained wide acceptance in recent years. Whether it takes overt form, as in a dispute between two secretaries over one new typewriter, or convert form as with a production supervisor struggling to adopt nigregors “theory”, style or management, while the peers, deride his emphasis upon participation management, conflict is a persuasive force in every organization.

Given, then, that same level of crisis is envitable, it becomes important for the management to discover method not only for identifying crisis but also for channeling it in ways beneficial to his organization. To be able to do this the management must recognize the importance of public relations in an organization and the inter-relationship between public relations and crisis. Public relations serve as the instrument/channel for all organizational activities.

Hence public relations is employed for task, maintenance and human in the organization (Redding 1967) Task relates to various activities of specific concern in an organization for example, messages about improving sales, markets, quality of source, quality  of products e.t.c.

Maintenance messages such as policy or organization to remain alive and perpetuate itself. Human messages are directed at people within the organization, their attitudes, moral, satisfaction and fulfillment (Goldhaber 474:13).

From the above explanation of the functions of public relations in an organization, it is evident that public relations problem is often a cause of organizational crisis, get public relations may paradoxically serve as a preventive and curative factor in dealing with crisis as well. Huseman et al, 1970:89.

Hence this research is motivated to see how the management of the NNPC utilized public relations effectively or ineffectively to resolve the crisis in their community.

1.2           STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH

It is evident from researchers that public relations problem is often an important factor in management of crisis? Yet, public relations may paradoxically serve as a preventive and curative factor in dealing with crisis as well.

Similarity, before the NNPC community crisis of 1999 blamed on poor or inadequate public relations in the resolution of the crisis.

Therefore this study seeks to examine the extent to which a complex management like the Nigerian National Petroleum Company used public relations in resolving the community crisis of 1999. In other words, the study will assess the extent to which formal systems of public relations and the modes of public relations were employed in the crisis management.

1.3           OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To assess the adaptation of formal public relations in crisis situations such as the Nigerian National Petroleum Company in Port Harcourt.
2. To further assess the extent to which external formal public relations networks were employed in such crisis resolution.
3. To examine the mode of public relations used in these formal channels-oral, written and mediated.
4. To identify the problems associated with each of these channels / methods.
5. To ascertain the effectiveness or otherwise of each channel or combination of channels.
6. To also bring to bear the effectiveness or efficiency of the different modes by public relations.

1.4           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant for the following reasons. It is aimed at realizing the importance of efficient public relations pattern in the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).

It is hoped that this study will help in clarifying the medium or channels of public relations as it relates to the management of NNPC as an instance of multi-national corporation its host community.

It is furthermore hoped that the study will contribute immensely in solving the problems of public relations in multi-national corporations such as harmful distribution or complete hoarding of information that concerns workers / management and host community that will mutilate crisis.

The study highlights areas of lapses in public relations between the corporation and the community.

It will acquaint both staff / management community and the general interested public on the existing patterns of public relations within the corporation ie the channel of public relations flew either the olympian height, lateral e.t.c. steps that help in sustaining the corporation and the multi-national corporation in Nigeria.

This study will serve as a base for further intensive research on the pattern of public relations which can be repeated in another study of this nature.

1.5           RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Did crisis ever occur in the management of NNPC Port-Harcourt?
2. Were there PR strategies that were employed as a result of the crisis?
3. To what extent have the newly employed PR strategies impacted positively on the management of the corporation?

1.6           REARCH HYPOTHESIS

H­₁ Crisis has occurred in NNPC Port Harcourt.

H₀ Crisis has not occurred in the management of NNPC Port Harcourt.

H₂ Public relation strategies were not employed for crisis management.

H₀ Public relation strategies were been employed in crisis management of NNPC.

H₃ Public relation strategies were effective in crisis management of NNPC.

H₀ Public relation strategies were not effective in crisis management of NNPC.

1.7           CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION CORPORATION.

An open system whose parts are related to its whole and its environment or a network of inter dependent relationship (Gold-habel, 1974).

PUBLIC RELATIONS

The sharing of meaning with oneself or with others (Akpan 1987) public relations is the process through which individuals in relationships group, corporations and societies create, transmit and use information to organize with the environment and one other (Ruben 1988: 18).

PUBLIC RELATIONS NETWORKS

The flow of messages between and among people exist over path-ways called public relations networks.

CRISIS

This may be reviewed as a form of opposition which is apparent-centered, based on incapability of goals, aims or values of opponent controls the goals or object desired by both parties (Ston 1970:1).

1.8           ASSUMPTIONS

Considering the sensitive nature of the project topics the need to present a highly valued academic were the following assumptions were made.

i)                  The assumptions made was that the public relations crisis management was not effective in the management.

ii)               The reason why the public relations crisis mangement approach was not effective sure to the bad and in effective PR strategies employed.

1.9           LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The investigation in this study would have covered both formal and informal public relations (the basics of public relations) taking the multi – national for the country. Comparing the effectiveness of each channel, on its own merit.

Since this is a birds eye view of public relations crisis resolution situation, no time and resources could permit a more indept study to cover all facets, though.

