THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEMOCRACY (A CASE STUDY OF NTA)

ABSTRACT

The ambition of this project is to find out if the media is an agent for democratization using newspaper and other news materials as a case study.

The researcher in the course of this research used the survey method which requires the assigning of coding sheet (questionnaire) to each different newspaper publish daily from January to September 2006.

Data has been collected using coding sheet and personal observations presented and analyzed in percentages. From the analysis it was found that the media is an agent for democratization.

Therefore in other to improve the democratic state of Nigeria the researcher made recommendations to facilitate the media.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Objective of the study

1.4            Significant of the study

1.5            Research questions

1.6            Research hypothesis

1.7            Definition of terms

1.8            Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1            Sources of literature review

2.2            Review

2.3            What has the media done about review

2.4            Summary of literature review

2.5            Theoretical framework

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Methodology

3.1            Population of study

3.2            Sample size

3.3            Sampling techniques

3.4            Instrument for data collected

3.5            Method of analyzing data

3.6            Measuring to ensure validity

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and presentation

4.1            findings and discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary

5.1            Recommendation for further study

Bibliography

Reference

Appendix

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The media as an  agent  for Democratization is  so vital just as air is important to the men. As the fourth estate of the realm in the society, the media acts as the watchdog, the of the society.

It is believed that after the executive the legislature and  the judiciary then come the media. According to their respective functions, while the executive runs the day to day affairs of the state, the legislature make laws the judiciary interprets s well as adjudicates in disputes, then the media on other hand  watch over the activities of these three  organs and report to the general public.

However, just as dogs are kept to guard against an intruder or invader, same way the media are there to watch over the activates of the government in relation to the needs of the citizens and society in general and if at any time the need or right of the people are violated the media bark so as to protect these interest. This is  why the media are seen as the crusader for social justice, public morality, civil liberties and human progress.

According to Wiliam Ruler (1978: page 109)

The media serve as the bulwark

Of the citizen against tyranny of

The majority the intoxication of

power the grinding operation of

authority and the mindless

expectation of the underprivileged

by privileged specifically the mass

media particularly. The print media

have a clear and unshirnkable

duty of criticize and appraise the occurrences

of the monument

Watchdog does not only reflect public opinion but guides and leads it. Surely, the media is an agent for democratization. Not only does it help ushering in democracy, they play a crucial role in nurturing and sustaining it.

In addition, the role of the media in democratic setting cannot be over emphasize, it provides the much needed communication bridges that faster society together and ensure an enduring democracy by averting those seeds of discord as suspicion, distrust and confusion, through its function of gathering and disseminating information. In doing this. It’s surveillance on the environment.

More so, it provides a forum through which the governed could then react to government polices it provides such  analysis as would enable the people to secure and adequate understanding and background to events. Also it assists in the articulation and pursuit of the  national interest .it helps strengthen the economic, social and political fabric of the nation and provides informed criticism and viable alternative  to public polices. It monitors the performance of government with a view to preventing deviation from provides medium for transmitting knowledge and educating the populace.

The media as a powerful agent of modernization. It provides news on every event and “news” is the window on the world. Besides, media are represented by a set of people who but venture of their calling and training are believed to be imbued with specialized skills for the special role of communicating intelligibly not only with one another  but also most times. Communication to many others. To carry out the traditional institutional functions of surveillance interpretation and cultural transmission, the mass media the print and electronic media use different languages as a means of reaching their vast audience. An  instant is a new programme that is being organized by Enugu Broacasting services, otherwise know as “Medialink” of “Kaoha malu” being handled by Chukuwma Ogbonna, where people are given the privilege to contributes or air their views or to even criticize the activities of he government. A scholar and an educationists in the person of Abraham Linco described democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. it is the only form of government that is founded on the dignity of man.

In addition, the role of the media especially in democratic set-up is not just to report, but also to explain and interpreter events. The people want to know what are happening to them and their world. In other words they are aware that many things  are happening and need a correct picture of the situation. They want to expand their horizontal they are worried about the complexity and in securities in our contemporary world. As a watchdog. The media primary responsibility is to the people. The media could also be used as a vehicle of thought and means of brining the ethic groups or tribes closer to one another.

The Nigerian mass media must have courage  hind sights foresights fairness and sense of duty to the community. They must be sensitive to the environment. Ensure the confidence of the truth and the having respect fort eh truth and the people. However, assert here that the success or failure of our practice of democratic government will to a large extend, depend on how well the media comes out its functions as the midoife of democracy.

Suffices it to restate that far enduring democracy to thrive in Nigeria or any nation there must be a vibrant and competent media that has  the capacity to check the excesses of over clippery opportunistic politicians.

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media is one of the most important  and pervasive institutions in modern society. Their content touches every aspect four lives at the personal family and societal levels. Media is older than the nation and through thick and than has defined understanding what shall be called the print and electronic media that spread and receive information.

The media could further be defined as all technological medicated institutionally organized and spontaneously expressed form of social communication in the rural and urban area include such firms as radio, television, magazines, newspapers, drums.

Usually all these channels of communication have similar and equal functions to perform. They educate inform, entertain, mould opinion, societalize and through these satisfy the hopes and aspiration of the masses. The media, in its informative role gives conventional, scientific and sophisticated or investigative information about issues. Also in it’s educative role they enlighten the masses on certain issues which affect them thereby freeing them from the dangers of half-truth and isolated facts in the name of reporting.