By restricting the study to Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Port Harcourt however it does not in any way invalidate any generalization about the use of public relations in crisis management in multi-national corporation.

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Tags: IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS (A CASE STUDY OF NNPC – PORT HARCOURT.)

COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACTS

Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.

If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.

The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.

This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.

Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.

Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.

In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.

In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.

Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                       II

Approval page                                                       III

Acknowledgement page                                      IV

Abstract                                                         V

Table of contents                                          VIII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                            1

1.1      Background of the study                      1

1.2      Objective                                          8

1.3      Research question                              10

1.4      Hypothesis                                               11

1.5      Conceptual and Operational Definition           13

1.6      Assumption                                              14

1.7      Limitation of the study                                15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT

2.1      Education                                          19

2.2      Information                                       21

2.3      Cultural promotion                              22

2.4      Motivation and Mobilization                          23

2.5      Factors that make mass communication

role realizable                                   25

2.6      Problems and limitations                      28

2.7      Mass communication problem and its effect on development in Nigeria.                                          29

2.8      Mass communication in Nigeria                    29

2.9      Channel: related communication problems.    35

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      Methodology                                      42

3.1   Research design                                        44

3.2      Research sample                                       45

3.3      Measuring instrument                                 46

3.4      Data collection                                   48

3.5      Data analysis                                     50

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      Data analysis                                     53

4.1   Results                                             59

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1      Summary                                          68

5.2      Recommendation for further study               69

Questionnaire                                           76

Bibliography                                             74

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.

Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.

Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!

More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.

In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.

Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.

John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”³

According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include

1)          Reference to the activities to mass media as a group

2)          The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and

3)          The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.

For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.

Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.

Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.

From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.

Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.

Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are

1)          Servicing the political system by providing information

2)          Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.

3)          Providing entertainment.

4)          Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.

Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.

Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.

It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.

1.2     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.

1)          First to identify the problems of communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.

2)          The second objective is to know how effective these roles of communication towards development of the developing countries.

3)          Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.

4)          We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.

5)          Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTION

1)          Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?

2)          Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?

3)          If yes in question above then in what ways

4)          What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?

5)          Has mass communication failed in its development roles?

6)          Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.

7)          What aspect of  communication has been playing its roles?

8)          Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?

9)          What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?

1.4     HYPOTHESIS

H1:  Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria

H0:  Mass communication has not been playing its role in Nigeria.

H2:  Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.

H0:  Can mass communication help Nigeria to achieve any development.

H3:  The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?

H0:  Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.

H4:  Mass communication failed in its development roles.

H0:  Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.

H5:  Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.

H0:  Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.

H6:  The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.

H0:  The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.

H7:  Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.

H0:  Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.

H8:  The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.

1.5     CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

ü Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.

ü Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.

ü Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.

ü Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.

ü Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.

ü Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.

ü Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.

ü By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.

ü Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.

ü Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.

1.6     ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.

1.7     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.

It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.

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Tags: CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA, COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

THE ATTITUDE OF FEMALE MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS TOWARDS JOURNALISM AS A CAREER, IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page:      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      i

Approval page:       –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –       ii

Dedication:     –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      iii

Acknowledgments: –      –      –      –      –      –      –      iv

Table of contents:  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      vi

List of tables:  –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      x

Abstract: –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      –      xii

CHAPTER ONE

    INTRODUCTION:

1.1      Background of the study:      –      –      –      –      –  1

1.2      Statement of the research problem:-    –      –  5

1.3      Objectives of the study: –      –      –      –      –  7

1.4      Significance of the study:      –      –      –      –      –  8

1.5      Research   Questions:    –      –      –      –      – 10

1.6      Research Hypotheses:    –      –      –      –      – 10

1.7  Definition of terms: –      –      -.     –      –      – 12

1.8  Assumptions of the study:     –      –      –      -16                 1.9  Limitation of the study:  –      –      –      –      -17

References:      –      –      –      –      –      –      -18

                          CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW:      –      –      –      –      –  19

2.1      Sources of Literature:    –      –      –      –      — 20

2.2      Review of Relevant Literature:      –      –      –      – 20

2.2.1    Female attitude towards journalism:     –      – 21

2.2.2     Discrimination against women journalists:   – 26

2.2.3     Reasons why female journalists shy away from their

professional  duties: –      –      –      –      –      -29

2.2.4        Impressions about female Journalists:  –      -32

2.3              Theoretical Framework   –      –      –      –      -34

2.4                    Summary of Literature:       –      –      –      –      -37

References:    –      –      –      –      –      –      -39

                              CHAPTER THREE

     METHODOLOGY:

3.1      Research Design:    –      –      –      –      –      -42

3.2      Area of study: –      –      –      –      –      –      -43

3.3      Populations of the study:      –      –      –      –      -43

3.4      Research sample and sampling Technique:   -44

3.5      Instruments used for data collection:    –      -45

3.6      Validity of the instrument:     –      –      –      -46

3.7      Method of data collection      –      –      –      -46

3.8       Method of data analysis:      –      –      –      –      -47

References:    –      –      –      –      –      –      -48

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA:

4.1  Data presentation and analysis:     –      –      -49

4.2   Hypotheses Testing:      –      –      –      —    -65

4.3   Discussion on  findings: –      –      –      –      -74

References:  –      –      –      –      –      –      -78

                     CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY: 

5.1      Summary :     –      –      –      –      –      –      -79

5.2      Conclusion:     –      –      –      –      —    –      81

5.3      Recommendations  for further study:   –      84

References:      –      –      –      –      –      –      86

Bibliography: –      –      –      –      –      –      87

Appendix:       –      –      –      —   –      –      —   91

Abstract

The researcher in this work focused on the Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As a Career. It is believed that a large number of female trained journalists are produced from different higher Institutions in our country, but only a few go into the filed to practice their Journalism profession. This is why the researcher dimmed it fit to research into the image of female Journalists. Research questions are constructed to guide the researcher in her study. Relevant related literatures are reviewed to show that similar research work has been carried out, and a theoretical framework has been discussed to support the study.  Survey method was adopted, and this made it possible for the researcher to select an appropriate sample size of 150. Using appropriate tools like questionnaire and personal interview, the researcher was able to study a population too large to be observed personally. The researcher adopted a simple percentage and frequency table with simple descriptive analysis to explain the tables. Hypotheses which are formed from the research questions are tested to enable the researcher know if certain claims she made on this work received statistical support or not. At the and of the study, the researcher was able to find out that Female Mass Communication Students have Negative Attitude Towards Jocularism As a Career. Also that female roles as mothers and wives are some of the problems facing female Journalists. The researcher also recommended that salaries of the working journalists should be increased so as to motivate and change the Negative Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As a Career. Also, our culture and society at large should stop discriminating against female Journalists so that they can practice their profession perfectly.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

       Journalism is the collection, preparation and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletter, magazines, Radio, Motion Pictures, Television, the internet and books.

The earliest known Journalists product was a newssheet in ancient Rome called the ACTA DIURNA published daily from 59 BC, it was hung in prominent places and recorded important social and political events.

Journalism in the 20^th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. In our society today it has been observed that female student Journalists have negative attitude towards taking Journalism as a career. This negative attitude is highly reflected in the number of mass media houses.

Almost all institution of higher learning in Nigeria offer mass communication courses leading to the award of various degrees

and certificates, including National Diploma, higher National Diploma, Bachelor, and masters degrees.

The increase in the number of female graduates from all these Institutions are not reflected in the media of communication in the country. Each Year, hundreds of female students graduate as mass communicators. A close look shows that the number of female Journalists students surpassed the number of males. But in the filed today, a good number of these female graduates are not seen working in the various media houses scatted all over the country.

Reference to the convocation booklets from these schools revealed that a good number of female mass communication students graduated from these schools. In the year 1997, about 150 female Journalists graduated from federal polytechnic Oko. The Ogun state polytechnic in the same year turned out about 86 female Journalist students. Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu had about 140 female graduates. Bida polytechnic had about 26 female graduates from the department of mass communication.

In July 1996, the Ogun state polytechnic turned out 146 female student Journalists in both OND and HND levels, The Institute of management and Technology (IMT) Enugu turned out about 120 female student graduates in both ND and HND levels (1996 convocation lists/booklets).

Similarly with other mass communication schools in the country for instance, in 1995, the convocation booklets of the University of Nigeria Nsukka, revealed that 45 female students graduated from the department of mass communication. In the year 2008, Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) Awka turned out about 58 female graduates from the department of mass communication. Between the year 2008 and 2009, Caritas University Enugu graduated over 50 female Journalists.

Presently, in my class in the department of mass communication, we are 54 students in number. 51 out of the 54 students are females while only three are males. In other levels, the number of female students surpassed the number of male students in the department of mass communication with a great difference.

In recent years, media houses in the western countries lack trained female Journalists in the various communication activities. Invariably, it has been the same in Nigeria and this could be seen in most cases of the media houses in Nigeria. There has been an imbalance in the number of female, and   male  trained  Journalists working with them.

Those who are worried about this situation said that if there were more women than men seeking jobs in the media houses and they all have the same ability and background, more men get the jobs. (women in communication pg 8) she noted that women could only be awarded a job if they are had working and qualified, they must be awarded or offered  a job in the Journalism profession.

The Enugu Television Authority has about twenty five trained Journalists on its staff. Five out of the twenty-five are female. The Daily star newspaper has only six female Journalists on its staff.

The situation is similar in other media institutions throughout Nigeria and in most western countries.

1.2      STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

This study was undertaken because of the low participation of the female Journalist graduates towards practicing Journalism as their career. Despite the fact that there is considerably good number of trained female journalists, very few of them are working with media houses in Nigeria.

A large number of female Journalists are produced from different Institutions offering mass communication, but

female participation in the profession is very negligible.

According to Omenugha (2004:4) “One thing that is glaring in the Nigeria media is the near absence of Nigerian women as news makers”. Though Nigeria is developing, it has gotten to a stage where the female Journalists and their male counterparts should be competing in the media houses.

The number of female Journalists in the field is very few compared to the number that graduates from Journalism schools and universities. The female tend to run away from practicing   Journalism. Women Journalists are not often seen as lecturers neither do women help in the development and promotion of the profession unlike in other professions where the female and male compete and seek superiority over each other.