The media have been found to be a useful tool in the political socialization, development, and mobilization in the society and the governments cannot exist without the media. All the political functions of nay political socialization interest aggregation, rule making application adjudication are al performed through the framework of the media. Despite  its shortcoming the press has been contributing immensely toteh development of the country. It has contributed substantially to upholding accountability and monitoring the process of government.

Most of the diagnosis for Nigeria’s failure to actualize potentials, do not reckon with communication. It can be argued that most of the factors of failure are traceable to communication defects. It is only when systematic communication is in place that government can be efficient. One of the preconditions of efficiency is responsiveness and how done determine responsiveness if there be feedback in the absence f\of a well-designed comprehensive communication support system?

Essentially, government ought to predicate most of their polices on feedback from the people, which should serve as input to the process of policy formulating and implementation. All these are absolutely essential for the achievement of people centered sustainable democracy. In other words it is only when people feel part of the development process that their best could be made to bear positively on it.

At different times in this country the media have passed through harrowing experiences including the Monstous and British Decree 4 of the Buharis/ Idiagbon era, and the spate of closures which hit media houses under the Obasanjo, Babangida and Abacha regimes. but in all these perhaps due largely to the centrality of their role to the well being of society, they have survived the insensitive measures.

The media is all its ramification is used as far as the environment of democratic principles and values on citizens is concerned. In the Western nation far instance, the mass media is used as the megaphone of the masses. A hypothetical of the example of he mass media ability to carry out it’s responsibility was displayed by GARY HART, a front line runner of the democratic presidential nomination in the united state of America. The media simply exposed his social failure (1984).

The media primary political duty is to see the purification of political process and expose social and economic scandals of he society, politicians in particular. Nigeria it is quite unfortunate that the government have not bothered to secure the participation of their people or carry them along in h professed and much trumpeted commitment to social development. This explains Nigeria failure in fulfilling the promise of life more abundantly in the last 40 years. Governance must be communication driven, considering the dimensions and multitudes of the development challengers facing us today, effective communication can be describe as an indispensable panacea.

Communication is indeed the vital link between democracy and development that are often described as two sides of the same coin in special terms, social and well structure communication system can help prevent and reduce several health problems, assist farmers who make up to percent of our active labour force to improve their practices and ultimate their products which are crucial to meting nutritional needs which in adequacy account for significant  health problems and also essential for the realization of our drive towards achieving food security. The same goes for the stipulation and running of economic activities in rural areas and informal sectors particularly in spheres where we have comparative advantages. The private sectors have contributed significantly to the development of he print media in Nigeria. Government still have a lot move to do in the broad casting  industry. At this juncture, there is no doubt that the media is portent and essential organ for democracy. No country can do without it. All that is needed for its effective  and efficient operation is right atmosphere devoid of undue harassment.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Democracy in other to survive in Nigeria, the media has to be employed nurturing sustaining and being at the forefront  of democratic development. The masses want to know what is happening and need a current picture of the situation they want to expand the horizon.

The masses are worried about the complexity and insectaries in our contemporary world. Some of our leaders do not keep to the objective of their work. Also there is this problem of tribalism and ethnicity in the country. There is need for governed to react sometimes to government polices and activities.

1.3            OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of theist study is to show the special place of the media in Nigeria democratic dispensation and its contributing role in disseminating information to the grassroots levels.

However, it is also the sole objective f this research to let people know that no society can live in peace, unity and with an abiding faith in its progress without positive and affirmative information about themselves, their leaders or rulers and indeed what goes on beyond their leaders and their immediate surroundings therefore, all emphasis would be placed on the media as an agent for democratization.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will be important to all students of mass communication, political science and indeed all well meaning Nigerian’s. It will also be of academic importance to these sets of people, as it will increase their knowledge one way or the other.

Again this work will be of importance to pleasure readers and researchers who will find it as a portent material for stock in their libraries. It  can also be used as a yard stick for measuring expert and the past. Democracy is of relative importance to the individuals, society and so many ways to sustain it is highly appreciable. This research still will go at length to imbibe and cultivate in peoples mind the ideas and tenets of democracy, the pros and coins, which if adhered strictly will lead to the success of our democratic experiment

Therefore this study will in every fold contribute so much   in instilling among our leaders and hence help then to perceive the media as a partner in progress rather then their enemy in the match towards democracy.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

          By definition a hypothesis is a proposition an intelligent guess about the solution to a problem which has no validity until full investigation is carried out.

A hypothesis mayor may not be supported by research findings. The major importance of hypothesis ensure that the researcher does not engage in a wild search for he solutions to the research problem.

Hypothesis can be stated in two ways: Null form and directional alternation form.

1. Null hypothesis suggests no relationship between two or more variables or no difference in the effects of one or more in dependent(s) on the dependent variable.
2. Alternative hypothesis is a directional hypothesis which specifies the condition that will hold if the null hypothesis does not hold.

Hai:   The report on the role of media in strengthening democracy is effectively carried out in newspaper, magazines and other newsprints

Hoi:   The report on the role of media in strengthening democracy is not effectively carried out in newspaper, magazines and other newsprints

Ha2:  The media enhances peace, unity and progress in Nigeria due to the nature of their work.

Ho2:  The media does not  enhances peace, unity and progress in Nigeria due to the nature of their work.

Ha3:  The media through their active support on democracy has contributed immensely to Nigeria development.

Ho3:  The media through their active support on democracy has not contributed immensely to Nigeria development.

1.6            CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Transmission – This is defined as pas o, hand on, or communication transfer.