This dormant attitude of females towards the profession has resulted to the males claiming superiority over them in the field and as such not portraying a good image of women in the society. This is because most men in the society believe that Journalism exposes the practitioners and makes the female counterparts loose their dignity.

Many female Journalists who work in the media sometimes do not show keen interest in their job. This affects the female practitioners as the male practitioners always tend to over shadow them both in position and in interest to work.

1.3         OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

Because of the way the image of our women in our society are been portrayed when it comes to them practicing Journalism as their profession, the study is therefore aimed at finding out the Attitudes Of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism As a Career.

This study therefore tends to look into the image of women in the media and more also to find out why there has been this imbalance in the Ratio of working male and female Journalists.

This research work will also help to reveal why there is sharp contrast from the number of female Journalists that graduate from Journalism schools and the number in the field.

Finally, this research work helps to give suggestion based on findings.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       This study is very important because a lot of people are baffled over the issues of why women do not take up Journalism as a career after studies. It has really agitated the minds of some professionals and has equally created a lot of controversies.

The researcher, therefore, has deemed it fit to find out the reasons for  such negative attitude of females towards Journalism.

Journalism as the researcher could understand is very controversial and there is no need to live on mere assumption. This study has therefore provided an avenue for an in-dept study on the controversial issue of knowing the militants against the idea of women going into Journalism as  career, how do these women see

The practice of Journalism, do they go into the study with the

intention of practicing Journalism or taking it up just as a career?

The researcher also observed that female Journalists do not only disengage in the practice of Journalism but also do not contribute in the development and achievement of Journalism schools.

According to Okunna (1990) “In most schools in Nigeria, women are not often seen as lecturers both at universities and polytechnics”

They do not involve in the teaching of mass communication courses. Women prefer working in other fields to the career of Journalism.

The study will serve as a resource material for programme design and implementation in the effort concerning women in development and to students of women studies, mass communication, and Journalism. It will be a useful reading and reference materials.

1.5         RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do female mass communication students have negative attitude towards Journalism as a career?
2. Is there any discrimination against the women Journalists?
3. Are the female Journalists shy of caring out their duty?
4. Are there wrong impressions about the female Journalists?
5. Are the female roles as mothers and wives some of the problems facing female Journalists?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 

       Based on the research questions, the following hypotheses are derived:

HYPOTHESIS 1

H1: Female Mass Communication Students Have Negative Attitude Toward Journalism as a Career.

Ho:  Female Mass Communication Students do not have Negative Attitude Towards  Journalism  as a Career.

HYPOTHESIS II

H1: There is discrimination  against the female Journalists.

H0:  There is no discrimination against the female Journalists.

HYPOTHESIS III

H1: Female Journalists are shy of caring out their duty.

H0:  Female Journalists are not shy of carrying out their duty.

HYPOTHESIS IV

H1: There are wrong impressions about the female Journalists.

H0:  There are no wrong impressions about the female Journalists.

HYPOTHESIS V

H1:    Female roles as mothers and wives are some of the
problems facing female Journalists.

H0:    Female roles as mothers and wives are not some of the
problems facing female Journalists.

   1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF                        TERMS  

                                             1     STUDY

CONCEPTUAL:-   This is an act of setting ones mind to

                        Acquiring  knowledge and understanding,
through reading, research etc.

OPERATIONAL:- It is an act of considering or examining

something  in detail. It can also be said to be
a piece of research that examines a subject or

question in detail.

2     ATTITUDE

CONCEPTUAL:- This is a way of thinking or the Character which
someone exhibits towards something  or
somebody.

OPERATIONAL:- This is a way of feeling or your opinion

                            About something or somebody.

                                 3      FEMALE

CONCEPTUAL    This is a particular sex or gender of the primate

(Human being) that can give birth to  children.

OPERATIONAL:- It is a situation of being a women or  girl.

4   MASS

CONCEPTUAL:- A large number  of people or things grouped
together.

OPERATIONAL:- A large number of people in a community,

Society, and  nation.

5   COMMUNICATION

 CONCEPTUAL:- The process of expressing, or passing ideas,

feelings, or information from one person to

another, or to a group of people.

OPERATIONAL:-  Methods of sending information to a large

number of people,  especially through

Television, Radio Computers, Newspapers,
Magazines etc.

                                      6   STUDENTS

CONCEPTUAL:- These are people who are studying

in one school of higher learning or the other in

other  to acquire knowledge.

OPERATIONAL:- These are group of people who are

Studying at a university or college .

7   TOWARDS

 CONCEPTUAL:- This can be said to be the direction of, or close to
something or somebody.

OPERATIONAL:- This is in relation to something or

somebody, or in the direction of something.

                                  8   JOURNALISM

CONCEPTUAL:- This is the work of collecting

                         writing and publishing of news stories and

articles in Newspapers and magazines or

broadcasting them on Radio and Television
to inform the general public on things
happening in  the world .

  OPERATIONAL:- It is a new effort in reporting in which
professional communicators use  Social
research method to gather, interpret and vividly
present information to the target audience.
Journalism is therefore, the science of  reporting.

9   CAREER

 CONCEPTUAL:- This is a particular  job or the type of Job

one do in other to earn a living.

OPERATIONAL:- It is the job or series of jobs that you do

during your working life, especially if you

continue to get more money.

   1.8     ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

              A good number of professionals have already made similar studies of women image in the media and their attitude towards Journalism.

In this study, the researcher raised a number of assumptions. She assumes that the attitude of the female mass communicators towards Journalism as their career is very poor. She equally assumed that the way image of the women are being portrayed in the society as Journalists have created an Imbalance in the ratio of working male Journalists to their female counterparts.

In essence, the researcher has deemed it fit to concentrate more on Nigeria female Journalists and the issues that affect them as working Journalists.

1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The researcher has decided to limit this study to Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, female students in mass communication department.

It was therefore limited to find out only the Attitude of Female Mass Communication Students Towards Journalism as a Career, including the attitude of others towards female Journalists.

The ideal situation would have been to study a much wider area and a larger number of female student Journalists, and practicing women Journalists to enhance the reliability of the data and to make generalization more appropriate. But due to financial constraint, it was limited to the institution mentioned above.

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Tags: IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA, THE ATTITUDE OF FEMALE MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS TOWARDS JOURNALISM AS A CAREER

REPORTERS RESPONSIBILITIES AND THE URBAN – RURAL NEWS IMBALANCES IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPER

ABSTRACT

Academic writings are replete with studies on news imbalance. So much have been said about news imbalance in the international scenes.

However, by writing this project, the researcher intends to look beyond the imbalance to the root cause.

It is hoped that the information contained in this project will go a longway to correct the persistent problem of urban – rural news imbalance in Nigerian newspaper.

Consequently, chapter one introduce this study as well as the theoretical frame work on which the study is based.

In chapter two, the researcher gives an in-depth review of the works and studies done by the urban – rural imbalance.

Chapter three simply states the method of study used to conduct t he study.

Chapter four and five presented and analysed the data. Besides, the researcher drew some conclusions from the data presented and make appropriate recommendation.

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE                                                                      I

TITLE PAGE                                                                        II

APPROVAL PAGE                                                              III

DEDICATION                                                                      IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                    V

ABSTRACT                                                                          VI

TABLE OF CONTENT                                                                 VII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                          1

1.1           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                                    1

1.2           STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM  8

1.3           OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                               9

1.4           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                    10

1.5           THEORETICAL FRAME WORK                                      11

1.6           RESEARCH QUESTION                                          13

1.7           RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS                                               14

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                     15

2.1           GATE KEEPING STUDIES                                               15

2.2           STUDIES ON RURAL –

REPRESENTATION IN NEWSPAPERS                20

2.3           STUDIES SHOWING IMBALANCE WITHIN –

A COUNTRY.                                                             21

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                                                28

3.1           RESEARCH METHOD                                                       28

3.2           RESEARCH DESIGN                                                          28

3.3           SAMPLING TECHNIQUES                                               30

3.4           SAMPLE SIZE                                                            31

3.5           MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                 33

3.6           DATA COLLECTION                                                         34

3.7           DATA ANALYSIS                                                     34

3.8           EXPECTED RESULTS.                                             36

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1           DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT                                    37

4.2           DATA ANALYSIS                                                     37

4.3           RESULTS                                                                    48

4.4           DISCUSSIONS                                                           54

CHAPTER FIVE      

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION                                58

REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY                              62

APPENDIX                                                                                     67

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

“Two powers which make modern society different from the previous one are the power of industrial technology and mass media of communication, of which the newspaper is a part . when Dexter (1964) made this statement, little did he know that the mass media of communication will create some problems for modern society.

However, this news and information from the mass media has never flowed in  a balanced way. It has always been lopsided – this imbalance in information flow has been one pertinent issue both in international and national communication in the global scale, the information imbalance has reached the stage, according to Nwosu (1986) when “a demand for adrastic change I the present pattern of information flow between and among nations should gather momentum.

The third world nations are complaining that “not only is every little said about them but also that every little said about them but unfavourable’. (Masmond,1979). Such information about the third world is usually about disaster, crime, coup detect tribal war. Etc.

This unequally distributed and badly used information /news made some see the reason to demand for the new world information and communication order (NWICO).

Sofar, so much effort and resources are being spent in the call for NWICO. The demand of the third world of which Nigeria is a part, for a balanced flow of information, is perhaps best delineated and forcefully argued in the so-called NWICO (mgbemena & Onwura, 1980).

Moreover, the western nations go to any length to defend their nations. Stephenson (1990), for instance, argued that “the attention given to disruptive news in the third world is characteristic of all, media system, particularly those of the third world it self.

In re – affirming what Stephenson said, meil (1990) says that if western journalism is quality of bias, sop is journalism all over the world. He said apply that “certainly much global coverage can be said to contain basis –but all reporting can be so indicated”.

However, are the allegations of the western nations right? It is a fact that Nigeria is an outspoken nation among the third world nations demanding or this new balance and free flow of information between two parties.