Politician – On skilled or interested and engaged in politics as a profession

Journalist- Person employed in writing for a newspaper or magazines for the interest of the mass (audience)

Democracy- This is the government of all the people, usually elected by the people for he purpose of fishing out a capable person who will effectively represent them.

Postulate – this is people’s assumption of a thing to be true especially as a basis for reasoning.

1.7            LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

As a result of time factors and financial constraints, it was not possible for me to go in to the filed to look for data.

Therefore, this research is library study and will rely only on the materials go thing from the library as well government documents.

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Tags: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN DEMOCRACY (A CASE STUDY OF NTA)

MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS

ABSTRACT

Tags: DAILY CHAMPION, MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS

TITLE OF THE RESEARCH WORK THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATI STATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU )

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at pointing out the function of pubic relations officer in customer’s satisfaction in Nigeria Airways Enugu.

Research method: The data for this study were collected through questionnaire.

Thereafter the data collected were analyzed using chi – square method (X2) =  (0  -e)

E

Which served to out qualitative characterizes

In the data into numerical form and relationships.

The research finding the essentials of public relations officer in an establishment.

The effect of public relations in promoting the image of an organization.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                               II

Approval page                                                                       III

Dedication                                                                             IV

Acknowledgement                                                                V

Abstract                                                                                  VI

Table of content                                                                              VII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                1

1.1           Background of the study                                            9

1.2           The objectives of Nigerian Airway                                     10

1.3           Statement of research problem                                   12

1.4           Objective of the study                                                          14

1.5           Significance of the study                                            15

1.6           Research questions                                                      17

1.7           Research Hypothesis / Null Hypothesis                    17

1.8           Conceptual of Operational Definition                       18

1.9           Definition of terms Operational                                 20

1.10     Assumptions                                                                21

1.11     Limitation of the study                                               22

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1           The origin and concept public relations                             23

2.2           The place of public relation in an Organization                 27

2.3           Publics                                                                          31

2.4           Corporate Image                                                          32

2.5           Social Responsibility                                                  34

2.6           The pubic relations practitioner                                 38

2.7           Summary of Literature review                                    40

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                               43

3.1           RESEARCH Method                                                  43

3.2           Research design                                                           43

3.3           Expression Instrument

3.4           Measuring Instrument                                                           45

3.5           Method off data analysis                                            46

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1           Data analysis and interpretation                                 47

4.2           Table 1:  Measurement on image problem

of Nigerian Enugu                                                      49

4.3           Table 2: Measurement on the role played by the public relations                                                                          50

4.4           Table 3 :- Measurement of the basic steps

top  be taken                                                                52

4.5           Table 4:- Measurement of effects of

political interference                                                  55

4.6           Discussion                                                                             57

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1           Summary and recommendation for further study    62

5.2           Recommendations                                                       65

5.3           Conclusion                                                                            68

Bibliography                                                                         71

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In any organization, the need to maintain the image of the organization is in our contemporary societies a private one hence this  study survey the role of public relations in enhancing consumer’s satisfaction. We set out to find   whether Nigeria Airways Enugu, has in any  way satisfied or disssatidied the total number of  people or customers that  have been satisfied or dissatisfied by the organization. This study will also x – rays how far the PR roles have helped or will help to co-ordinate the organizations perception of the Nigeria airways image when determined are bed, them the researchers would be in a better position to advise and make necessary recommendations in order to enhance it’s image. And also, to contribute to the knowledge of mass communication and indeed to the acknowledge  of geniality of Nigerian in their quest for the effect of customers satisfaction in government and in parastatals.

The Nigeria Airways is a public interest and business enterprise and as such is required to succeed.   

          As a public institute devoted to the servicing of the public interest , it must have its customers, satisfactions as its prime motive  to  enhance and achieve public co-operation and acceptance. As a business institute, the Nigeria Airways must use business principles to operate in such a way that  it be comes economically strong enough to  depend and sustain its independence against crumbling.

Against the background the Nigeria Airways, instituted  the public relations department to help foster the activities of the organization in order to achieves it aims and objectives. This is so because no business oriented organization can make any meaningful achievement without the it is easy identifiable that the basic philosophy underlying public relation practice is prime importance in all spheres of activities. The public relations man engages himself in doing he has done. This involves winning friends, keeping them and influencing them, as well as others it also involves looking good by building and sustaining good image or goodwill through good deeds that will wim favourable consideration for Nigerian Airways Enugu among members of the public.

Public relations by definition according to frank Jefekins states “that public relation is the process of assessing consumer wants establishing communication fastening good will so that consumer wants or needs can be profitable satisfied”. I

Another definition of public relations according to the editors of public relations news, PR is a philosophy and function of management, which evaluate public attitudes, identities the policies of  an individual or organization  with public interests and execute a programme of actions to earn public understanding and acceptance”.

From these definitions, it is obvious that the public relations man blends the public interest with that of the organization for optimal achievement. It also identified the need  for the public relations man to evaluate the public attitude and conception of the organization with the area of attaining and eliciting favourable actions  where necessary. As a result of this, customers satisfaction in the activities of Nigeria Airways, Enugu among others should pursued. One way of doing this is to map out a programme of action that is, customers oriented and favourable to the generality of the people.

In actual sense, Nigeria Airways, Enugu cannot exist in a vacuum. It cannot grow if it neglects the existence of its customers it must function as an institution ready to compute the customers.  This includes expressing her policies and practices through communication for general awareness.

However, this communication function can best be formed if public relations manager is given its appropriate place in the management of Nigeria Airways, Enugu.