The result of some researchers and expressed opinions did not exonerate Nigeria from the imbalance flow of information, which it accuses the western media of.

After all, imbalance flow of information has the same ill consequences, whether it is at international or inter – national levels. Imbalance within a nation is equally unacceptable as imbalance between nations (Agba,1997) one may ask, what is the situation of Nigerian journalism? Is it guilty of imbalance flow of information among and between different sectors of the country.

1.2    THE ROLE OF NEWSPAPERS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

The print media of which newspapers is an outstanding parti-plays an important role in rural development. According to general system theory, which has an important influence on system level analysis of mass media effect, “social system’s usually change their structures to higher level of complexity (development) (cawallader, 1968). This process of elaboration according to general system theory “is a result of information exchange element of social systems” (DEUTCHE,1968).

Besides scramn (1972) described newspapers as a channel for informing, motivating, persuading, instructing and providing a means of a collective participation in development. Lasswell(12972) has identified it’s other basic functions to include the surveillance of the environment, correlating parts of the environment and the transmitting cultural breakage. “rural development, according to Okorie (1986) is predicted upon understanding the rural people, rural environment, and interaction of rural system brought about by “change agencies” incidentally the newspaper is among the change agencies.

It is obvious and beyond doubt that newspaper doubt that newspapers are important to national development and variably to rural development it all depends on the way the newspapers discharge their functions.

Unfortunately, the situation in Nigeria is not commendable. Although Nigeria is imbued with a passion for rapid national development and has embraced the notion that the mass media must be used and guided to promote national development, the newspaper (mass media) is still found wanting in this regard.

Lerner posted that mass media (newspapers) have a relationship with national development. He attached great importance to newspapers in nation –building process. It has been said that media development is “tied closely with a country’s development”  (schramn, 1964).

However, our situation in Nigeria is pathetic. Our information officers, including newspapers managers, editor and reporters have not done well enough is sensitizing the people toward rural development, which constitute the center for national development programmes. A traditional view is that the resolution of social problems in rural areas is related to inputs of information. If a system sufficiently saturated with information. According to this view, “a general understanding will invariably lead to development of the system (Rogers, 1975).

With respect to Nigeria suleiman (1983) has noted that reading the Nigerian newspaper one will almost get the impression that outside the various states capitals and some local governments headquarters (urban areas) there are no more human habitations in the country” .

This is because the tendencies of the expense of the newspapers have always been to report the urban areas at the expense of the rural areas. This tendency has not helped to foster rural/national development in any way, because according to the population census figure of 1979 over 70 percent of Nigerians are rural dwellers. Oton (1978) observed that everywhere in the rural areas, development programme are going on that are never chronicled.

It is also alleged that Nigerian reporters, being urban-based tend to perceive the news different from the rural areas to urban cities. Often times news reports about rural areas to urban cities. Often times news reports about rural areas seem to concentrate on disasters, failures, disputes and the negative features. All of these are antithesis to rural and national development. The urban centrality of news has gotten to the stage when one has no choice but agree with Omu (1981) who pitied the realities for doing so much and getting so little from the Nigerian mass media (newspapers).

It is bad enough that the rural area seldom gets mentioned in the newspaper, but worst Dave (1970) said “people in the rural area are neither little nor invisible and are doing newsworthy things besides committing crimes.

It is as if the Nigerian reporters/editors forget that the content of communication of any given time reflects the value pattern of society (schramn, 1964). By removing almost in entirety rural news room the newspapers, it is as if the newsmen are telling the public that the rural areas are not important in national development.

1.3    STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

          In the international scene various reason have been proffered by the third world nations for their unyielding demand for a balanced information flow between them and the western nations. Firstly, the third world nations have realised the importance of information. Secondly, they have observed that the under reporting of the developing nations, distorts the image that others have about them.

However, according to Agba (1997: pg) the third world nations including Nigeria must show sincerity in their agitation for news balance by balancing news flow between urban and rural communities in their individual nation:

Ironically, inspite of their unyielding demand for balanced flow of news, no noticeable change have been observed in their national urban rural news imbalance. This is traceable to the failure of Nigerian newsmen and communication policy makers to integrate the rural populace through banked information flow. This study intends to find out the extent of the coverage of rural areas vis-à-vis the urban areas.

Besides, there is an apprehension that dwindling government ownership of newspaper in Nigeria poses a threat to the integration of the rural populace in the news content of newspapers. This encourages the super imposition of the urban populace.

Furthermore, the responsibility of Nigerian newsmen in this news imbalance is one problem that this study intends to sole.

1.4           OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Communication is an indispensable tool for motivating and mobilizing the human resources needed for national constructively and instrumentally (Agba,1997).

This study also intends to review the reports about the rural areas to ascertain whether they are positive or negative. Another purpose of this study is to find out the causes of the prevailing news imbalance and see whether newsmen are to blame.

1.5           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

This study is important to our present day Nigerian society where 80 percent of the total populations are in the rural areas. Schramn (1975) once said, “the content of communication at any given time reflects the value pattern of  society”. It is hoped that this study will proffer some useful suggestions on how to include the majority of Nigerians in the newspaper rather than just a few elites. Besides, for our demand for NWICO to be met and to benefit the majority, there is need for this imbalance between urban and rural areas to be dismantled.