Sincerely speaking, the  Nigeria Airs, is fast recognizing the enormous function which public relation would perform if allowed into the strategic decision making level of the organization. In this contemporary society, the public scrutiny and accountability is on the increase. It is imperative therefore, that good public relation should enhance good will and customers satisfaction in the organization.

The image of the  Nigerian Airways, Enugu depends on the her behavior and financial performance her making policies and the quality of her products or services, the management style, approach and the resultant satisfaction. The protection and maintenance of the Nigeria Airways Enugu image is the fundamental responsibility of public relation. As the conscience of the organization and its public and monitors the diffusion of the programmes of the organization to know when it impinges public opinion and warfare.

George Flangan stated that “if an individual contact and experience with  co-operation is extensive, his proposed image of the coronation is likely to be  strong, positive and relatively stable if , on the other hand, the individual’s familiarity with corporation is slight, as is most of the case, the mage will probably be weak, (negative) Lazy and unstable” 2

The only meaning drawn from this statement is that, if the level or degree of customer’s satisfaction in any organization is high; the customer tends to maintain more cordial relationship and vice-verse. It is the image of  the organization that attracts popularity among the potential customers. In this sense, the only image that can last long is the one that its stand is valid, true and authentic.

Candidly no organization can satisfy its mummeries customers with out being perceived first by the customers or trusted and dependable, so far Nigeria Airways to maintain the line of dependability, its policies , performance and pubic reactions have in his interaction with a company constitutes to the attitude he forms about it.

The dependability of the organization depends on the degree of the comfort given to  her customers and her good will. As regards to these facts Walter asserts “ No administrative scheme is workable with put good will and good will aboout strange practices is impossible new development in Nigeria Airways, Enugu, that is not communicated to the potential customers in clear terms and with clear evidences show so as to elicit favourable actors to attain mutual understanding will be an effort in futility.

It is therefore important  that Nigeria Airways Enugu should acquaint it self with the customers for cordiality through continuos and systematic public relations practice. It is essential that all public reaction activities of the Nigeria Airways are within the frame work often agreed and understood the corporate personality.

The modern business organization, quick to recognize the changes in the environment, has adjusted. It has more comprehensive and positive programmes by responding to community  expectations and pressures. This, for short, is the spring board of the concept of goodwill and customers satisfaction.

However, the activities of Nigerian Airways and prospects c an better be under of view of its origin. To this end, below is the mark off point of Nigeria Airways.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1           THE HISTORY OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS

The history of the organization would traced to 1945 when it was incorporated as West African Airways corporation (W.A.A.C) to understate operation which the Royal Airforce left behind at the end of would war “., was then jointly owned by former Bristish colonis manly; Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia and Sier Leone. The African Airways corporation (WA.A.C) was managed by West African Transport Authority (W.A.A.TA).

On attainment of independence in 1957, Ghana pulled out to set up its own Air line, the Ghana Airways, leaving Nigeria, British overseas Airways cooperation (BOAC) and Eldr Dempstr lines as the owner of what remained (WAAC) .

The Federal Government took total controls of the business in Augusts 23, 1958 by buying out the shares of its partners, the B.O.A.C and Elder Dempster lines. In this sense the airline because 100 percent Nigeria owned and the name changed to Nigeria airways limited. In the same vain, after some years Nigeria Airways Enugu was established.

1.2           THE OBJECTIVE OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS

The objectives of the air line as a national earner is to operate a scheduled and chartered air  transportation services for the carriage of passages, cargo, mails and any other related business in most reliable, efficient  and profitable manner on both domestic and international routers.

Apart from its commercial objectives, the organization also has social defense, security and political responsibility to the government and people of Nigeria as the nation’s national carrier.

For example, the airline could give back up services to the military authorities as a transportation auxiliary in a period of national emergency such as war. In other works, the line as a true is different from other commercial airlines since it must perform governments functions without profit when directed to do so by the authorities.

For the above reasons , Nigeria, Airways is duty bond to separate in the country whether it is commercially viable or not.

In situation where communication is poor, Nigerian Airways is used by government as an effective institute to bridge people, goods and mails through he ought and breath of the country. This is a great social and economic responsibility to the nation. Based on these reasons, the Federal Government offers its protection  to the airline through diplomatic channel in international traffic negotiations guarantees the airlines to secure local and foreign loans to purchased aircraft and equipment.

Due to the numerous aims and objectives of the Nigerian Airways her zeal towards making them a reality the  origination is department allied to case activities and foster developments in a way of satisfying its cutworms.

1.3           STATEMENT  OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

There have been a good number of complaints from the Nigeria Airways Eniugu public relation  is operation of the organization. There is no efficient, effective and systematic public relation in the Nigerian Airways, Enugu does not communicate to it customers a as and when due.

The Nigerian Airways, Enugu seems to be undergoing image problems. The problems of financial constraints, deferring regulatory policies down by the government negative attitude of employees to work management problem, flight delays and conciliation, inefficient services and generally rising costs of goods and services seems to point to the that public relations has failed its role in finding out what actually satisfied the customers of Nigeria Airways Enugu.

There has been absence of direct incentives to customers, which now brings about low persuasive sales strategy.

The acceptance of forged tickets, defected tickets and checking about passenger with infects or children tickets and affects the customers satisfaction badly.

The refund of unused tickets takes a very long time, hence the customer involved unusually get displeased because of the undue time spent before they are finally satisfied.

Another problem is that the management of the parastatal makes it impossible for airline public relations manager to do his job satisfactorily. The resultant effect here is that is compelled to take actions and execute some programme that are not of the interest to the various customers.

1.4           OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to identify more efficient and effective way of using public relations to enhance customers’ satisfaction and goodwill in Nigerian airways Enugu.

The study wills analysis the public relations strategies and management policies of the organization in question

It is much better to identify and know the various aims and objective of Nigeria Airways to see how far the organization has achieved them or not.

The direct incentive due to the customers are they really persuasive sales strategy or not.

To analyze erratically the customers remark and responses that shall be made when questionnaires are collected to see whether the Nigeria airways will succeed as a business enterprises and social institution.

1.5           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In every organization, be it a social or business enterprises, there is need for thirty, harming and peace prevail between the organization and its customers. Any organization that tails to recognize the existence of its customers will definitely fail or fact up. And if any organization fails to take cognizance of public relations dependent of the organization , such organization will not accomplish its aims and objectives.           To this end, the Nigerian Airways, Enugu, should always give the public relations manager his proper place in the organization and should help hi, function fully by giving ho, the necessary tools and equipment needed for his operations.

To identify total number of people or customers that has been satisfied and dissatisfied by the organization.

To know how public relation help to solve the problem of inadequate communication in  the organization.

To identify and know the type of direct incentives given  to customers.

To ascertain how the customers perceive the image of Nigeria Airway, Enugu. If the customers perception of the organization image when determined is bad, then one would be in a better position to advise ad make necessary recommendation n order to enhance its image.

To know some of the communication barriers faced by public relations department in the organization.

Finally, to contribute to the knowledge of mass communicators and indeed to the knowledge of generality of Nigeria their quest for the effect of customers satisfaction in government parastatals.

1.6           RESEARCH QUESTIONS

(1)            Does the image of Nigerian Airways, Enugu satisfy its present customers so as to help induce , attract and sustain the potential

(2)            Is Nigerian Airways Enugu facing image problems in execution of its duties ?

(3)            Does non – satisfaction of the customers’ needs, desires and aspiration tarnish the image or goodwill of Nigeria Airways ?

(4)            Does the political internee hampers or under the public relations department in Nigeria Airways ?

1.7           RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The researchers will list the following: –

H1 – The pubic relation role go along way in enhancing customers satisfaction in Nigeria Airways.

H0 – The public relations role does not go along way in enhancing customers satisfaction in Nigeria Airways.

H2 – The Nigerian Airways faces image problem in execution of her duties.

H0 – The Nigerian Airways Enugu cannot face image problem in the execution of her duties.

H3-  The more political interference, the more effective the performance of public  relations department.

HHhh   H0 –           The more political internee, the less effective the performance of public relations department.

H4 –  The higher the  price of Nigerian Airways Enugu tickets the more the tendency of customers to with draw the patronage.

1.8           CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS

(1)            Public relations:- The procedure of programmed of activities of ensuring a link between an organization and it’s customers.

(2)            Public Relation:- The procedure of programmed of activities of ensuring a link between an organization and its customers

(3)            Image:- This is a method picture , idea of concept of somebody or something. It could also be seen as a sensual thing perceived s an entry  or a coherent, which does not necessarily have something to do with reality of situation.

(4)            Customers:- This is a person who buys tings.

(5)            Customers’ satisfaction:- This is a state were the customers are placed and contended with the produce or services given to them.

(6)            Airline:- This is an air transport business that runs a regular services.

(7)            Organization:-This is a group  with special purpose of coming together as one to operate a business ventures. It could be government or private owned.

1.9           OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Public : The number of customers or people who receive the services of Nigerian Airways, Enugu
2. Public relation :- Mutual understanding between Nigerian Airways, Enugu and it publics, carried out by the public relation department.
3. Image :- The metal pictures that the public of Nigeria Airways, Enugu have on the effect efficiency of services varied by the number.
4. Customers’:- Those who patronize the Nigerian Airways, Enugu by way of traveling with them.
5. Customers’ satisfaction:- Thee extent to which the customer’s are pleased or satisfied with the service of the Nigerian Airways, Enugu.
6. Airline:- This means the case under study, which is the Nigerian Airways, Enugu.
7. Organization:- Government owned parastals know as the Nigerian Airways, Enugu.
8. Discount :- Scores made on question on sell discount of tickets by each respondent.

1.10     ASSUMPTIONS

It is assume that after this study ,  the pubic relations officer would b in a between position to know the best strategy to get his internal and external public satisfied.

How would he be in a position o make very nice good will for the organizations, as to increase it profits.

However, the management of the organization would be a position to equip the pubic relations officer, that he can discharge his duties efficiently.

1.11     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is limited by the logistics, time and found problems. This is because the subject matter of this study is one, which should have made the study a national one. The topic is one, which attracts public attention and interest on a nations scale. Unfortunately, it would not be handled on  the require scale.

As a result of this, Researches limited their research work at Nigerian Airways, Enugu because of the limited time available. This sampling is done in Nigerian Airways, Enugu chapter.

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Tags: TITLE OF THE RESEARCH WORK THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATI STATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU )

THE ROLE OF RADIO IN IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE:A CASE STUDY OF ESBS/IMT POLY AIR PROGRAMME

ABSTRACT

          Development is the process of moving the world or mobilizing communities as a whole to engage in the task of self-improvement with the available resources.  In same vain, Education is necessary not only to help in improving all aspects of a person but also all aspects of a nation’[s development.