This study will help develop a new national information and communication order for Nigeria. This seems to be the first step in the right direction, if NWICO must be realized. Further, the information contained in this research will provide handy reference materials for all communication policy – makers.

1.6           THEORITICAL FRAME WORK:

The theoretical frame work that best explains the urban rural news imbalance in a explains the urban rural news imbalance in a given society like Nigeria is the agenda-setting theory. It was the late lewin who applied the term “gatekeeper” to a phenomenon, which is of considerable importance to students of mass communication. Lewin pointed out that the traveling of a news item through certain communication channels was dependent on the fact that certain areas within the channels functioned as “gates” carrying the analogy further, Lewin (1947) said that “gate sections are government either by impartial rules or by gate keepers”, and in the vater case an individual or group is in power for making the decision between “in” and “out”. Little wonder Larson (1986) argues that “the public agenda is powerfully shaped and directed by what the news media choose to publicize.  True concept of agenda-setting is defined as “ the ability of the media to effect cognitive changes among individual, to structure thinking, to mentally order and organise the world” (Ramprasad, 1983).

The implications is that news men through the gate keeping process may decide to report a rural event instead of an urban event or vice-versa. Furthermore, part of the organising principle for this study is essentially derived from Gattug’s “structural theory of imperialism” and more particularly from aspects of his model that touch upon communication structure and its differential news flow consequences.

Essentially, Gatting’s theory posits a structured division of the world (Nations) into ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’ that relate to each other in a clominance dependency exchanged relationship. According to Galtung (1965) this structural division is accompanied with an reinforced by feudal network of communication dominated at the centre. These feudal communication network are characterized by high degrees of interaction and flour between ‘centre’ and lesser degrees of interaction and flow between ‘centres’ and periphery of Gattung  identifies some defining parameters that distinguished a center from periphery. Centre and periphery holding. For example, centre trend invariably to be at the higher end of the technical economic development. The ‘periphery on the other hand tend to be at the lower end of the development scale.

In news communication flows Gattung sees distinct pattern emerging from the structured division.

1. A preponderance of centre-news events in the press systems.
2. The discrepancy in centre-periphery news exchange ratios invariably will be negative, that is centre news will always take up a much larger proportion of news content in the news media.

1.7           RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Following the studies to be reviewed four research questions were formulated to guide the study.

1. Are Nigerian newspapers dominated by urban or rural news items?
2. Do Nigerian newspapers cover negatively the rural areas than they do the urban cities?
3. Are news men entirely dependent on their own personal criteria of news selection/rejection or not?
4. How are top news stories chosen, who and what constitute the guide of newsmen?

1.8           RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:

In this study, hypothesis were formulated to test the reliability of our assumption hence, the researcher have the following hypothesis that will help achieve accurate result.

1. Nigerian newspapers mostly are dominated by urban news items.
2. Rural areas are being covered negatively than urban cities.
3. Whether the news will be carried on or not depends on the news men (chief editors)
4. Code of conduct help to guide the newsmen, also chief editor controls their works too.

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Tags: REPORTERS RESPONSIBILITIES AND THE URBAN – RURAL NEWS IMBALANCES IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPER

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT TELEVISIONS IN THE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The problems which face both private and government owned television stations have always been a concern to both public and media experts. This work was aimed at providing answers to questions asked while accomplishing the purpose of setting up such media.  This work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one gives the background of the study and frame work upon which research is built. The second chapter centers on literature review. The third chapter concerns the general methodology that guided the research; The fourth chapter covers data presentation, analysis and interpretation. The fifth chapter which is the last devoted to summary of the work, conclusion, reached and recommendations for policy and further research,

In this  work, all the various problems confronting both private and government owned televisions were looked at. Also In the work, survey research method was used because it is suitable to our objective. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to workers of MINAJ Television and NTA at Owerri.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE:     INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the study

1.2      Statement of the research problem3

1.3      Objectives of the  study

1.4      Significance of the study

1.5      Research question

1.6      Research hypothesis

1.7      Conceptual and operational

Definition

1.8      Assumptions

1.9      Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO:   Review of the literature

2.1      Sources  of literature

2.2      The  Theoretical Framework  of the study

2.3      The Review

2.4     Summary of literature review

2.5      CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology

3.1      Research Method

3.2      Research Design

3.3      Research population and  sample

3.4      Measuring Instrument

3.5      Data Collection

3.6      Data Analysis

3.7      Expected Results

CHAPTER FOUR|: Data Analyses, presentation and Results

4.1      Overview of Analysis,

4.2      Data Analyses and  presentation

4.3      Test of hypotheses and Results

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

5.1      SUMMARY

5.2      RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE

. FURTHER STUDY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

       Though both private and government owned television are established for the purposes of dissemination of information to their  guidance, yet they are confronted with some problems.

These problems range  from their ownership to management, which no doubt have affected both polices and operations, finance case studies.