Following this, the Poly-Air Programme of ESBS/IMT Enugu, become a vital instrument to help the less privileged and those who are unable to go to regular tertiary Institutions, to improve on their knowledge acquisitions and general enlightenment.

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out the role the radio programme, ESBS/IMT Poly-Air has played in improving the educational system in Enugu State.

This work is divided into five chapters for a critical examination.  The introduction gives an insight to the topic, the problems which is intended to discover, objections and importance of the research work.

Chapter two deals elaborately on journals, textbooks and other sources eg. Interviews that explains the literature source or materials consulted for the project.

Chapter three, explains the methods, sample and design use for the research and collection of data distributed, and analyzing it for results.

Chapter four is based on Analysis, presentation of data collected and also Testing of Hypothesis.

Recommendations and Summary of findings is on chapter five which is the last chapter.

Recommendations are made base on the findings of collected data: that , Poly-Air Programme should be improved for better education of the masses and also Government should increase the subventions given to the media (Radio) for effect ion dissemination of the programme.

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITILE PAGE                                                             II

APPROVAL PAGE                                                    III

DEDICATTION                                                          IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                          V

ABSTRACT                                                                VI

TABLE OF CONTENT                                                        VIII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                1

1.1           Background of the study                                   1

1.2           Research problem                                              5

1.3           Objectives of study                                            5

1.4           Significance of study                                         6

1.5           Research Questions                                            7

1.6           Statement of Hypothesis                                   8

1.7           Definition of Terms                                           9

1.8           Assumptions                                                       11

1.9           Scope and limitation of Study                          12

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW PF LITERATURE

2.1           Source of Literature                                           13

2.2           The Review                                                        13

2.3           Broadcasting in Nigeria                                     15

2.4           History of Poly-Air Programme                       16

2.5           Management of Poly-Air Programme              19

2.6           Objectives of Poly-Air Programme                           24

CHAPTER THREE           

3.1           Research Methodology                                               26

3.2           Research Design                                                 26

3.3           Research Sample                                                27

3.4           Data Collection                                                  27

3.5           Data Analysis                                                     28

3.6           Expected Result                                                           29

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1           Data Presentation and Analysis                        30

4.2           Testing of Hypothesis                                       40

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1           Summary of Findings                                        47

5.2           Recommendations                                             48

Bibliography                                                                50

Questionnaire                                                               52

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACHGROUND OF THE STUDY

          Education is an important agent for development of an individual, community, the social and the nation a whole.  According to behaviorist, the child is born without a :self”, he is voiced as a clean state on which the care givers write what they wish.  Through education, individuals perceived and imbibe fundamental values and also develop new ones.  Education also as part of socialization help to develop an individual, which in turn leads to the improvement of the society.  Again, certain prescribed goals are realized in areas of economic growth, healthcare, political and social awareness, political stability, self reliance, national identity, cultural correlation amongst other things.

          The need for all sundry to be enlightened and will educated cannot be over emphasized and this, brought about the Introduction of using the media to get people educated.  The electronic media, which serves as a means include the radio, the television, films and cinemas but the radio has continued to wax stronger as a medium of the people.  We regard it as a medium of the people.  We regard it as a medium of the people because radio has become a common sight in both urban and rural communities.  It appeals to both literate and illiterate audiences as its programmes can be broadcast in their local dialects.  According to Ansah (1991: 34) agrees that “of all the mass media generally available to Nigerians, the radio is the most widespread and accessible in other words, it breaks the barriers of distance as its reach is widely and highly penetrating.

          Again, because of this qualities, the radio medium is seen as the effection means to get all sundry educated.  Therefore, the role of the radio in educating the masses are found in some of its educational programmes like ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme, Win a million, school debates and host of others  Education therefore is not only the development of individuals mental powers, knowledge and ability but also the systematic training and instruction given out especially to the young ones in colleges and Institutions through the media.  Again, the media serves the purpose of enlightening the public both formally and informally.

The introduction of ESBS/IMT Poly-Air, a radio programme could be linked with the introduction of educational broadcasting in Nigeria.  It started with the commissioning of wired broadcasting services in Lagos, during the colonial administration.  This services involves the system of using the radio stations to relay programmes to subscribers, using eables connected to load speakers installed in their homes.  In the same vain, the media gets to the audience, relaying different programmes.

Further, Enugu being the regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria, the heart-beat of Igbo-land and presently, a state capital which occupies a strategic position in the political and social organization of Nigeria requires its citizens to be well enlightened, self reliant, independent and academically stable.  Based on this, the need to use the media as an agent or instrument of formal learning become necessary.

Over the years, a lot of researches had been carried out on the issue of ESBS Poly-Air programme in improving the educational standard in Enugu.  Also to find out the relationship between the Poly-air programmes, the Institution offering it (IMT) and also the radio medium that airs it.

Today, it is well accepted that the radio medium educational programmes produces good effects on the audience in the areas of comprehension, speaking abilities, perception, retention capabilities.  There are also some problems, for instance some lecturers do not go in line with the media style of presentation.  Secondly, there is one side communication and there is no feedback from the audience.  Again there may also be distractions at home and short of power supply from NEPA.  Not withstanding these problems, ESBS/IMT Poly-air has its objectives as:

1. To help non-regular students and works improve their academic pursuit through radio medium.
2. Since the radio has the ability to permeable the interiors of the state, the ruralites also listens to the lecturers.
3. To contribute to the uplifting system of education in Enugu state by importing knowledge to all that are interested.