Both of the media houses utilize electronic magnetic waves in reading  divisive audience but by comparative analysis, the factors of ownership and media policy differ them in  terms of styles, objectives, operations etc.

In  this circumstance, comparative analysis of the researcher is based on  case studies of both minaj television Obosi, a private television and that of NTA Channel 12 Owerri a government owned television house.

We  shall look at the history of Television stations in Nigeria and specifically the problems facing the  two.

Television was this introduced by the defunct Western Region Government in 1959, which was then known as Western Nigeria Broadcasting the Federal Government.

At present Nigeria has well over 30 Television stations.  The MINAJ Television was established in 1994 while  NTA Owerri  was established 2003, According to the book mass media purpose, principles and practices  written by BEN AGBO AND NKEM FAB-UKOZOR, say that the coverage of Television is limited to the urban centers which in effect indicate that the audience for television come from the towns.

There is evidence in this paper that television broadcasting in Nigeria was not people-  oriented but a policy toll and propaganda but at present, some fairness, balance can be observed  in some especially the privately owned ones.

1.1  STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Both Government owned and private television  stations are of immense importance to the society minding the roles  which they play accordingly information, education and entertainment.

Taking cognizance of the fact that there is growth of advertising and there is privatization of the broadcast media.

The Television broadcasting are sure to greatly influence the lives of Nigerians positively and  of course negatively,

In this regard, we shall attempt to make comparative analysis on both privately owned and government owned television station, with a focus on problems facing them.

1.2  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

       It is the objective of this paper to make comparative analysis on the problem facing with private and government owned Television station.

It is also to proffer solutions to such problems

Another objective of this study is also  to determine the historical evolution and development of broadcasting in Nigeria.

1.3  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       This study will help us determine the factors  which constitute problems to both private and government television broadcasting stations and also  to know the extent with  which the problems have reached and the  study will also suggest solutions to the problems.

As  a result of the fact that the organization might not  have time and also the resources both manpower and other wise to  research into this topic, this very work would therefore, present a comprehensive and factual information or knowledge of their operations in the state. By acknowledging the  facts put up more efforts to improve or automatically correcting the problems existing in the station

On  the other hand, as a station owned and finance by the government and private, a knowledge of the station’s problems is a step towards solving it.

The public in general  will benefit from  the findings of this research and the solutions if implemented by the management of government and private television station,     their conditions  and level of service will improve and the public  will have cause to enjoy and identify with the  station the more especially students of mass communication will always find this work valuable as it serve as a  reference  materials for them.

1.4  RESEARCH  QUESTIONS

       In  this regard, the research was conducted in two various stations government and private   owned.

The following  were asked during the interview

1)    What are the problems of information dissemination facing MINAJ Television

2)      What  are the problems facing NTA Channel 12 Owerri in the cause of dissemination of information.

3)      What are the distinguishing factors between management of government owned television stations and the private television stations.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hi: Government and private television has problems that hamper their dissemination of  information in Nigeria

Ho: Government and private television do not have problems that hamper their dissemination of information in Nigeria

H2:       Information disseminated through private television station are more objectives than these disseminated through government  owned Television station, owing to nature of finance, and control.

H3: Private Television studies offer greater opportunities to the political  class for political  campaigns  than the government owned television studio  since the later sects its  clines based on for political interests.

Ho:        Private  Television studies do not offer greater opportunities to the political class for political campaigns than the government owned television studio since the later selects its clients based on for political interests.

H4: Journalists under private Television studies are more versatile and aggressive than these under the employ of Government owned television  studios.

Ho: Journalists under private Television studies are not more versatile and aggressive than those under the employ of government owned  television studios.

1.6 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A comparative analysis conceptual  characterized by systematic examination of  something by analyzing on similarities  and dissimilarities

Operational: systematic examination of the likeness and  dissimilates of the problems of both private and government television stations

B.   MEDIA PREFERENCE

Conceptual: The liking for private Television rather than government owned Television.

Operational:  The level of liking for private television rather than government owned, television by the Nigeria viewing audience respectively.

1.8 ASSUMPTIONS

     That both private and government owned Television have the fundamental role of disseminating information to the public.

That because of  the way and manner the Television stations are established that the ownership and established that the ownership and editorial  policies differ.

That both  private and government owned Televisions are  confronted by problems raging from their different patterns of finance, control and recruitment.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

     In a study of this nature, many problems are always encountered.

This study is limited to NTA channel 12, Owerri and MINAJ Television stations, Obos;.

Some of my major handicap were financed, Time and energy and other reasons, that make in impossible to cover other television stations finance is a serious constraints  to me. I could not get to certain areas to sample opinions.  Irrespective of all this, I still manage to pick certain individuals from these areas who are living in the state capitals.  This was purportedly done to enable me obtain a balance and a reliable opinions from all the zones in the state.

Besides Time and energy could not allow me the opportunity to visit some of the department in government and private owned Television station at least to get their views and ideas on the research topic.  As a result of lack of time were unable to exhaust my questionnaire from my respondent.

But all said and done, it was not an easy task.

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Tags: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT TELEVISIONS IN THE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION IN NIGERIA