1.2    RESEARCH PROBLEM

The study among other things finds out the effectiveness of Poly-air programmes on the students.  Also, it tries to find out if the timing of the programme is suitable for students and hold their interest.

The study also finds out the importance and the acceptability of the programme by the public and finally, if this radio programme is favouring education the masses as compared to the regular students programmes.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The importance of education can never be over-emphasized.  It is the taproot of civilization and rural development.

Development is achieved, when there is an appreciable level in basic human needs, including high literacy level.

Bearing all these in mind, the objective of the study includes:-

1. To find out if the public truly appreciate the radio programme on its efforts of educating the masses.
2. To create awareness on the needs for those that are not opportune to attend regular programme in tertiary Institution, to enroll in the programme.
3. To ascertain the extent to which the programme has improved human life especially amongst the youths in the areas of comprehension and speaking abilities, behaviour and character.
4. To encourage and boost the morale of the public about the programme.

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study is guide necessary bearing in mind that the world is ever changing and developing.  In western world, the use of computers to educate the population and give them wider knowledge of the world is very much accessible.  This makes them to be scientifically, technologically, educationally and socially developed.  Nigeria as we know, cannot be compared to the western world and this bring about the need for the public to be educated; those who were not opportuned, to enroll into various Institutions of learning, comes to Poly-Air programmes and benefit from its academic efforts.

It is imperative to assess and find out the role of Poly-Air programme in educating the masses and at the same time examines the problem encountered in pushing the programme forward.

Finally, the result of the study will help to find other ways of improving the programme and educating the masses.

1.5    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does the ESBS/IMT Poly-Air stimulates the interest of the public?
2. Does ESBS time this educational programmes to suit its masses of Enugu metropolis and environs?
3. Is there any appreciable level on the educational system of Enugu state since the introduction of the programme?
4. Does the programme help to develop individual’s intellect on the perception of issue and events in the society.

1.6    STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

HI:    Radio educational programmes are more effection in

educating the populace, than academic activities in

schools.

Ho:   Radio educational programme are not effective in

educating the populace.

H₂     Poly-Air programmes are well packaged to enhanced

comprehension of the audience.

Ho:   Poly-Air programmes are not well packed to enhance

comprehension of the audience.

H₃     The timing of Poly-Air programme on the radio is suitable

to the students

Ho:   The timing of Poly-Air programme on the radio is not

suitable to the students

H4:   ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme helps to improve the

educational system in Enugu state.

Ho:   ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme does not help to improve

the educational system in Enugu state.

1.7    DEFINITION OS TERMS

The conceptual and operational definition of terms in the study.

1.      ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme:

Conceptual Definition:         programmes that imparts

knowledge on the people through the radio medium.

Operational Definition:        Polytechnic on air through Enugu

state broadcasting service, which helps non-regular

students and workers to be educated.

2.      EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM:

Conceptual Definition:         Standardized systematic training

and Instructions, usually intellectual and moral training.

3.      OPERATIONAL Definition:         Ordered set of ideas and effort that are made to impart knowledge through the academic and non-academic process, usually to develop characters and mental powers.

4.      ENUGU STATE:

Conceptual Definition:         organized political community with

its apparatus of government, such a community forming

part of the Federal Republic.

Operational Definition:        The regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria and currently Enugu state capital

1.8    ASSUMPTIONS

In carrying out the study, the following assumptions were made..

1. That people who composed the sample instead to the radio,
2. That ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programmes was effecting in improving educational system for both old and young, rich and poor in the state.
3. Previous study has been carried out on this topic, thus some research works were gathered.

1.9    SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is an assessment of how ESBS/IMT, Poly-Air Programme has helped or is helping in the improvement of educational system in Enugu state.

The study was constrained by time; few research materials and limited number of Poly-Air students that will be sampled.

Another limitation is based on finance in covering or conducting opinion poll from different part of the state.  Notwithstanding the mentioned problems, it is expected that the results obtained will be valid and add to the existing body of knowledge in the areas of attitudinal and behavioural change towards the educational programme.

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Bank: UBA.

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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

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Tags: THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA, THE ROLE OF RADIO IN IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE:A CASE STUDY OF ESBS/IMT POLY AIR PROGRAMME

COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACTS
Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.

If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.

The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.

This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.

Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.

Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.

In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.

In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.

Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page                                II
Approval page                            III
Acknowledgement page                    IV
Abstract                                V
Table of contents                        VIII

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION                        1
1.1    Background of the study                1
1.2    Objective                            8
1.3    Research question                    10
1.4    Hypothesis                            11
1.5    Conceptual and Operational Definition         13
1.6    Assumption                            14
1.7    Limitation of the study                    15

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT
2.1    Education                            19
2.2    Information                        21
2.3    Cultural promotion                    22
2.4    Motivation and Mobilization                23
2.5    Factors that make mass communication
role realizable                        25
2.6    Problems and limitations                28
2.7    Mass communication problem and its effect on development in Nigeria.                            29
2.8    Mass communication in Nigeria            29
2.9    Channel: related communication problems.    35

CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Methodology                        42
3.1    Research design                        44
3.2    Research sample                        45
3.3    Measuring instrument                    46
3.4    Data collection                        48
3.5    Data analysis                        50

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Data analysis                        53
4.1    Results                            59

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1    Summary                            68
5.2    Recommendation for further study            69

Questionnaire                            76
Bibliography                            74

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.

Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.

Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!

More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.
In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.

Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.

John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”3
According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include
1)    Reference to the activities to mass media as a group
2)    The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and
3)    The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.
For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.
Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.
Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.
From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.

Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.

Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are
1)    Servicing the political system by providing information
2)    Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
3)    Providing entertainment.
4)    Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.

Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.

Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.

It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.

1.2    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.
1)    First to identify the problems of communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.
2)    The second objective is to know how effective these roles of communication towards development of the developing countries.
3)    Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.
4)    We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.
5)    Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.

1.3    RESEARCH QUESTION
1)    Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?
2)    Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?
3)    If yes in question above then in what ways
4)    What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?
5)    Has mass communication failed in its development roles?
6)    Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.
7)    What aspect of  communication has been playing its roles?
8)    Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?
9)    What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?

1.4    HYPOTHESIS
H1:    Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria
H0:    Mass communication has not been playing its role in Nigeria.
H2:    Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H0:    Can mass communication help Nigeria to achieve any development.
H3:    The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?
H0:    Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.
H4:    Mass communication failed in its development roles.
H0:    Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.
H5:    Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.
H0:    Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.
H6:    The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.
H0:    The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.
H7:    Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.
H0:    Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.
H8:    The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.
1.5    CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
    Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.
    Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.
    Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.
    Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.
    Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.
    Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.
    Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.
    By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.
    Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.
    Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.
1.6    ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.

1.7    LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.
It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.
TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1     Background of the Study
1.2     Statement of the Research Problem
1.3     Objectives of the Study
1.4     Significance of the Study
1.5     Research Questions
1.6     Research Hypothesis
1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8     Assumptions
1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     Sources of Literature
2.2     The Review
2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1     Research Method
3.2     Research Design
3.3     Research Sample
3.4     Measuring Instrument
3.5     Data Collection
3.6     Data Analysis
3.7     Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1     Data Analysis
4.2     Results
4.3     Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1     Summary
5.2     Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography

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BANK ACCOUNTS
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Bank: GTBank.

OR
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Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.

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That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720

YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:
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Tags: COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACTS
Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.

If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.

The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.

This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.

Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.

Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.

In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.

In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.

Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page                                II
Approval page                            III
Acknowledgement page                    IV
Abstract                                V
Table of contents                        VIII

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION                        1
1.1    Background of the study                1
1.2    Objective                            8
1.3    Research question                    10
1.4    Hypothesis                            11
1.5    Conceptual and Operational Definition         13
1.6    Assumption                            14
1.7    Limitation of the study                    15

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT
2.1    Education                            19
2.2    Information                        21
2.3    Cultural promotion                    22
2.4    Motivation and Mobilization                23
2.5    Factors that make mass communication
role realizable                        25
2.6    Problems and limitations                28
2.7    Mass communication problem and its effect on development in Nigeria.                            29
2.8    Mass communication in Nigeria            29
2.9    Channel: related communication problems.    35

CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Methodology                        42
3.1    Research design                        44
3.2    Research sample                        45
3.3    Measuring instrument                    46
3.4    Data collection                        48
3.5    Data analysis                        50

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Data analysis                        53
4.1    Results                            59

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1    Summary                            68
5.2    Recommendation for further study            69

Questionnaire                            76
Bibliography                            74

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.

Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.

Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!

More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.
In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.

Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.

John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”3
According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include
1)    Reference to the activities to mass media as a group
2)    The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and
3)    The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.
For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.
Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.
Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.
From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.

Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.

Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are
1)    Servicing the political system by providing information
2)    Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
3)    Providing entertainment.
4)    Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.

Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.

Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.

It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.

1.2    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.
1)    First to identify the problems of communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.
2)    The second objective is to know how effective these roles of communication towards development of the developing countries.
3)    Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.
4)    We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.
5)    Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.

1.3    RESEARCH QUESTION
1)    Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?
2)    Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?
3)    If yes in question above then in what ways
4)    What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?
5)    Has mass communication failed in its development roles?
6)    Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.
7)    What aspect of  communication has been playing its roles?
8)    Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?
9)    What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?

1.4    HYPOTHESIS
H1:    Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria
H0:    Mass communication has not been playing its role in Nigeria.
H2:    Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H0:    Can mass communication help Nigeria to achieve any development.
H3:    The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?
H0:    Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.
H4:    Mass communication failed in its development roles.
H0:    Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.
H5:    Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.
H0:    Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.
H6:    The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.
H0:    The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.
H7:    Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.
H0:    Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.
H8:    The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.
1.5    CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
    Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.
    Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.
    Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.
    Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.
    Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.
    Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.
    Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.
    By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.
    Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.
    Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.
1.6    ASSUMPTIONS
It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.

1.7    LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.
It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.
TABLE OF CONTENT:

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1     Background of the Study
1.2     Statement of the Research Problem
1.3     Objectives of the Study
1.4     Significance of the Study
1.5     Research Questions
1.6     Research Hypothesis
1.7     Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8     Assumptions
1.9     Limitations of the Study

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     Sources of Literature
2.2     The Review
2.3     Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1     Research Method
3.2     Research Design
3.3     Research Sample
3.4     Measuring Instrument
3.5     Data Collection
3.6     Data Analysis
3.7     Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1     Data Analysis
4.2     Results
4.3     Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1     Summary
5.2     Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08139462710 or 08137701720

(1)    Your project topics
(2)     Email Address
(3)     Payment Name
(4)    Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.

OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project.  Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08139462710 or 08137701720

YOU CAN ALSO CALL:
08068231953, 08168759420

Visit any of our project websites below:
www.easyprojectmaterials.com
www.easyprojectmaterials.com.ng
www.easyprojectmaterial.net
www.easyprojectmaterial.net.ng
www.easyprojectsolutions.com
www.worldofnolimit.com
www.worldofnolimit.com

Tags: COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA